人工四倍体皱纹盘鲍的发生

采用化学药物进行诱导皱纹盘鲍四倍体的研究。结果表明,在受精后１０ｍｉｎ开始,用１ｍｇ／ｌ浓度的ＣＢ持续处理皱纹盘鲍受精卵３０ｍｉｎ,通过阻止极体释放,可获得２１．９％的四倍体胚胎。用０．０５ｇ／Ｌ浓度的秋水仙素,在受精后４０～５０ｍｉｎ的效应时间内开始处理,持续３ｍｉｎ,能抑制皱纹盘鲍的第一次有丝分裂,四倍体诱导率最高为１３．０％。此外观察到,秋水仙素对染色体组加倍最为敏感的效应时间,也是胚胎对诱导处理耐受性最弱的时期。化学药物的毒性作用和染色体的断裂或缺失,可能是导致皱纹盘鲍四倍体胚胎死亡率高的重要原因     

杂色鲍与皱纹盘鲍!盘鲍杂交的初步研究

于1998～1999年在福建厦门和东山两地养殖场，对我国主要养殖鲍即杂色鲍与皱纹盘鲍、盘鲍进行杂交试验。结果表明，皱♂×杂♀的受精率为3．5％～15．0％，平均7．6％。皱♀×杂♂的受精率为1．5％～4．0％，平均2．8％。杂交成功的受精卵的胚胎和幼体发育均正常。杂色鲍×盘鲍杂交组合的受精率明显高于杂色鲍×皱纹盘鲍，无论哪个组合杂色鲍作为雌性亲本的杂交受精率均比反交大大提高。     

皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discushannai Ino)胚胎RNA分离和cDNA文库构建

从皱纹盘鲍胚胎样本中分离RNA并构建了cDNA文库。分别收集孵化8、10和12h的皱纹盘鲍胚胎,用抽滤除菌的海水反复悬浮胚胎,将这3个发育阶段的胚胎样本等量混合后用TRIZOL试剂提取总RNA,将提取物用酚氯仿异戊醇再抽提2次,分离获得高质量的总RNA。从总RNA中分离mRNA,构建了皱纹盘鲍混合胚胎的cDNA文库,未扩增胚胎文库的滴度为5.0×106pfu/ml,重组率为94.12%,插入片段均大于400bp,70.6%克隆的插入片段分布在1000—1500bp之间,扩增后的文库滴度为3.06×109pfu/ml。     

人工诱发合浦珠母贝雌核二倍体发生及“Hertwig效应”的初步研究

用中心波长为254nm、光照强度为4μW/cm~2的紫外线,照射合浦珠母贝[Pinctada ma-tensil(D_o)]和长耳珠母贝[Pinctada chemnitzi(P_o)]的精子,然后与合浦珠母贝的正常卵授精,在0-150s的照射范围内,从早期胚胎存活率上可以观察到“Hertwig效应”的存在,由此得到的单倍体和非整倍体胚胎在孵化前死亡。精子经120s紫外线照射后,染色体完全失活,但受精作用仍能正常发生。长耳珠母贝精子经 120s照射,异种授精(♀合×♂长)后21min,用浓度为0.4mg/l的细胞松弛素B处理15min,抑制受精卵的第二极体排放,可以诱发合浦珠母贝产生74.0％雌核二倍体胚胎,其孵化率为2.1％。     

皱纹盘鲍对河流弧菌-Ⅱ苗免疫的研究

于1993-1995年，用免疫法防治皱纹盘鲍脓疱病。河流弧菌-Ⅱ分离自大连水产养殖公司、太平洋海珍品养殖公司的患脓疱病的皱纹盘鲍;健康皱纹盘鲍，由大连水产养殖公司石庙苗种厂提供。鲍血淋巴细胞的体外吞噬实验:取健康皱纹盘鲍的血淋巴与肝素和菌液按一定比例混合后，置湿盒内37℃培养30min，取一滴涂片，吕氏液染色后观察。用该病原菌制做菌苗，大量扩增病原菌，用0.1％-1.0％的甲醛洗下菌苔，处理24-120h，用生理盐水反复清洗，除掉甲醛;再用生理盐水稀释到所需浓度。通过反复传代降低毒性，制成活菌苗。用两种菌苗在稚鲍、一龄鲍（2-3cm）和成鲍（6-8cm）上实验。结果表明，鲍的血淋巴细胞约有三种，三种细胞都有吞噬细菌的能力，有的细胞象变形虫样变形，在细胞膜上吸附着很多细菌，有的细菌已被吞到细胞内;该病原菌可同鲍的血清发生凝集反应;菌苗的效果明显，可提高成活率约50％以上。由上述结果可见，皱纹盘鲍的血淋巴细胞具有吞噬细菌的能力，在菌苗的作用下，血淋巴细胞增殖并活跃地吞噬异源致病菌，同时鲍血液中的免疫因子也被激活，参与免疫的过程，使皱纹盘鲍成活率明显提高。     

