煤样单轴压缩时滞性变形破坏的试验研究

在深埋中等坚硬煤层采掘工作面煤壁片帮大多表现出明显时滞性,针对采掘工作面煤壁片帮发生时滞性应力特征,在RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统上进行煤样单轴压缩和分级加载对比试验,分析两种加载方式下煤样时滞性变形破坏特征,结果表明：两种加载方式在煤样峰值前应力-应变曲线宏观没有明显区别,单轴压缩峰值后出现分次应力跌落,而分级加载最后一级应力高于煤样屈服强度时没有明显峰值点,出现屈服平台,峰值后应力跌落迅速;单轴压缩得到的力学参数明显高于分级加载试验值,表现出煤样的力学参数具有时滞性;分级加载应力比低于70%时,煤样轴向和环向变形特征不明显,分级加载应力比高于70%时,尽管轴向应力保持恒定,随着时间延长煤样轴向和环向变形则不断增加,且环向应变远大于轴向应变,体积不断增加,在此期间,煤样继续吸收外界能量内部材料逐步损伤破坏,新生微裂纹不断演化、发展和汇聚,分级加载应力水平比越高,延时破坏越短,相反延时破坏则越长,分级加载时表现出明显时滞性特征;单轴压缩时煤样破坏相对简单,具有明显张剪性双重破裂面,而分级加载时煤样破碎充分,破坏形式复杂,环向膨胀特征明显,与采掘工作面煤壁延时片帮破坏特征极为相似。其研究结果对采掘工作面煤壁延时片帮治理具有一定的参考意义。     

冻土的单轴抗压、抗拉强度特性试验研究

在寒区工程建筑物设计中,冻土的抗压、抗拉强度是两个重要的力学指标.在负温条件下,对粉质黏土、黄土和砂土进行单轴抗压和劈裂抗拉试验,研究冻土破坏时的破坏形态、破坏机理、应力-应变曲线和拉应力与径向位移关系曲线的形式,分析单轴抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的差异以及这两种强度随土质特性和温度的变化规律.试验结果表明：单轴载荷作用下试样破坏后呈鼓状,且表现为应变软化型塑性破坏特征;劈裂作用下产生沿直径向试样两侧延伸的裂缝,不同土质破坏后裂缝扩展的宽度和深度不同;冻土的抗压强度与抗拉强度均与负温存在很好的线性相关性,随温度的降低而增大;在相同温度条件下,冻土的抗压强度大于其抗拉强度;对于同一种冻土,其抗压强度的温度效应比抗拉强度的温度效应显著.本试验分析结果可为寒区工程的实际应用提供参考.     

掺砾心墙料拉裂力学特性试验研究

研究掺砾心墙料的拉裂特性对深入研究高土石坝水力劈裂、坝顶裂缝以及坝肩横缝等问题至关重要,但目前已有的研究尚不够深入。基于自主研制的单向拉伸试验装置,对不同掺砾量下的心墙料进行了系列的单向拉伸试验,依据试验结果分析了掺砾心墙料拉裂破坏的机制。在此基础上得到以下结论：在试样各自最大干密度及最优含水率下,随着掺砾量的增加,心墙料的抗拉强度和拉应变呈线性递减关系;所有试样的拉应力?应变曲线呈分段指数关系,极限拉应力前后试验曲线可分别采用正负指数关系来描述;进行了系列三轴排水剪试验,分析各试样抗拉强度与强度指标的关系发现,对于所研究的掺砾心墙料,抗拉强度与其黏聚力呈较好的线性关系,在不具备试验条件的情况下,此关系可用来大致估算心墙料的抗拉强度。相关试验结果可为实际土心墙坝抗裂设计提供参照。     

