天津矿山复垦土地地质环境质量评价方法

针对天津矿山地质环境恢复治理现状及土地复垦生态重建的目标,筛选出19个评价因子,构建了一套由地质条件、土壤物理、土壤化学、土壤重金属组成的矿山复垦土地地质环境质量评价指标体系和分级标准。本研究采用五级划分,即分为:I级(好)、II级(较好)、III级(中等)、IV级(差)、V级(很差),并在此基础上依据天津市地质环境背景,以往工作成果以及相关技术标准,对影响矿山复垦土地地质环境的因子进行量化分级。提出了利用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评判法来确定矿山复垦土地地质环境质量的评价方法,为矿山土地复垦监管、验收提供了更为科学、具体的评价方法。     

四川双流县永安镇梨园村土地规划利用对策与建议

根据对区内土地环境质量、土壤养分质量、大气与水环境、大宗农作物以及蔬菜作物的生态效应、土地利用现状、地貌特征等综合因素的分析,结合绿色食品、无公害食品产品标准以及绿色食品、无公害食品产地的相关标准与规范,将项目区的土地利用规划为绿色粮食产地148.81ha,绿色水果产地2.56ha,无公害粮食产地566.11ha,无公害水果产地18.31ha,一般粮食产地24.45ha,生态防护林22.64ha.     

黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

田间试验研究了不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤含水量及小麦生长状况和水分利用效率的影响.试验包括4个处理:作物生育期秸秆覆盖600 kg/ha(M600)、秸秆覆盖300 kg/ha(M300)、地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖处理(CK).结果表明:覆盖处理下的土壤贮水量均高于不覆盖,M600处理能显著增加土壤含水量(0～1m和...     

"金土地工程"区农业地质调查土壤测量方法及精度探讨

对专项农用土地整理-"金土地工程"区大比例尺农业地质调查中的土壤地球化学测量方法及精度进行了试验.结果表明,单样分析能更真实地反映土壤地球化学的分布特征,经济实用的采样密度为16点/ km2～32点/ km2(100ha),地球化学图件编绘以距离倒数插值法成图效果更好.     

农业地质地球化学评价的理论与方法初探

针对农业地质环境调查发现的重金属高值区带和土地生态安全问题,建立了农业地质地球化学评价方法.该方法以元素地球化学循环和元素生物循环为理论依据,在已有研究成果和调查数据基础上,针对自然状态下农作物籽实中重金属元素与其在土壤中的质量分数间的复杂相应关系,建立了土壤-籽实响应关系模型,进而以镉为例,利用该模型并根据国家食品中镉限量卫生标准计算确定评价标准值,并据此将土地划分为安全土地、基本安全土地、警戒土地和危险土地4级,从而实现了利用土壤地球化学调查数据进行土地生态安全性评价的方法探索.     

土地环境质量综合评价模型的建立--以山东半岛蓝色经济区为例

依据多目标区域地球化学调查资料,对土地环境质量综合评价方法进行探讨,建立评价模型。提出土地环境质量综合评价是土壤内部指标分等、外部指标定级,整合全部评价因素的新观点。采用相关系数、半方差函数进行指标筛选,层次分析法确定参评指标权重,通过隶属度函数模型将土壤不同含量单位的指标纳入同一评价体系形成内部因素,叠加区域地下水、农作物质量等外部因素,建立土地质量综合评价模型。根据模型对山东半岛蓝色经济区土地环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明：山东半岛土地可分为优质、优良、良好、中、差5等20级,其中可作绿色（111和121级）及无公害（211和221级）食品生产基地的土地占62．60％;需农业种植结构调整的512和522级土地面积267．54 km2,多位于矿区（金矿、石墨矿、铜铁矿）周边或紧邻城镇地带。土地环境质量综合评价方法及模型的建立对山东其他地区基本农田保护和土地质量等级划分具有一定借鉴意义。     

武汉长江新城地区土地质量地球化学评价

为武汉长江新城污染防治和土地的规划利用取得基础数据,以长江新城为研究区,按16个点/km²的密度采集表层土壤样品,系统分析了该区土壤样品中营养元素、重金属元素的含量。采用土地利用现状图斑作为评价单元,参照《土地质量地球化学评价规范》(DZ/T 0295—2016)对研究区进行地球化学评价。结果表明：长江新城土壤养分总体表现为较缺乏,土壤环境总体表现为较清洁,土壤质量地球化学综合等级以二、三等地为主;土壤中Se元素总体为适量,耕地中Se元素含量总体为缺乏—适量;灌溉水环境地球化学等级少量为二等(不合格)。总体评价情况来看,调查区土地质量以Ⅱ—Ⅲ级地为主,与土壤质量地球化学综合等级结果基本一致。     

