利用近震高频接收函数研究四川理县西山村滑坡体结构

远震接收函数已广泛用于反演台站下方的结构,然而由于地球的非弹性衰减作用,远震数据较难获得高频接收函数,对浅地表结构约束不足.为了克服这一问题,我们使用近震数据的高频接收函数来研究浅表速度结构,并应用于四川理县西山村滑坡体上3个宽频带地震仪记录到的近震事件.本文发展了接收函数V_P-k(V_P/V_S)叠加方法,结合接收函数H-k叠加和波形反演方法获得了台站下方滑坡体的厚度、S波速度和平均V_P/V_S比,并与钻孔得到的滑坡体厚度进行对比.结果表明,滑坡体具有小尺度的横向不均匀性,台站下方滑坡体的平均V_P/V_S比在2.4~3.1之间变化并且在底层存在78~143m·s~(-1)左右的S波低速层.本文观测到的高V_P/V_S比和底层低的S波速度结构,与电磁法获得的滑坡体底层低的电阻率和底部富水特征一致,表明滑坡体h1底界面的抗剪强度相对较弱,是潜在的滑坡危险区域.本文研究结果表明,利用近震接收函数能有效约束浅表的速度结构,进而能为滑坡灾害治理提供一定的地震学参考.     

一种改进的适应于倾斜Moho面的H-κ-θ叠加方法及应用

地壳厚度、波速比或泊松比是研究地壳结构和性质的基本地震学参数,对于研究地壳组分特征及构造演化具有重要意义.经典H-κ叠加方法是利用远震接收函数资料求取台站下方地壳厚度和波速比最为简便高效的方法.但该方法隐含着Moho面是水平界面的假设条件,意味着Ps转换波及后续多次波相对P波的走时主要取决于地壳厚度和纵横波速度,而忽略了界面产状的影响.理论模拟表明,如果不考虑Moho面的产状,特别是在Moho面倾角较大的情况下,利用经典H-κ叠加方法得到的地壳厚度和波速比会偏离实际模型,尤其会造成波速比的过高估计,从而影响到对地壳结构和性质的认知.为了解决Moho面倾斜条件下的地壳厚度和波速比求取问题,本文推导了界面倾斜条件下Ps转换波与后续多次波相对于直达P波的理论到时公式;基于经典H-κ叠加方法的思想,提出了一种可以同步求取地壳厚度-波速比-Moho面倾角的H-κ-θ叠加方法.通过理论模型测试,验证了该方法具备较高的稳定性和可靠性,并将此方法应用于青藏高原南部Hi-CLIMB台阵资料,显示出较好的应用潜力.     

九寨沟MS 7.0地震前单台波速比变化特征

收集、整理四川省地震台网2013年5月至2017年9月产出的震相观测报告数据,采用单台多震和达法,重点分析2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段地区波速比变化特征。结果表明：龙门山断裂带中段西侧的茂县地震台,在发震前2年左右,波速比出现一次持续时间约一年半的下降异常;发震前半年左右,波速比出现明显回返特征,波速比回返至均值上下时即发生九寨沟M_S 7.0地震;震源区周边其他6个地震台波速比在发震前变化较平稳。茂县地震台波速比低值异常对判定九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段可能存在孕震体具有重要参考价值。     

基于三重震相拟合的华南地区上地幔P波与S波速度结构

利用中国数字测震台网（CDSN）记录到的台湾地区两个地震事件6°~30°震中距范围的三重震相波形资料,基于观测与理论波形拟合法,获到华南地区上地幔P波和S波的最佳波形拟合速度模型及其V_P/V_S比值.与AK135模型相比,华南地区410 km深度上方存在明显低速层：S波低速区厚度约为70 km,速度降为2%~5%;而P波低速区厚度为70~230 km,速度降为5%~6%.另外,410 km间断面整体表现为一个梯度层,厚度约为10~40 km,V_P跃增量为4.0%~5.4%,而V_S跃增量为2.6%~11.7%.研究区内,低速层的V_P和V_S异常值大小和410 km间断面速度跃变量由北向南逐步减小.结合以往的接收函数和地震层析成像结果,华南地区410 km间断面上方的低速区可能与太平洋俯冲板块脱水有关.     

东北日本地震波速度、VP/VS和各向异性结构:对俯冲带水迁移过程的探讨

本文利用区域地震初至波到时数据,通过地震层析成像研究获得了东北日本俯冲带上地幔（深至约150 km）的P波速度（V_P）、S波速度（V_S）、V_P/V_S和P波各向异性结构.结果表明,低速及高V_P/V_S比异常体主要分布在火山下方的下地壳和地幔楔中,其与低频地震的分布吻合,该区域与俯冲板块脱水所释放的流体及其导致的部分熔融密切相关;俯冲的太平洋板块内可能由于脱水脆化导致的双层地震带区域则没有表现出整体的高V_P/V_S值,其可能与俯冲板块内部含水矿物含量有关;俯冲板块内双重地震带区域及上覆地幔楔薄层主要表现为与海沟平行的方位各向异性和正的径向各向异性,其可能是由于含水矿物的脱水使橄榄石晶格结构发生了从A型到B型的变化所引起的.我们研究表明,结合地震波速度和各向异性结构能够加深对俯冲带内水运移过程的认识.     