岩石力学性质的应变率效应试验

以玄武岩为试样,开展了中低应变率下的岩石单轴抗压试验。本次研究分析应变率对岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数的影响,分别提出了岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等参数与应变率之间的拟合关系式。以峰值应力对应的应变和峰值后的软化模量为脆性评价指标,分析加载应变率对岩石脆性的影响。研究表明:(1)岩石抗压强度、弹性模量均随应变率的增加而增加。(2)岩石泊松比随应变率增加而减小。(3)随着应变率增加大,峰值应力对应的应变增大,峰值后的应变软化程度减小,岩石脆性减弱。(4)应变率对岩石抗压强度影响较大,对弹性模量和泊松比的影响较小。(5)曲线拟合效果良好,提出的拟合关系式合理。     

Static and Dynamic Flexural Strength Anisotropy of Barre Granite

Granite exhibits anisotropy due to pre-existing microcracks under tectonic loadings; and the mechanical property anisotropy such as flexural/tensile strength is vital to many rock engineering applications. In this paper, Barre Granite is studied to understand the flexural strength anisotropy under a wide range of loading rates using newly proposed semi-circular bend tests. Static tests are conducted with a MTS hydraulic servo-control testing machine and dynamic tests with a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. Six samples groups are fabricated with respect to the three principle directions of Barre granite. Pulse shaping technique is used in all dynamic SHPB tests to facilitate dynamic stress equilibrium. Finite element method is utilized to build up equations calculating the flexural tensile strength. For samples in the same orientation group, a loading rate dependence of the flexural tensile strength is observed. The measured flexural tensile strength is higher than the tensile strength measured using Brazilian disc method at given loading rate and this scenario has been rationalized using a non-local failure theory. The flexural tensile strength anisotropy features obvious dependence on the loading rates, the higher the loading rate, the less the anisotropy and this phenomenon may be explained considering the interaction of the preferentially oriented microcracks.     

Different bedding loaded coal mechanics properties and acoustic emission

Using TAW-2000KN electro-hydraulic servo rock press machines and the American Physical Acoustics Company’s SH-II acoustic emission systems, experimental studies began to address the mechanical properties in different beddings of loaded coal and the related acoustic emission characteristics, established based on the acoustic emission damage model, and verify the model. The results show that the mechanical properties of different coal sample beddings are distinctive, with maximum uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of vertical stratification of coal samples and the minimum Poisson’s ratio. Thus, the minimum uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of oblique bedding coal samples along with the maximum Poisson’s ratio in the processes of loading result in different bedding coal samples having different stress–strain curves, especially when different bedding coal samples experience the stages of fissure compression, elastic deformation, plastic deformation and instability and destruction. In addition, the displacement proportions of each stage of the loading process have relatively obvious differences: the loading times of vertical, parallel and oblique bedding coal are 495, 382 and 331 s, respectively, and their acoustic emission mutation points of peak stress are approximately 60, 41 and 33%, respectively. Thus, we can use the mutation point as precursor information to estimate the damage intensity in different bedding seams. The theoretical and experimental stress–strain curves obtained by the coal damage model are basically identical, verifying the reliability of the model and reflecting the feasibility of acoustic emission technology in the study of coal damage. The results can effectively forecast coal and gas outburst hazard in coal mines, especially highly gassy and outburst mines. It can also make comprehensive predictions for flooding accidents, roof fall accidents and other disasters, and provide valuable evacuation time for underground coal mine workers. The results are of great scientific significance in safeguarding the safety of coal mines.     

击实黏土单轴拉伸特性试验研究

为研究土的拉伸特性,对击实黏土进行直接拉伸试验。试验表明,不同抗拉强度的击实黏土具有不同的拉伸应力-应变曲线型式,即应变软化型、应变硬化型和应变强化型;在试验涉及的干密度和含水率范围内,击实黏土的抗拉强度随干密度的增加而增加,随含水率的增加而减小,且具有较好的线性关系;拉伸速率对击实黏土的抗拉强度和应力-应变曲线的型式也有明显影响,对同一干密度和含水率的土样,低拉伸速率测得的抗拉强度往往较小,且应力-应变曲线为软化型,而较高的拉伸速率测得的抗拉强度较大,且应力-应变曲线为强化型。     