皱纹盘鲍对河流弧菌-Ⅱ苗免疫的研究

于１９９３－１９９５年，用免疫法防治皱纹盘鲍脓疱病，河流弧菌－ＩＩ分离自大连水产养殖公司，太平洋海珍品养殖公司的患脓疱病的皱纹盘鲍；健康皱纹盘鲍，由大连水产养殖公司石庙苗种厂提供，鲍血淋巴细胞的体外培养吞噬实验，取健康皱纹盘鲍的血淋巴与肝素和菌液铵一定比例混合后，置湿盒内３７℃培养３０ｍｉｎ，取一滴涂片，吕氏液染色后观察，用该病原菌制做菌苗，大量扩增病原菌，用０．１％－１．０％的甲醛洗下菌苔，处理     

异源精子诱导牙鲆雌核发育二倍体

采用紫外线照射处理的石鲽精子和受精后冷休克的方法诱导了牙鲆雌核发育。结果表明:用2只平行的相距15cm的20W紫外灯管,照射距离为10cm,在5~100s时间范围内照射石鲽精子时,受精卵的发育表现了典型的哈特维希效应,照射40s的精子所得胚胎的孵化率达到最高峰(41%),染色体观察结果显示,此照射剂量组的所有胚胎均为单倍体(n=24),表明照射精子遗传失活的有效性和可靠性。如果冷休克处理前受精卵保持在(15.5±0.5)℃,受精卵在一定的休克温度(0~10℃)条件下,用不同休克起始时间(受精后1~10min)及冷休克处理持续时间(15~90min)均能诱导染色体加倍。对冷休克处理条件的优化结果表明,在2~4℃条件下,受精后3min开始、冷休克处理45min时,二倍体诱导率最高,达79.7%。染色体鉴定显示,处理组的正常胚胎均为二倍体(2n=48),未发现单倍体和非整倍体。     

人工诱导香港巨牡蛎雌核发育单倍体的研究

研究利用紫外线诱导香港巨牡蛎Crassostrea hongkongensis雌核发育的条件.结果表明,在强度为1820μW · (cm2·s)-1的紫外线(254nm)下分别照射精子0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,70,80和90s后,照射30s的实验组能够保持较高的受精率(61.6%),该组的D形幼虫发生率为0,出现"Hertwig效应".研究表明,在强度为1 820 μW·(cm2·s)-1的紫外线下照射精子30s是获得香港巨牡蛎雌核发育单倍体的适宜条件.研究还表明受精率和D形幼虫发生率随照射时间的增加而下降,遗传失活的精子与正常卵子受精后其胚胎发育至D形幼虫前期停止.经紫外线照射的精子授精后所产生的单倍体胚胎发育速度慢于正常受精所产生的二倍体胚胎,各照射组均出现非整倍体.     

基于皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)EST数据库的串联重复序列特征分析

皱纹盘鲍大规模EST的分析研究较少,为了研究其基因组转录本的基本特征并为皱纹盘鲍中开发EST-SSR功能性标记奠定基础,我们利用生物信息学手段对NCBI公共数据库中的5784条皱纹盘鲍EST序列进行EST-SSR特征分析。分析结果表明:(1)皱纹盘鲍EST中串联重复序列类型丰富;(2)皱纹盘鲍EST Gene Ontology注释序列SSR类型单一;(3)皱纹盘鲍EST-SSR分布广泛富,是EST-SSR标记开发的优良资源。     

皱纹盘鲍的分布水域与种苗放流效果

本文通过皱纹盘鲍渔场的底栖生物资源的综合调查，在了解皱纹盘鲍分布水域的底质结构，大型海藻及敌害生物等资料的基础上，进行了不同区域的鲍种苗放流的比较试验，放流两年后，各区鲍种苗先后都达到商品规格，其试验结果，为增殖皱纹盘鲍，选择放流水域提供参考。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.