福建地热水氢氧环境同位素特征浅析

福建省地热水氢氧环境同位素研究结果表明,大气降水是地下热水主要的补给来源。地热水的补给高程分布于165.5～1 853.3 m,各地区的补给高程差异明显。地热水氢氧环境同位素的分布特征显示受高程效应、蒸发效应及水-岩同位素交换反应等共同影响。矿化度大于1.0 g/L的地热水,氢氧环境同位素含量与氯离子含量、矿化度呈正相关,认为主要是海水混入的影响。     

南阳城区地下热水同位素特征及其水文地质意义

南阳城区地下热水的氢氧稳定同位素研究表明,本区地热水起源于降水补给。氚同位素揭示了地热水的形成年龄,采用同位素方法对本区地下热水与浅层冷水的混合作用对地下热水温度的影响进行了讨论,探讨了南阳城区地下热水的了解补给运移条件。     

水化学特征揭示的济北地热水与济南泉水关系

以济南北部地热田地热水及济南泉域岩溶地下水、泉水为研究对象,通过分析常规离子、微量元素及同位素,探讨了地热水的成因机理、补径排及地热水与上游泉域岩溶地下水、泉水的水力联系。研究认为,研究区地热水与岩溶地下水、泉水为同源补给,地热水属海相含盐沉积岩溶滤水。通过对氢氧稳定同位素和氚同位素法测年结果的分析,初步判定现代大气降水为地热水的主要补给来源。14C法测年结果分析表明,地热水接受更新世古降水补给,地热水为古降水和现代大气降水的混合水。      

河北牛驼镇与天津地热田水化学和氢氧同位素特征及其环境指示意义

本文分析了河北牛驼镇和天津两个中低温地热田水化学、氢氧同位素分布特征及其反映的地热水赋存环境。结果表明:两个地热田系统存在明显差异,从浅部第四系地下水到雾迷山组地热水存在各自的混合线。不同层位的浅层地下水、地热水物理混合作用明显。地热田蓟县系雾迷山组和奥陶系高温地热水与碳酸岩含水介质发生的水-岩相互作用,造成了δ18O发生飘移;馆陶组和明化镇组地热水主要是浅部第四系地下水与雾迷山组和奥陶系地热水发生混和作用的结果。牛驼镇地热田雾迷山组和奥陶系地热水中Cl~–和HCO_3~–含量增高的同时,SO_4~(2-)含量随之减小(0.20~1.30 mg/L),明显低于天津地热田雾迷山组及奥陶系地热水中的SO_4~(2-)含量(273~394 mg/L),指示牛驼镇地热田雾迷山组和奥陶系地热水发生了明显的脱硫酸作用。水化学、氢氧同位素分布特征揭示了牛驼镇地热田雾迷山组和奥陶系地热水处在还原环境中,与浅部第四系地下水水力联系弱,主要以侧向径流补给为主,而天津地热田奥陶系和雾迷山组地热水与浅部第四系地下水水力联系较强,同时存在垂向和侧向径流补给。牛驼镇和天津两个地热田均具有巨大的地热资源开发潜力,但在开发过程中要坚持资源环境并重的原则,保障地热资源的持续利用。     

漳州盆地地下热水成因与海水混入的同位素证据

本文基于热水及相关天然水的氢氧同位素(D和~(18)O)数据论证了漳州盆地地下热水为大气降水深循环成因,并属于中低温系统,用同位素方法讨论了海水与地热水混合关系及混合比。     

黔东北地区地热水化学特征及起源

目前在黔东北地区未系统地开展过地热水水文地球化学特征以及地热水来源方面的研究,存在地热水来源、补给区域、径流和排泄等特征不清等问题.在充分了解黔东北地热地质条件的基础上,采集区内15组地热水进行水化学全分析、收集12组地热水氢氧同位素和3组地热水碳同位素数据,得到了该区地热水的水化学特征和同位素特征,分析出地热水的补给来源,估算了地热水的补给高程、补给温度、热储温度、循环深度以及冷水混入比例.结果表明,受地形地貌及地质构造的影响,该区地热水总体由南向北径流,水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg、HCO₃-Ca·Mg、HCO₃-Na、SO₄-Ca·Mg及SO₄-Ca型,有益元素主要有F-和H₂SiO₃,沿径流方向地热水呈现pH降低、TDS增加的趋势,水化学类型则由重碳酸盐型水变为硫酸盐型水.同位素分析结果表明,该区地热水补给源为大气降水,补给区为海拔1 500~2 000 m的梵净山地区,地热水年龄为（6 400~11 570）±560 a,补给时的年平均气温为7.0~9.1℃;选用二氧化硅温标及lg（Q/K）-T法估算热储温度为45.0~107.0℃,地热水循环深度为1 000~3 000 m;硅-焓混合模型估算地热水混合前的热储温度极大值为110~200℃,地热水在上升过程中受浅部冷水混合,冷水混入比例为50%~90%.      