Mechanical and Physical Characterization of Tabriz Marls, Iran

Three types of marls can be found in the Tabriz area (Iran): yellow, green, and gray/black marls. In the present paper, strength and deformation characteristics of Tabriz marls and their stress–strain behavior are investigated by various in situ and laboratory tests. In order to study the deformation behavior of these marls, various experiments such as the pressuremeter test, plate loading test (PLT), seismic wave velocity test, uniaxial compression test, standard penetration test (SPT), and direct shear test were carried out. Ranges of strain at the elastic and failure points were determined. Young’s and shear modulus were obtained. Test results showed that the strength characteristics increase with depth. The value of deformation modulus determined by the pressuremeter test was in good agreement with those obtained from the PLT. This implies that pressuremeter is a suitable in situ test for characterizing the deformation modulus of marl. Deformation modulus obtained from pressuremeter and plate loading tests were approximately 4–5 times the results of uniaxial compressive test and the deformation modulus obtained from seismic data was about 30–50 times the static deformation modulus. Stress–strain curves showed that the maximum value of strain at the elastic and failure points and the minimum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the yellow marls while the minimum value of strain and the maximum value of strength and deformation modulus are corresponding to the gray/black marls. Some empirical relationships between different characteristics of Tabriz marls were also derived.     

Deformation of a rock in different tensile tests

Strength and deformation of a typical homogeneous sandstone under tensile stresses, have been studied in the laboratory, using standard tensile tests, viz. uniaxial tension, the Brazilian and beam bending tests. In addition to the parameters such as uniaxial tensile strength, modulus of deformation in tension and Poisson's ratio in tension obtained directly by the uniaxial tension test, the Brazilian tensile strength, the modulus and Poisson's ratio have also been determined by the Brazilian test. Bending tensile strength has been obtained by the beam bending test using the four-point loading system and the tensile modulus of elasticity has been estimated from the observations of beam bending and uniaxial compression tests, using “double elasticity” relationships.The rock under high tensile stresses is found to be much less “stiffer” than under high compressive stresses and is therefore likely to result in a relatively less violent tensile failure. The nature of the tensile deformation in the region of maximum tensile stress is found to be strikingly similar in all the three tensile tests under study. Although the initial, the 50% and the final tensile modulus values differ in each tensile test, the general trend of the tensile modulus with increasing stress is found similar in all these tensile tests.     

Stress corrosion cracking of Lac du Bonnet granite in tension and compression

Rocks subjected to long-term loading have been known to suffer microcracking. The rate of cracking is sensitive to the type of the applied stress (tensile or compressive), and the magnitude of the stress relative to the instantaneous strength. In addition, crack growth is influenced by the environment (pressure and temperature) including the presence or absence of moisture.For tensile loading, the sensitivity of granite to time-dependent cracking is demonstrated through a fracture mechanics test known as double torsion. The crack velocity versus stress intensity function is established for two environments, room temperature and humidity and room temperature and 100 percent humidity.For compressive loading, time dependent cracking is evaluated from creep tests conducted in uniaxial compression in the same two environments. The rate of cracking is defined by finding the functional relationship between the rate of crack growth, expressed as the rate of crack volume strain, and uniaxial compressive stress.A variety of mathematical functions has been fitted to the obtained data. The traditionally-used power and exponential relationships give good correlation for both crack velocity and crack volume strain rate.The crack volume strain rate versus stress function can be integrated to obtain a lifetime estimate for Lac du Bonnet granite. After 1 000 years of loading in uniaxial compression at room temperature and 100 percent humidity, the strength of this granite could reduce from 225 MPa to 90–100 MPa.     