山东地区中小地震概率预测实践

基于时间相依的地震复发间隔混合概率模型,开展山东地区中、短期尺度上的中小地震的概率预测实践,1年的检验结果显示,3、4级中小地震基本发生在此前给出的地震危险性高概率区。研究认为,该方法在日常地震会商中应用效果较好,并有望为破坏性地震的概率预测提供参考。     

Lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath the Pacific: Imaging the source of the Hawaiian plume

We utilized recordings of seismic shear phases provided by several North American broadband seismometer arrays to provide unique constraints on shear wave anisotropy beneath the northern and central Pacific Ocean. Using a new analysis method that reduces measurement errors and enables the analysis of a larger number of available waveforms, we examined relative travel times of teleseismic S and Sdiff that sample a large area of lowermost mantle structure. The results of this study provide evidence for small-scale lateral and depth variations in shear wave anisotropy for a broad region of the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean. In particular, we image a localized zone of anomalously strong anisotropy whose strength increases toward the top of D″ beneath Hawaii. Our results, combined with a previous study of V_P/V_SH ratios, indicate that ancient subducted slab material may be responsible for observations beneath the northern Pacific, while lenses or layers of core–mantle boundary reaction products or partial melt, oriented by horizontal inflow of mantle material to the Hawaiian plume source, can explain observations beneath the central Pacific.     

Liquefaction in silty soils—screening and remediation issues

Current techniques for liquefaction screening, ground modification for liquefaction mitigation, and post-improvement verification rely on knowledge gained from extensive research on clean sands, field observations of liquefied ground, and judicial correlation of normalized penetration resistance [(N₁)₆₀,q_c1N] or shear wave velocity (v_s1) data with field liquefaction observations. Uncertainties prevail on the direct extrapolation of such techniques for silty soil sites. This paper examines laboratory data on liquefaction resistance, strength, and v_s1 of sands and silty soils using grain contact density as the basis. Effect of silt content on cyclic resistance, strength, m_v, and c_v is examined in this light. Rational insights on effects of silt content on the current screening techniques based on (N₁)₆₀, q_c1N, and v_s1 to silty soils are offered. Recent advances and modifications to the traditional densification, drainage, and permeation grouting techniques to make them viable for silty soils are discussed.     

Relationship between P- and S-wave velocities and geological properties of near-surface sediments of the continental slope of the Barents Sea

Seismic velocities ( V _p and V _s) of compressional (P-) and shear (S-) waves are important parameters for the characterization of marine sediments with respect to their sedimentological and geotechnical properties. P- and S-wave velocity data of near-surface marine sediments (upper 9 m) of the continental slope of the Barents Sea are analysed and correlated to sedimentological and geotechnical properties. The results show that the S-wave velocity is much more sensitive to changes in lithology and mechanical properties than the P-wave velocity, which is characterized by a narrow range of values. The correlation coefficients between S-wave velocity and silt and clay content, wet bulk density, porosity, water content and shear strength are higher than 0.5 while the correlation coefficients of P-wave velocity and the same parameters are always lower than 0.4. Although the relationship between V _s and clay content has been widely described, the data show that V _s is better correlated with silt content than with clay content for the sediments of the area investigated. However, they show different trends. While V _s increases with increasing clay content, it decreases with increasing silt content.     

南黄海OBS数据转换横波分析及其地质意义

多分量地震勘探在减小地球物理反演问题多解性的同时提供了更丰富的地下信息,可以从量化的意义上真正实现岩性勘探.由于地壳结构的复杂性及转换横波的特殊性,南黄海地壳结构研究中基本未涉及横波.本文使用南黄海OBS数据,在不同剖面上对比分析纵横波走时、视速度以及质点运动轨迹,基于纵波理论模型对转换横波震相进行射线追踪和走时试算,识别并拟合了来自不同地层的转换横波震相.研究表明,北部坳陷中主要发生了PPS转换,转换界面为陆相沉积层底界面.千里岩隆起区除了发生转换界面为陆相沉积底界面的PPS转换还有转换界面为海底的PSS转换.断层活动引起岩石破碎,高波速比特征的断层边界为胶莱盆地在海上部分的边界圈定再添证据.千里岩地区高速地层成分含有花岗岩,其纵横波速比为1.67~1.68;推测北部坳陷中的海相沉积北-南地层不同,依次为碳酸盐岩及砂岩两类地层.     