新西兰陶波火山区水化学特征及其成因初探

陶波火山区以流纹质岩浆活动为特征,发育闻名于世的地热田。通过采集新西兰陶波火山区的火山喷泉热水、地表水等不同类型的水样进行水化学和同位素分析,探讨罗托鲁阿怀欧塔普地热公园内的地热水起源、汤加里罗火山公园内的苏打泉瀑布补给来源。研究结果表明怀欧塔普地热公园出露的地热水存在原生高砷的污染问题,其来源为变质水。苏打泉瀑布水样的氢氧同位素指标在新西兰大气降水线分布范围内,说明该瀑布水与大气降水密切相关。本研究为新西兰陶波火山区地热水和地表水后续深入研究提供参考依据。     

长江干流水体氢氧同位素空间分布特征

采用热转换元素分析同位素比值质谱法(TC/EA-IRMS)对重庆至上海段长江干流的氢氧同位素进行了监测,分析了该段长江水的氢氧同位素和氘过量参数的空间变化规律,并探讨了δ(18O)和δ(D)与大气降水氢氧同位素的关系.结果表明:长江干流不同地段水体受补给来源、大陆效应、高程效应等因素影响,其水体氢氧同位素也呈现出不同的...     

山西忻州盆地地热水地球化学特征及其成因机制

地热水地球化学研究对于认识各类水热型地热资源的成因机制有重要意义.以山西忻州盆地为研究区,开展了系统的地球化学研究.结果显示,忻州盆地地热系统的形成与地壳浅部岩浆房和浅部岩石放射性元素衰变热异常无关,而是正常热流背景下地下水深循环的结果 .地热水的水化学和氢氧同位素特征均指示区内地热水补给来源于西部云中山区大气降水,大气降水由补给区入渗并向东部忻州盆地运移,循环深度为1 618.3～3 451.5 m,热储温度达48.4～91.8℃.地热水上升至第四系孔隙热储后普遍混入浅层地下冷水,最高混合比可达78%.     

川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因及其工程影响分析

川藏铁路康定隧址区穿越鲜水河断裂带,属地热异常区,对铁路建设造成一定的热害威胁。采用野外调查、水化学分析和氢氧同位素测试等技术方法,开展了川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因研究。结果表明,康定隧址区地热水水化学类型主要为HCO₃·Cl—Na和HCO₃—Na型,聚集于折多塘、康定和中谷3个热水区。地热水均为未成熟水,热储温度为104～172 ℃,深部初始地热水温度为186～250 ℃,冷水混合比例为0.56～0.81。氢氧同位素显示地热水补给高程为3768～4926 m。在康定隧址区,地热水受到高海拔水源补给,主体断裂构造为导热构造,次级分支断裂和发育节理、裂隙的断层破碎带为导水构造,地热水形成后沿浅部断层破碎带出露形成温泉。FEFLOW数值模拟分析表明研究区100 m深度地温场温度为35.4～95.1 ℃,研究区内三个热水区之间存在低温通道。隧道建设时应重点关注康定热水区的高温水热灾害。     

灰岩碳氧同位素特征与隐伏花岗岩的关系——以栗木水溪庙矿区为例

对栗木水溪庙矿区泥盆系上统融县组灰岩的碳氧同位素进行了研究,该地区灰岩的碳氧同位素组成可提供隐伏花岗岩隆起及其相关流体的重要信息。受隐伏花岗岩侵入驱动的流体与上覆融县组灰岩发生反应的温度在110℃左右,流体的初始同位素组成为δ18OSMOW=-3‰,δ13CPDB≤-7‰,反应的水岩比值（w/r）可能小于5。这种岩浆水与大气降水的混合流体与围岩之间的水岩反应使得地表灰岩的δ18O和δ13C值降低,产生负异常。研究表明,围岩的δ18O值降低受反应的水岩比值和温度控制;δ13C值降低主要与反应的水岩比值有关。反应的温度越高,w/r值越大,灰岩的碳氧同位素负异常越明显。因此,水溪庙矿区地表出露的碳酸盐地层中的碳氧同位素变化可在地球化学勘查中用于指示下伏花岗岩岩脊的隐伏位置。     

