以气候适宜降水量为基础的水分距平的计算方法

介绍了一种以气候适宜降水量为基础的水分距平的计算方法。通过统计一个地区逐月的水分平衡分量，可以计算出该地在气候上适宜的蒸散、补水、径流、失水和降水量，从而得到可以衡量水分盈亏的水分距平值d。这个水分距平作为衡量水分异常的指标可以更好地表现同一个地区同一时期不同年份的水分盈缺情况。应用这种方法计算了北京1961～2000年逐月水分距平值，并分析了1月、4月、7月和10月份的逐年水分距平变化。     

黑龙江省旱涝灾害农业气候区划（二）──农作物水分生长期分析

分析了水分对作物产量的影响；计算了潜在蒸散量、水分供应量的计算，得出水分生长期的概念。     

黑龙江省旱涝灾害农业气候区划（二）

分析了水分作物产量的影响；计算了潜在蒸散量，得出水分生长期的概念。     

干旱条件下夏玉米耗水分析

根据田间试验结果，分析干旱年份夏玉米不同发育阶段耗水状况，对比了不同日降水量对玉米田3米剖面的水分分布状况的影响，讨论了土壤失熵过程中的不同深度的水分的变化以及土壤水对玉米干物质积累的影响，为干旱年份玉米水分的科学管理提供依据。     

抚顺地区玉米生育期水分评价方法

利用多年玉米生育期观测资料和大气观测资料，计算了抚顺地区玉米全生育期和各生育阶段的产量水分指数，按百分位划分不同的旱涝等级。评价水分状况，揭示了不同生育阶段水分对其生长发育和产量形成的影响。为采取必要的农业技术措施提供科学依据。     

冬小麦主要生育阶段水分指标的生态分析

作物水分指标是进行干旱气候分析的基础，也是农业上合理用水的依据。本文从试验资料出发，对水分-生理生态关系进行了模拟，运用数学方法和最优分割理论确定了冬小麦主要生育阶段适宜的水分指标和干旱指标。在此基础上，就相对蒸散与叶面积系数和土壤湿度的关系进行了分析，并用Penman公式加以生态订正，确定出冬小麦耗水量指标。     

中国大气水分气候变化研究

该文对我国逐日两次探空资料，经过综合静力学质量控制系统（CHQC）和序列均一性检验后，计算分析了中国大气水分的气候分布特点及近20年来气候变化趋势，讨论了大气水分变化与地面气温、夏季大气水分与我国东部降水异常之间的关系。     

旱作农田秋播决策水分指标初探

以旱作冬小麦农田水分平衡实验为基础，分析了旱田适宜秋播和不适宜秋播的水分条件，并初步归纳了一组简便实用的秋播决策水分指标，经实践和历史资料验证，效果较好。     

江苏省主要作物农田水分盈亏量的研究

利用江苏省1980～1992年土壤湿度资料，根据土壤水分平衡原理，运用运筹学中的优化技术，结合本省的自然条件和作物生长实际情况，提出有效降水量、下层水分补给量等计算方法，建立了旱地和稻田农田水分盈亏量的计算模式，以便应用实时降水和土壤湿度等资料，计算全省农田水分盈亏量，及时提供农业气象情报服务。     

水分盈亏量的统计特征分析及其对农业生产的影响

本文尝试用谐波分析、“信噪比”分析方法研究了水分条件年内的气候干湿期变化和水分条件的年内突变特性。再结合传统的功率谱分析方法讨论了水分条件的年际周期变化。从多方面对水源的综合研究，使得我们能更全面地认识、了解水资源变化的各种特征，为充分利用现有水资源，趋利避害提供了依据和研究方法。     

The influence of errors in precipitation measurements on the accuracy of the evaporation measurements performed by a class A evaporation pan

Summary Since uncorrected precipitation measurements are used for calculating the evaporation measured by a class A pan, precipitation measurement errors are introduced into the evaporation results. In defining the total error of the evaporation measurement it is necessary to consider the fact that the class A pan orifice and the rain gauge orifice are at different elevations. This paper presents a model to estimate the average value for the total error of evaporation. It is also shown that the evaporation measured by a class A pan is smaller than the actual evaporation by between 5 and 20%.     

Changes of pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration in the Yangtze River basin

Summary For the upper and mid-lower Yangtze River basin trends of pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration are analysed from 1961 to 2000 using daily data of 115 stations. Both pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration decreased during the summer months contributing most to the total annual reduction. This trend is more significant in the mid-lower than in the upper Yangtze reaches. The decreasing trends can be associated with trends in net radiation and wind speed. Results are compared with the 20th century evaporation simulated by the general circulation model (GCM, ECHAM5/MPI-OM). Also the GCM’s actual evaporation decreases contrasting an overall increase in air temperature.     

中国北方近45年蒸发变化的特征及与环境的关系

对整个中国北方及东北、华北、西北区东部和西北区西部四个子区域蒸发皿蒸发时间序列的分析发现,近45年(1960—2004年)中国北方蒸发皿蒸发的下降趋势明显,并且在空间上从东北向西北的下降趋势逐渐增大。同时结合降水、相对湿度、日较差及日照等环境因子对过去45年的变化特征及与蒸发皿蒸发之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明:在中国北方,无论是在半湿润的东北区还是干旱的西北区,气温日较差和风速都是影响蒸发皿蒸发的最重要的因子,这可能是导致蒸发皿蒸发下降的主要原因;而降水、相对湿度、日照等的作用也不可忽视。     

The Impacts of the Interannual Variability of Vegetation on the Interannual Variability of Global Evapotranspiration: A Modeling Study