内蒙古东部地区一维地壳速度结构分析

采用内蒙古测震台网2009—2016年记录的内蒙古东部地区131个地震资料,使用速度拟合、分区扫面、折合走时方法,反演得到该区域速度模型：v₁=6.10 km/s、v_Pb=6.72 km/s、v_n=8.05 km/s、H₁=23 km和H₂=16 km。东部模型检验结果显示,定位残差均值较华南模型和2015内蒙最优模型有明显的降低,且更加均匀稳定;东部模型与编目定位震中差较华南与编目、2015内蒙最优模型与编目和华南与编目震中差均值降低1 km左右。可见,东部模型更适合内蒙古东部地区。     

测井资料Xu-White模型预测横波速度的一些新观点

目前横波预测的方法大致可以分为两种:经验公式预测和理论岩石物理模型。由于经验公式预测一般具有区域性,研究者更重视岩石物理模型预测。目前大多数岩石物理模型预测横波的方法假定地下流体的物性参数(速度和密度)不受地层深度的影响,且孔隙扁率是恒定的,实际上这并不科学。因为矿物的体积模量和剪切模量随所处地层深度发生改变,而对于孔隙扁率则随颗粒形状、孔隙度等的变化有较大变化。针对这些情况,提出一种新的改进的Xu-White横波预测方法,并可取得较好的效果。     

Response spectra for differential motion of columns paper II: Out-of-plane response

It is shown that the common response spectrum method for synchronous ground motion can be extended to make it applicable for earthquake response analyses of extended structures experiencing differential out-of-plane ground motion. A relative displacement spectrum for design of first-story columns SDC (T, T_T, ζ, ζ_T, τ, δ) is defined. In addition to the natural period of the out-of-plane response, T, and the corresponding fraction of critical damping, ζ, this spectrum also depends on the fundamental period of torsional vibrations, T_T, and the corresponding fraction of critical damping, ζ_T, on the “travel time,” τ (of the waves in the soil over a distance of about one-half the length of the structure), and on a dimensionless factor δ, describing the relative response of the first floor. The new spectrum, SDC, can be estimated by using the empirical scaling equations for relative displacement spectra, SD, and for peak ground velocity, v_max. For recorded strong-motion acceleration, and for symmetric buildings, the new spectrum can be computed from Duhamel's integrals of two uncoupled equations for dynamics equilibrium describing translation and rotation of a two-degree-of-freedom system. This representation is accurate when the energy of the strong-motion is carried by waves in the ground the wavelengths of which are one order of magnitude or more longer than the characteristic length of the structure.     

Anelastic structure of the upper mantle beneath the northern Philippine Sea

We investigated the upper mantle anelastic structure beneath the northern Philippine Sea region, including the Izu-Bonin subduction zone and the Shikoku Basin. We used regional waveform data from 69 events in the Pacific and the Philippine Sea slabs, recorded on F-net and J-array network broadband stations in western Japan. Using the S–P phase pair method, we obtained differential attenuation factors, δt^*, which represent the relative whole path Q. We conducted a tomographic inversion using 978 δt^* values to invert for a fine-scale (50–100 km) three-dimensional anelastic structure.

The results shows two high-Q regions (Q_P>1000) which are consistent with the locations of the Pacific and the Philippine Sea slabs. Also there is a low-Q (Q_P110) area extending to the deeper parts (350–400 km) of the model just beneath the old spreading center and the Kinan Seamount Chain in the Shikoku Basin. A small depth dependence of the laterally averaged Q_P was found, with values of 266 (0–250 km), 301 (250–400 km), and 413 (400–500 km).     

致密砂岩气储层的岩石物理模型研究

根据鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田以往实测和新测的共17口井51块岩样超声波实验数据,得到304组不同孔隙度和不同含水饱和度下对应的纵横波速度、泊松比等弹性参数.重新优选计算体积模量和泊松比与含气饱和度的关系,表明苏里格气田上古生界二叠系石盒子组盒8致密砂岩储层的模型与Brie模型(e=2)相似度最高.由此建立的苏里格气田储层岩石物理模型,更好的表征了致密岩石储层物理参数随含气饱和度变化规律,为该区储层预测提供了理论依据.致密储层岩石物理模型研究成果应用于苏里格气田多波地震资料气水预测中,实际例子表明该模型适用于该区的储层和含气性预测,并取得了较好的效果.     