西藏羊八井地热田硼同位素地球化学特征初步研究

基于国外大量硼同位素示踪的地热研究实例,在先期建立的MC-ICP-MS测定水中硼同位素分析方法基础上,以羊八井地热田为研究对象,进行了热田地热流体的硼同位素地球化学初步研究。研究表明,羊八井地热田区热储流体的硼同位素值为 -10.5‰～-9.1‰,为非海相来源; 结合区域地质特征,研究认为热储内的硼组分来源于蚀变花岗岩围岩,并且蚀变花岗岩的硼同位素特征可能与深层地热流体相似。研究表明羊八井浅层热储内硼元素的地球化学行为并非完全是保守元素,存在着一定的硼同位素分馏。在端元硼同位素特征差异较小的羊八井热田,为硼同位素二元混合模型示踪水体混合过程带来了相当的复杂性。本文从热田开采过程与采样时间、水-岩相互作用、气-液相分离以及结垢过程等方面分析了浅层热储内引起硼同位素分馏的可能因素,其中从整体来看,气-液相分离过程的影响相对较大;而在个别井位水-岩相互作用与结垢的影响可能相对较为显著。     

四川鲜水河-安宁河断裂带温泉氢氧稳定同位素特征

温泉地下水同位素特征对确定断裂带地下水来源、循环过程和断裂带活动性至关重要。为了确定青藏高原东缘温泉的地下水同位素特征和流体来源本研究采集了鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上温泉水、冷泉水、河流和积雪融水等样品,进行了氢氧稳定同位素和水化学组分测定,并进行了同位素特征的对比研究。分析结果表明,温泉水体δ¹⁸O变化范围为-19.04%~-12.71‰,平均值为-16.42‰;δ²H变化范围为-144.07‰~-88.63‰,平均值为-122.37‰。河水的δ¹⁸O变化范围为-15.90‰~-10.85‰,平均值为-13.86‰;δ²H变化范围为-118.21‰~-71.12‰,平均值为-98.99‰。康定冷泉δ¹⁸O和δ²H分别为-13.66‰和-106.74‰。道孚积雪融水的δ¹⁸O和δ²H分别为-10.27‰和-65.41‰。不同类型水体样品氢氧稳定同位素组成主要分布在全球和区域大气降水线上表明了大气降水成因,缺少明显的氧同位素漂移特征。不同类型水体同位素值差异较大显示出温泉与河水、积雪融水之间补给来源的不一致性。温泉同位素值具有明显的同位素高程效应,鲜水河-安宁河断裂带上氧同位素高程效应为-0.23‰/100m,氢同位素高程效应为-1.95‰/100m。温泉氧同位素漂移与相关离子比值、Na-K-Mg三角图、Li和Sr元素等指标表明研究区域大部分温泉的水岩作用强度弱。氢氧稳定同位素特征、水岩作用特征和循环深度揭示出温泉的成因为远距离大气降水运移补给地下水,地下水在地下热储层加热后通过断裂上升到地表形成温泉,这为认识青藏高原东缘地热水循环、断裂带活动性与演化特征提供了依据。     

Indication of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes on the characteristics and circulation patterns of medium-low temperature geothermal resources in the Guanzhong Basin,China

Guanzhong Basin is a typical medium-low temperature geothermal field mainly controlled by geo-pressure in the west of China.The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to analyze the flow and storage modes of geothermal resources in the basin.In this paper,the basin was divided into six geotectonic units,where a total of 121 samples were collected from geothermal wells and surface water bodies for the analysis of hydrogen-oxygen isotopes.Analytical results show that the isotopic signatures of hydrogen and oxygen throughout Guanzhong Basin reveal a trend of gradual increase from the basin edge areas to the basin center.In terms of recharge systems,the area in the south edge belongs to the geothermal system of Qinling Mountain piedmont,while to the north of Weihe fault is the geothermal system of North mountain piedmont,where the atmospheric temperature is about 0.2℃-1.8℃in the recharge areas.The main factors that affect the geothermal waterδ18O drifting include the depth of geothermal reservoir and temperature of geothermal reservoir,lithological characteristics,water-rock interaction,geothermal reservoir environment and residence time.Theδ18O-δD relation shows that the main source is the meteoric water,together with some sedimentary water,but there are no deep magmatic water and mantle water which recharge the geothermal water in the basin.Through examining the distribution pattern of hydrogen-oxygen isotopic signatures,the groundwater circulation model of this basin can be divided into open circulation type,semi-open type,closed type and sedimentary type.This provides some important information for rational exploitation of the geothermal resources.     