The impact of the interannual variability (IAV) of vegetation on the IAV of evapotranspiration is investigated with the Community Land Model (CLM3.0) and modified Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM). Two sets of 50-year off-line simulations are used in this study. The simulations begin with the same initial surface-water and heat states and are driven by the same atmospheric forcing data. The vegetation exhibits interannual variability in one simulation but not in the other simulation. However, the climatological means for the vegetation are the same. The IAV of the 50-year annual total evapotranspiration and its three partitions (ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration) are analyzed. The global distribution of the evapotranspiration IAV and the statistics of evapotranspiration and its components in different ecosystems show that the IAV of ground evaporation is generally large in areas dominated by grass and deciduous trees, whereas the IAV of canopy evaporation and transpiration is large in areas dominated by bare soil and shrubs. For ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration, the changes in IAV are larger than the mean state over most grasslands and shrublands. The study of two sites with the same IAV in the leaf area index (LAI) shows that the component with the smaller contribution to the total evapotranspiration is more sensitive to the IAV of vegetation. The IAV of the three components of evapotranspiration increases with the IAV of the fractional coverage (FC) and the LAI. The ground evaporation IAV shows the greatest increase, whereas the canopy evaporation shows the smallest increase.     

一次强对流降水及雨水蒸发对其影响的数值研究

基于中尺度数值模式(WRF v3.4),对发生在湖北省红安地区的一次强对流降水天气过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,此次强对流天气是在水汽充足,高层辐散、低层辐合以及不稳定能量较大的条件下发生发展的。模式模拟得到的地面累积降水和雷达反射率因子与实况相符,云下雨水蒸发过程显著。进行敏感性试验,将雨水蒸发率分别降至1/2、1/4以及完全关闭后,雷达回波强度减弱,对流演变特征发生变化。蒸发过程的减弱使得降水始发阶段以及后期消散阶段的降水强度增强,在对流旺盛阶段降水强度减弱。同时雨水蒸发过程减弱导致云中上升气流减弱,冰雪晶及霰粒子含水量极大值减小、极大值所在高度降低。可见,雨水蒸发对对流云团动力、热力结构及云微物理结构以及云物理过程均有一定程度的影响。     

小型蒸发器水面蒸发昼夜差异的分析

根据都昌蒸发实验站1980—1991年日两段制水面蒸发资料,分析了小型蒸发器水面蒸发量及其折算系数的昼夜差异,并与E_(601)型蒸发器水面蒸发量及其折算系数的昼夜差异进行比较,从另一角度揭示了小型蒸发器水面蒸发特点及其存在的问题,提出了改进意见。     

不同气候情景下华北平原蒸发与径流时空变化分析

基于中国气象局国家气候中心生成的IPCC第四次评估报告中23种气候模式的情景集成数据,采用Schreiber公式和Thornthwaite方法计算实际蒸发和径流,分析了2001-2060年SRES A1B、A2和 B1这3种情景下,华北平原气温、降水、蒸发与径流的时空变化。结果表明：未来华北平原气温呈升高趋势,且冬半年升温幅度大于夏半年;降水亦呈增加趋势,而冬半年降水增加幅度小于夏半年;与此相应,华北平原蒸发和年径流呈增加趋势,增幅和空间差异随时间推移而增大,到2041-2060年蒸发将上升7.1%～9.4%,径流将增加8.7%～10.7%。     

湘江流域蒸发皿蒸发量的变化趋势及原因分析

利用1960-2006年湘江流域内44个气象观测站蒸发皿观测资料,采用气候倾向率、相关系数分析法,以及反距离权重插值来分析湘江流域蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：湘江流域年蒸发皿蒸发量在47年间以21.29 mm/10a速率显著减少,通过了90%信度检验;且有75%的站点蒸发皿蒸发量下降趋势显著。从季节变化来看,蒸发皿蒸发量的下降趋势主要在夏季,以15.58 mm /10a的速率显著下降,并通过了99%信度检验。从空间分布来看,湘江流域蒸发皿蒸发量自西南向东北逐渐减少,且下游地区减少趋势最显著。流域饱和差的减小及风速的显著下降导致大部分站点蒸发皿蒸发量呈下降趋势。     

滨州沿海蒸发量与海盐产量的关系研究

海盐生产主要依靠自然蒸发,蒸发量预报对海盐生产有重要的指导作用。通过对1993—2007年滨州沿海蒸发量和海盐产量的分析,海盐产量的时间分布特征与净蒸发量基本一致,净蒸发量是影响海盐生产的决定性因素。分析蒸发量与气象要素之间的关系,分月建立了逐步回归方程,经检验可作为蒸发量的一种客观预报方法。     

Projecting and hindcasting potential evaporation for the UK between 1950 and 2099

Evaporation estimation is important for the assessment of a wide range of potential impacts of climate change, yet there are significant questions concerning the relevance of alternative methods for climate change studies, and the uncertainty associated with downscaled driving variables. Using principal components analysis, climate variables related to evaporation have been examined; results show significant differences in correlation structures between observed UK data and climate outputs from a Hadley Centre Global Climate Model (HadCM3). Although employing the GCM data directly in the Penman-Monteith combination equation appears to be practical for estimating current potential evaporation, this approach does not project realistic potential evaporation in the 2080s. A local calibration approach is taken to the derivation of an alternative empirical model for estimating potential evaporation based on GCM outputs, using the Generalised Linear Model (GLM) framework. This appears to provide a robust method for impacts assessment. From the GLM projections, the envisaged change in evaporation will be spatially variable across the UK. It is expected that the southern part of the UK will be more sensitive to the change in evaporation than the north. Moreover, in the 2080s, the range (variance) of the monthly potential evaporation appears to change more than the mean.