基于误差分布的震源区波速比反演及其应用:乳山震群源区介质性质变化研究

本文利用误差分布和概率统计分析改进了波速比计算方法.对于震源位置相对集中的震群活动,对台站震相到时进行两次差分,通过对差分后的震相数据对进行二维高斯分布拟合,可以稳健地估计震群活动震源区波速比.该方法充分利用了不同台站Pg、Sg到时差的所有信息,其优势是不需要地震事件的震源位置,并且不依赖震源区以外的速度变化,有效消除了震源区到台站的传播路径效应的影响;相对于传统的平均波速比,本文方法得到的震源区波速比,更能真实地反映震源区介质的性质.我们将该方法应用到2013—2016年的乳山震群,结果显示:震源区波速比的变化与震群活动过程密切相关,波速比的变化反映了序列活动的阶段性特征.     

Mantle tomography and its relation to temperature and composition

We propose a new method to constrain lateral variations of temperature and composition in the lower mantle from global tomographic models of shear- and compressional-wave speed. We assume that the mantle consists of a mixture of perovskite and magnesio-wüstite. In a first stage, we directly invert V_P and V_S anomalies for variations of temperature and composition, using the appropriate partial derivatives (or sensitivities) of velocities to temperature and composition. However, uncertainties in the tomographic models and in the sensitivities are such that variations in composition are completely unconstrained. Inferring deterministic distributions of temperature and composition being currently not possible, we turn to a statistical approach, which allows to infer several robust features. Comparison between synthetic and predicted ratios of the relative shear- to compressional-velocity anomalies indicates that the origin of seismic anomalies cannot be purely thermal, but do not constrain the amplitude of the variations of temperature and composition. We show that we can estimate these variations using histograms of the relative V_P and V_S anomalies at a given depth. We computed histograms for a large variety of cases and found that at the bottom of the mantle, variations in the volumic fraction of perovskite from −14 to 10% are essential to explain seismic tomography. In the mid-mantle, anomalies of perovskite are not required, but moderate variations (up to 6%) can explain the observed distributions equally well. These trade-offs between anomalies of temperature and composition cannot be resolved by relative velocity anomalies alone. An accurate determination of temperature and composition requires the knowledge of density variations as well. We show that anomalies of iron can then also be resolved.     

海原弧形构造区地壳三维精细速度结构成像

利用海原弧形构造区及周围区域地震台网1970—2015年期间记录的天然地震到时数据,采用双差地震层析成像方法对构造区地壳三维速度结构与地震震源位置进行联合反演,获得了高分辨率的三维V_P、V_S以及V_P/V_S模型,分析讨论了速度、波速比分布与强震发生以及断裂等之间的关系.结果显示：研究区域内地震主要沿断裂呈弧状展布,速度在横向分布上具有较大的差异,波速比变化范围为1.60~1.80,平均值约为1.70.大型断裂诸如海原—六盘山断裂带、青铜峡—固原断裂带等位于高速与低速的过渡带,断裂两侧地震波速差异较大.研究区内历史强震多处于高低速过渡区域,海原强震下方下地壳存在低速、高导薄弱层（25~30 km深度）,推测原因主要为流体作用所致.依据相对较低的速度与波速比分布推测研究区地壳主要组成成分为酸性的长英质.速度剖面显示地壳可分为上、下两层,上、下地壳厚度变化由西南向东北逐渐减薄,减薄幅度相近;结合前人研究结果推测构造区地壳增厚模式可能主要为上、下地壳共同增厚.     

The crust and upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath Alaska inferred from receiver functions

In this study, three receiver function stacking methods are used to study the detailed crust and upper mantle structure beneath south-central Alaska. We used teleseismic waveform data recorded by 36 stations in the Broadband Experiment Across the Alaska Range (BEAAR) and 4 permanent stations in Alaska. H − κ stacking method using P-to-S converted wave and its multiply reflected waves between the Earth's surface and the Moho discontinuity is adopted to estimate the crustal thickness (H) and average crustal V_P/V_S ratio (κ) in this region. The receiver function results for 24 stations show that the crustal thickness under Alaska ranges from 26.0 to 42.6 km with an average value of 33.8 km, and the V_P/V_S ratio varies from 1.66 to 1.94 with an average value of 1.81 which corresponds to an average Poisson's ratio of 0.277 with a range from 0.216 to 0.320. High Poisson's ratios under some stations are possibly caused by partial melting in the crust and the uppermost mantle. Common converted point (CCP) stacking results of receiver functions along three lines show clear Moho and slab images under this subduction zone. The depths of the slab from our CCP stacking images are consistent with those estimated from the Wadati–Benioff Zone (WBZ). In the area between two stations DH2 (147.8°W, 63.3°N) and DH3 (147.1°W, 63.0°N), a Moho depth offset of about 10 km is found by both the H − κ and CCP stacking techniques. Common depth point (CDP) stacking of receiver functions shows not only the 410-, 520- and 660-km discontinuities, but also significant variations (−30 to 15 km) in the transition zone thickness under the southwest and southeast parts of the study region. The transition zone becomes thinner by 20–30 km, indicating that the temperature there is 150–200 K higher than that of the normal mantle.