影响华南沿海的热带气旋分析

利用１９４９－１９９８年《台风年鉴》和气候与水文资料,对华南沿海的热带气旋作了统计分析,结果表明：登陆华南沿海的热带气旋是厄尔尼诺年较反厄尔尼诺年少,近期厄尔尼诺过程对 旋活动影响尤为明显。登陆各少区热带气旋的年际变化存在明显差异,月际变化是登陆的高峰月份较一致。登陆个数提广东省居多,广西区最少,登陆岸区较集中。影响华南沿海海区的台风,东部海区明显地少于西部海区。５０ａ间,我国台风最大风速和最大增     

近106a来登陆福建台风的统计分析

本文对近106a（1900～2005年）来登陆福建的台风进行了统计分析．登陆福建的台风每年平均1．66个，均方差1．27个．通过滑动平均和小波变换分析，表明近106a来登陆福建台风数总体呈减少趋势，年登陆台风数的变化具有准16a的年代际周期，1936年前存在着准8a的年际周期，1936年后存在着5～8a的年际周期．登陆时段为6月16日至10月14日，集中于7～9月，以8月最多．登陆台风有多种类型，路径复杂多样．台风造成的风、雨、潮灾害十分严重．台风影响期间，最大平均风速达60m／s，最大阵风达70m／s；最大过程雨量大于1000mm；最大雨强30min雨量达147mm；暴潮增水最高达2．52m．     

2021年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

利用中央气象台台风实时业务资料、自动气象站观测资料以及卫星云图等对2021年西北太平洋及南海台风活动的主要特征和影响我国台风的路径、强度及风雨影响进行分析和回顾。结果表明:2021年西北太平洋及南海台风生成个数偏少,生成源地整体偏西;台风强度偏弱,但有多个台风出现了快速增强,其中台风“烟花”“灿都”的24 h强度增幅达40 m·s^-1,为近30 a少见;2021年先后有5个台风登陆我国,另有2个台风影响我国。在登陆台风中,4个登陆华南的台风强度均弱于历史平均值。所有登陆台风在登陆后的维持时间都明显高于历史均值,特别是台风“烟花”为历史上登陆华东后维持时间最长的台风,给我国带来了严重的灾害影响。     

百多年来登陆海南岛台风的年际变化特征

本文分析了1884-1985年间登陆海南岛的台风年际变化特征,发现存在着明显的阶段性和3-4年、5-6年、准8年和17-18年周期。此外,根据1949年以来资料表明,登陆海南岛的台风与南方涛动现象及副高等存在一定关系。     

2010年登陆福建漳浦县台风的风暴潮特征分析

2010年连续三个台风在福建漳浦县登陆,创造了一年登陆当地台风个数的新纪录,并引发了严重风暴潮灾害.本文对比分析了三个台风风暴潮特征,结果表明:(1)三个台风风暴潮都具有开阔海域增水特征,最大增水出现在右半圆,并向两边递减;最大增水时空分布与台风移动路径和海岸地形相关,在南路“鲇鱼”和“狮子山”登陆后的偏南风作用下,湾口朝南的浮头湾出现过程最大增水,出现时间在台风登陆后;东路“凡亚比”台风在穿过台湾岛靠近沿海过程中,持续增强的偏东风,使湾口朝东的九龙江口出现最大增水,出现时间为台风登陆时刻;最大增水与台风登陆时的强度成正比;(2)东路的台风引发的增水出现在台风进入台湾海峡后,各站最大增水峰出现时间集中且明显;南路台风引发增水出现时间较早,持续时间长,最大增水峰不明显,过程最大增水出现在台风登陆后的局部区域.     

台风登陆广东沿海前后亮温相对功率谱的变化特征分析

在2008—2017年间登陆广东沿海的台风多达25个, 但台风登陆区域周边出现的热辐射异常现象并未引起太多关注。本文利用中国静止气象卫星FY-2C/2E红外遥感亮温资料, 对台风登陆引起的热辐射异常进行分析, 并使用亮温相对功率谱对台风登陆前后热辐射时空分布进行量化。研究发现: 伴随台风的登陆, 大于5倍以上背景值的亮温相对功率谱经历了产生—增加—极大值—减弱—消亡的过程, 其持续时间长于台风过程; 亮温相对功率谱增强的区域与台风登陆路径有一定的相关性, 受限于陆地条件和海洋热量供给; 通过分析台风登陆路径和台风登陆过程中亮温相对功率谱变化趋势可知, 台风登陆前后热辐射持续10~20d, 期间的热异常都与台风过程相关。台风登陆导致热辐射的机制可能与海洋表面降温、水汽聚集等因素有关, 即台风吸收的海洋热量随环流上升过程被海—气相互作用所调制, 导致不同频段和区域出现热辐射差异。     

2022年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

利用中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径等资料,对2022年西北太平洋及南海台风活动的主要特征和影响我国台风的路径、强度及风雨影响进行分析和回顾。结果表明：2022年西北太平洋及南海台风生成个数与常年持平,台风总体强度偏弱,生成源地显著偏北;登陆台风个数偏少,登陆强度偏弱;有3个台风集中在广东西部登陆,另外强台风“梅花”是1949年以来首个4次登陆不同省份的台风。全年多台风事件频发,共存的台风共计有11组,历史罕见。2022年台风灾害影响较轻,夏台风偏少,秋台风活跃。     

侵袭台湾省台风的年际变化特征

台风是我国夏半年的重大灾害性天气系统之一,特别在台湾省更是如此。可谓全省各行各业都受其不同程度的影响。因此,本文试图从1897—1979年的八十三年台风资料,对侵袭台湾省台风的年际变化进行初步分析,以求提供一点台湾省年台风活动的变化特征。 一、标准与资料 所谓侵袭台湾省台风和历年台风活动次数,我们是取之文献[1]的定义和《侵台台风纲要表》。即定义是:指台风中心路途在台湾省登陆;或虽没有登陆,仅在台湾近海经过,但陆地上报出有灾情者均为侵袭台湾省台风。 统计《侵台台风纲要表》中记载的侵袭台湾省台风的活动过程次数作为我们分析年际变化特征的样本资料。     

风暴潮灾与月相

本文以实测资料为依据,统计分析了风暴潮灾、风暴潮、登陆台风、天文高潮等与月相的关系。统计资料表明,登陆台风和台风风暴潮发生在大(小)潮期的次数相对较多,略大于平均数,但它们与月相没有明显的因果关系,它们相对于月相的分布大致上是随机的,如果台风在天文大潮期间登陆,台风引起的暴潮与天文潮叠加后成灾的概率明显增大,但也不一定成灾;成了灾的,往往是风暴潮峰值适逢当日的天文高潮所致。     

西太平洋赤道附近海温与中国东南沿海台风关系的初步分析

本文对１９６０－１９９６年北太平洋月平均海表温度和中国东南沿海年台风资料的分析素材,初步揭示了两者之间联系。结果表明,西太平洋赤道附近海流区的海表温度不仅在同期具有高与台风多呈正相关关系。而且在前期存在关预测的先兆,特别是秋冬两季更加明显,具有较好的隔季相关关系。经建立预报方程,其趋势拟合率达８１．８％,试报３ａ,并准确率为６６．７％。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.