河南南阳盆地东南耕区表层土壤养分地球化学综合评价及影响因素

为了全面加强河南南阳西南耕区土地资源的利用、开发和管理工作,充分了解当地土壤的养分状况,通过实地调研、样品采集、实验分析等手段对研究区内各乡镇耕地土壤的pH值及养分(TN、TP和K)的空间分布特征进行研究,讨论不同土地利用方式下pH值及养分数据之间的差异及其各自的影响因素。半方差分析结果表明,TP最佳拟合模型为指数模型,TN、pH值、K含量以及有机质为球状模型。研究区pH、养分均表现出较弱的空间相关性,反映其受到人类活动的影响较为强烈。研究区土壤pH平均值为5.44,偏酸性,总体上呈现南高北低的空间分布特征。养分等级评价显示:TN、TP、K含量较为丰富,而有机质较为缺乏,分别为分级标准中的Ⅲ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级。土壤养分地球化学综合等级评价显示,全区养分等级总体上以中等为主,占总点位的69.1%,全区广泛分布。Pearson相关性分析发现研究区内土壤pH与有机质、TN弱负相关,与K显著正相关;有机质与TN表现为显著正相关,与K为负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤各因子差异显著,旱地土壤pH值、TN、有机质以及K含量的平均值均小于灌木林地,而TP则相反。此外,区内作物调查显示玉米种植区平均pH值低于花生种植区。施肥方式、用量及种类、作物类型、土地管理、种植结构和土壤背景是造成全区养分及pH值分布差异的主要原因。     

基于BP神经网络的青藏高原土壤养分评价

土壤养分在养分循环和土壤-植物关系中起着重要作用,在高海拔生态系统中,由于缺乏系统的实地观测,土壤养分在高山草原中仍然知之甚少。为了了解青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草地土壤养分的基本情况以及土壤养分的等级划分,利用青藏高原腹地西大滩至安多地区采集的154个土壤样品数据,基于BP神经网络模型建立具有3层网络,10个中间层节点的土壤养分评价模型。在MATLAB软件中进行BP神经网络的训练和验证后,对青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草地土壤养分进行综合评价。结果表明：2009年青藏高原高寒草地的土壤养分综合评价等级为4级,属于较低水平。综合评价结果与基于主成分分析方法的土壤质量指数（SQI）基本一致,说明BP神经网络模型对青藏高原土壤养分的评价结果是合理的。对评价结果与海拔、植被盖度和植被类型的关系分析表明,海拔越高或植被盖度越高,土壤养分的评价等级越高;不同植被类型的评价等级表现出高寒沼泽草甸（2级）>高寒草甸（4级）>高寒草原（5级）的趋势。BP网络作为一种简单又准确的识别方法,不仅可以评估土壤养分等级,还可以比较不同地区的土壤养分高低状况,希望为青藏高原的土地资源管理与保护提供基本的科学依据。     

土地质量地球化学评价成果与若干问题探讨:以浙江省金华市汤溪镇为例

为进一步总结完善丘陵盆地区中大比例尺土地质量地球化学调查评价方法技术,2013年在中国地质调查局的支持下,选择浙江省金华市汤溪镇农用地分布区开展了试点调查和采样密度对比试验。基于调查数据进行了土壤酸碱度(p H)、土壤养分丰缺、土壤环境质量和土壤质量地球化学综合评价与分级,探讨了丘陵盆地区野外采样密度。结果表明:区内土壤p H值低、酸性土壤广泛分布;土壤养分元素氮、磷、钾普遍缺乏;土壤环境质量总体较好,仅局部地区出现重金属元素超标;土壤质量地球化学综合等级以一等、二等为主,优良土地面积占调查区的92. 6%,土壤酸性强、养分缺乏是影响调查区土地质量的主要原因,建议采取适当措施调控土壤酸碱度、补充土壤养分;丘陵盆地区中大比例尺土地质量地球化学调查应适当提高土壤采样密度,有效控制土地利用图斑,以便于调查成果在土地资源管护中的应用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.