洪湖特色水产品对湖水及沉积物中有机氯农药的积累模式

对洪湖水体、表层沉积物和特色水产品(鲫鱼、莲藕等)进行了调查采样,采用美国EPA方法进行了有机氯农药的提取,用带有电子捕获器的气相色谱(GC-ECD)进行了有机氯农药含量的测定.结果表明:六六六和滴滴涕各异构体在湖水、表层沉积物、特色水产品中绝大部分都有检出,湖水中六六六和滴滴涕的质量浓度远低于其在表层沉积物和特色水产品中的质量分数,这与有机氯农药疏水亲颗粒和溶脂性的特性有关.以分配系数、生物积累因子和生物区系-底泥生物积累因子为基础,建立了洪湖特色水产品对水体及表层沉积物中有机氯农药的积累模式,所得结果能够为洪湖湿地保护与生态恢复措施的决策与制定提供科学依据.     

鄱阳湖龙口地区沉积物中有机氯农药的垂向分布特征

采用电子捕获检测器气相色谱仪(GC-ECD)测定鄱阳湖龙口地区4个沉积物柱样中有机氯农药含量。结果表明,4个沉积物柱样间有机氯农药含量差异显著,总有机氯农药(∑OCPs)含量为7.78~93.7ng/g,总六六六(∑HCHs)含量为0.73~39.6ng/g,总滴滴涕(∑DDTs)的含量为2.44~49.4ng/g。与国内其他同类样品相比,研究区各化合物的含量水平明显偏高;沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和OCPs有较好的相关关系;与沉积物风险评估值对比,鄱阳湖龙口地区的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险。     

三门峡水库黄河河漫滩沉积柱有机氯农药垂直分布特征

沉积柱取于三门峡水库黄河河漫滩,总长549 cm,采用GC-ECD气相色谱仪和X射线衍射仪分别测定了沉积物中有机氯农药的质量分数和矿物成分.研究结果表明,有14种有机氯农药检出,它们在泥质层中的质量分数明显高于沙质层,质量分数较高的组分有HCHs、Endrin和DDTs.HCHs的平均质量分数大于DDTs,前者在表层沉积物中富集,后者则在表层沉积物中明显减少.DDTs与黏土矿物呈正相关,与碎屑矿物呈负相关,与碳酸盐矿物没有显著相关性.     

广西百朗地下河水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

为了解典型岩溶地区广西乐业百朗地下河表层水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征,采集地下河不同断面的水和沉积物样品,利用气相色谱仪测定了19种有机氯农药。结果表明:(1)百朗地下河表层水中19种有机氯农药总量(∑OCPs)浓度为1.95～71.45ng/L,HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为未检出至58.40ng/L和未检出至0.44ng/L;(2)沉积物中∑OCPs浓度为0.75～14.85ng/g,HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为0.11～3.52ng/g和0.03～2.90ng/g;(3)地下河表层水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与吸附作用、环境温度以及和地下河连通的天坑的底部的土壤侵蚀有关,即因温差作用,大气沉降的有机氯农药易富集在天坑底部(“冷陷阱效应”),并在土壤侵蚀作用下向水体移动,使地下河沉积物中有机氯农药浓度升高;(4)百朗地下河出口沉积物吸附系数最低,但水中有机氯农药浓度较高且种类最多,推测可能是地下河沉积物中因有机氯农药被释放而引起二次污染;(5)表层沉积物中大多数断面的异狄氏剂浓度及乐业县城附近断面的DDTs和DDD浓度在风险评估低值与风险评估中值之间,表明百朗地下河处于较低的生态风险水平;(6)目前,流域部分断面尚有新的γ-HCH(林丹)和DDTs农药输入。由于有机氯农药长期累积,可能对地下河生态系统造成危害,应采取防治措施。      

西藏错鄂湖和羊卓雍湖水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的初步研究

对2002年5月采集的西藏错鄂湖和羊卓雍湖的水和沉积物样品进行了实验及分析。结果表明，这2个高原湖泊均不同程度地受到有机氯农药的污染，并具有多种有机氯农药的同时存在、在沉积柱上近表层没有含量下降趋势以及南部的羊卓雍湖污染程度高于藏北的错鄂湖等特点，反映出湖泊中的有机氯农药有可能是随孟加拉湾洋暖流由南向北带人的。两个湖泊的水与沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)含量甚至与我国东部地区的一些淡水水体相近，这种现象很可能表明，大气沉降的有机氯农药可在青藏高原湖泊水体与沉积物中发生一定程度的累积。长远地看，这一过程将可能对青藏高原野生动物产生负面影响。     