O,H,and Sr isotope evidence for origin and mixing processes of the Gudui geothermal system,Himalayas,China

Tho Gudui geothermal field records the highest temperature at equivalent borehole depths among the lainland hydrothermal systems in mainland China.Located about 150 km southeast of Lhasa City,the capital of Tibet,the Gudui geothermal field belongs to the Sangri-Cuona rift belt,also known as the Sangri-Cuona geothermal belt,and is representative of the non-volcanic geothermal systems in the Himalayas.In this study,oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope compositions as well as ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of water samples collected from the Gudui geothermal field were characterized to understand the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluids at Gudui.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope plots show both,deep and shallow reservoirs in the Gudui geothermal field.Deep geothermal fluids are the mixing product of magmatic and infiltrating snow-melt water.Calculations show that the magma fluid component of the deep geothermal fluids account for about 21.10%-24.04%;magma fluids lay also be a contributing source of lithium.The linear relationship of the ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr isotopic ratio versus the 1/Sr plot indicates that shallow geothermal fluids form from the mixing of deep geothermal fluids with cold groundwater.Using a binary mixing model with deep geothermal fluid and cold groundwater as two end-members,the nixing ratios of the latter in most surface hot springs samples were calculated to be between 5% and 10%.Combined with basic geological characteristics,hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics,strontium concentration,~(87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios,and the binary mixing model,we infer the 6 th-Class Reservoirs Evolution Conceptual Model(6-CRECM) for the Gudui geothermal system.This model represents an idealized summary of the characteristics of the Gudui geothermal field based on our comprehensive understanding of the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluid in Gudui.This study may aid in identifying the geothermal and geochemical origin of the Gudui high-temperature hydrothermal systems in remote Tibet of China,whose potential for geothermal development and utilization is enormous and untapped.     

O,H, and Sr isotope evidences of mixing processes in two geothermal fluid reservoirs at Yangbajing,Tibet, China

The Yangbajing geothermal field with the highest reservoir temperature among Chinese hydrothermal systems is located about 90 km northwest to Lhasa City, capital of Tibet, where high temperature geothermal fluids occur in two reservoirs: a shallow one at a depth of 180–280 m and a deep one at 950–1,850 m. In this study, Oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope compositions as well as ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of water samples collected from geothermal wells, cold springs and surface water bodies were characterized to understand the genesis of geothermal fluids at Yangbajing. The results show that the deep geothermal fluid is the mixing product of both magmatic and infiltrating snow-melt water, whereas the shallow geothermal fluid is formed by the mixing of deep geothermal fluid with cold groundwater. Using a binary mixing model with deep geothermal fluid and cold groundwater as two endmembers, the mixing ratios of the latter in most shallow geothermal water samples were calculated to be between 40 and 50%. The combined use of O, H, and Sr isotopes proves to be an effective approach to depict the major sources of geothermal fluids and the mixing processes occurring in two reservoirs at Yangbajing.     

Chemical and isotopic compositions of groundwater and stream water in a heavy agricultural basin of Korea

The chemical and isotopic compositions of groundwater and stream water in the Haean basin, Korea, which have been intensively used for agricultural irrigation, were examined. The field parameters and chemical compositions were typical of relatively uncontaminated waters, except for the agricultural impact. The low EC levels indicated that the waters had not experienced any significant geochemical processes such as water-rock interaction and evaporation. The very similar chemical compositions and ionic ratios were also indicative of fast circulation and good hydraulic connection. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of most of the samples in wet and dry seasons showed very similar range which indicated a single source for both waters without any significant geochemical alteration. However, in the wet season, evaporation trends were observed in some groundwaters because of inflow of irrigation return flow from a rice paddy field. The isotopes of both waters were affected by the altitude and amount of precipitation.     

山东平阴地热水水文地球化学特征及成因分析

山东平阴目前已有的3眼地热井水中均富含丰富的理疗矿物元素,具有较高的理疗价值.利用以往工作取得的水化学分析和同位素分析数据,分析了地热水的水化学特征、补给来源、形成年龄及水-岩作用过程,对热储温度、冷水混入比例与热水循环深度进行了估算.结果表明:研究区地热水水化学类型均为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型;补给来源均为大气降水...     

四川巴塘地热田水文地球化学特征及成因

地下热水的地球化学特征能够揭示深部地热过程。川西巴塘地区域地热资源丰富,但当前研究程度较低。为进一步查明川西地区地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用巴塘热坑和巴塘热水塘两处地热田共20组温泉水样进行水化学分析和氢氧同位素分析,进行定量计算,并分析巴塘地区地下热水的演化过程。结果表明:巴塘地区地下热水主要为HCO3—Na型;水中Sr2+、Li+和F-与Cl-的相关性不佳;主要受大气降雨补给;冷水混入比例为64%~68%,未混入冷水时深部热储温度为218~229 ℃,热储循环深度4 546.32~4 777.89 m;Na+、HCO-3、SiO2浓度在热水循环过程中变化相对较大。说明Sr2+、Li+和F-只来自于水岩作用的矿物溶解,且该地区地下水补给主要来自于大气降水,川西地区地热水于围岩发生水岩作用,进行离子交换,在完成一系列水化学作用及水岩作用后,升至地表,最终形成温泉水。研究成果可为川西巴塘地区地热研究提供数据支撑及理论支持,同时也为川西整体区域地热研究提供方法借鉴,为研究区地下水开发利用研究提供参考。