气象因子对洪湖有机氯农药大气沉降的影响

对洪湖进行了为期一年(2005年2月-2006年2月)的大气沉降采样,采用被动大气采样方法对大气沉降中的有机氯农药进行了分析,得到该年通过大气沉降向洪湖输入有机氯农药9.77 kg,其中大气颗粒态沉降量为2.74 kg,湿沉降量为7.03kg。大气沉降中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的沉降量最大。将所获气象数据和各季度有机氯农药大气沉降量进行了相关性分析,结果表明:①气象因子对湿沉降的相关性较大气颗粒态沉降的明显,其中降雨量、平均温度、平均风速与湿沉降量的相关系数最高;②风速、温度、日照对有机氯农药在气相溶解态和大气颗粒态分配影响强烈,而温度是决定有机氯农药在大气中以何种形式沉降的主要因素;③由于降雨的前锋时段具备有效的强沉降能力,使得连续性降雨频次对大气沉降影响强烈。     

利用多介质模型研究有机氯农药的环境行为

应用Ⅲ级多介质逸度环境模型研究了研究区3种有机氯农药p,p-’DDT、p,p-’DDE、p,p-’DDD的多介质行为。模型的计算结果表明:在研究区大气、水和沉积物中p,p-’DDT的浓度分别为0.019 8g/m3、0.016 8ng/L0、.313ng/g;p,p-’DDE的浓度分别为0.019 9g/m30、.001 65ng/L、0.124ng/g;p,p-’DDD的浓度分别为0.001 98g/m3、0.004 68ng/L、0.083 2ng/g。沉积物中的有机氯农药的含量占环境中有机氯农药总滞留量的99%以上,是有机氯农药的最主要的汇。然后计算了3种有机氯农药在环境中的相间迁移通量,其中水-沉积物迁移和沉积物-水迁移是最重要的迁移过程。     

长江中下游典型湖泊近代环境变化研究

选择长江中下游的典型湖泊洪湖、巢湖、石臼湖和太湖,采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、总磷,并采用210Pb和137Cs定年以研究湖泊近代环境演变。根据洪湖137Cs蓄积峰得到过去50 a里洪湖沉积速率经历了一个由慢到快再变慢的过程,1963~1986年之间沉积速率最大,达0.174 cm/a,这可能是因为当时湖区大规模开垦有关。巢湖钻孔核素的研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少,巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加,可能与流域内水土流失逐步加重有关。对营养盐的分析表明,洪湖50年代以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖70年代以来营养元素开始增加,在太湖中体现为80年代,石臼湖中则为近百年来营养元素开始快速增加。从营养盐增加的幅度来看,草型湖的洪湖、石臼湖要大于藻型的巢湖以及太湖藻型区域。本文尝试利用总有机碳、总磷获取了湖泊环境变化的速率。研究表明总有机碳和总磷的变化速率存在波动性,这可能与湖泊的自我调节有关。而总有机碳的变化速率在最近时间阶段内基本呈正值,对于洪湖来说在80年代初,石臼湖在1970年左右,太湖在80年代初,巢湖在60年代。总有机碳、总磷变化速率的振荡幅度与周期也许对理解当今湖泊处于何种位置,由此采取何种湖泊管理手段提供重要认识。     

长江中下游不同类型湖泊沉积物营养盐 蓄积变化过程及其原因分析*

在长江中下游的洪湖、太湖、巢湖采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、磷,并采用²¹⁰ Pb和¹³⁷ Cs定年。洪湖1950年以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖在20世纪70年代以来营养元素开始增加,而在太湖中则为80年代。结果表明草型湖中有机质增加比藻型湖迅速,洪湖湖泊沉积物有机质迅速增加与围垦活动开始时间一致。沉积物中总磷的变化不如总有机碳、总氮的变化规律性明显。洪湖两钻孔总磷背景值为0.7~0.8g/kg,太湖钻孔其总磷本底为0.6g/kg,梅梁湾大量钻孔表明总磷本底在0.5g/kg;巢湖的则更低。对比湖泊类型来看,目前为藻型湖的沉积本底磷偏低,而目前为草型湖的沉积本底磷偏高,这可能与不同生态类型湖泊营养元素的生物地球化学循环与积累的方式有关。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定河流沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药

建立了用加速溶剂萃取,气相色谱-质谱法同时测定河流沉积物中16种多环芳烃和19种有机氯农药的分析方法,优化了萃取溶剂、萃取温度和时间、凝胶渗透色谱收集时间、固相萃取洗脱溶剂和洗脱体积等条件。16种多环芳烃的方法检出限在0.15~0.59 ng/g,加标回收率为82%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.1%~4.5%。19种有机氯农药的方法检出限在0.14~2.23 ng/g,加标回收率为71%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.0%~4.5%。实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法分离效果较好,能够满足沉积物样品中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分析要求。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861