基于颗粒离散元模型的不同加载速率下花岗岩数值试验研究

不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。     

锦屏二级水电站大理岩复杂加卸载应力路径力学特性研究

地下洞室开挖围岩经历典型径向卸载、环向加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站高地应力赋存环境,对施工排水洞大理岩开展常规单轴全应变、三轴压缩、卸围压、卸围压-加载轴压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到应力-应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和极限储能变化规律。试验研究结果表明, （1）锦屏二级水电站大理岩破坏时轴向应变一般较小,为硬脆性材料,卸荷应力路径下该脆性特征更为明显;（2）卸围压同时加载轴压试验峰值强度对应轴向应变、环向应变及体积应变值一般高于单纯的卸围压值,而对应峰值强度则一般低于卸围压值;（3）卸荷速率较大时,变形模量越大,大理岩峰值强度越低。加载速率越大,变形模量越小,峰值强度越高。初始围压越高,变形模量值越低,峰值强度越高;（4）无侧限作用时试件主要为张拉破坏,低侧限作用时为剪切破坏为主,局部存在张拉破坏,较高侧限时,剪切面为典型X或Y型;（5）岩石试件具有极限储能值,该值受多种因素的影响。一般情况下试件破坏对应围压越高,极限储能值越高,卸载速率越大,极限储能值越小。研究结果对于岩爆孕育发生机制解释以及工程实际问题的解决均有参考价值。     

Tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints: a laboratory investigation

In this paper, a testing methodology was developed in the laboratory to measure the tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints. In the test, an expansive grout was used to develop the tensile force. Each test comprises two phases: Phase i test and Phase ii test. The Phase i test identified sample failure time, while the Phase ii test measured the corresponding tensile force arising from the expansive grout. Ostensibly homogeneous rock samples without incipient joints were firstly tested to establish the methodology. Tensile strength of block samples containing incipient rock joints was then measured using the established testing scheme. The test results have been compared with those obtained from conventional Brazilian and uniaxial tension tests as suggested by ISRM. The proposed approach is capable of giving a measure of tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints, although somewhat smaller strength than that from the standard approaches was occasionally measured in the preliminary tests on ostensibly homogeneous samples. Effects of stress concentration, sample scale, loading rate and expansive tensile force on the testing results were discussed. Furthermore, this simple and practical testing scheme is proposed for the measurement of the in situ tensile strength of rock and incipient discontinuities in the field, which if successful will provide a more scientific guidance on the rock mass classification and engineering design.     

Fatigue damage evolution of coal under cyclic loading

The experimental study of fatigue damage to coal under cyclic loading is important for guiding the design of pillars in underground coal mines where the pillars may be affected by repeated mining activity. In this paper, the strength, deformation, energy dissipation, and fatigue of samples of coal from a mine in China are studied using cyclic loading with a servo-controlled rock mechanical test system. The results indicate that coal is more likely to suffer fatigue damage than other, harder, rock lithologies. Under uniaxial cyclic loading, the fatigue failure “threshold value” for the coal samples studied is less than 78% of its uniaxial strength, but there is also a certain amount of fatigue damage when the cyclic loading/unloading experiments are carried out below the threshold value for fatigue failure. Axial deformation during the tests can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant steady deformation, and accelerated deformation. Transversal deformation can be divided into two stages: stable deformation and accelerated deformation. During cyclic loading experiments, imminent sample failure is signaled when transversal deformation increases significantly and quickly and the deformation recovers little when the load is removed. With an increasing number of loading/unloading cycles, a graph of energy dissipation per unit volume versus number of cycles presents an L-shaped curve when the coal samples do not suffer fatigue failure. However, for the coal samples that do rupture due to fatigue, the curve is U-shaped. Under cyclic loading, the evolution of compaction, strain hardening, strain softening, and failure of coal can be revealed in great detail by fatigue damage experiments.     

不同应变率下砂岩动态强度准则的试验研究

分别利用RMT－150C和多功能分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验系统对砂岩进行了不同应变率下的单轴压缩、三轴压缩和拉伸试验。结果表明,在围压为0或围压一定的情况下,应变率低于102 s-1时,抗压强度的增加与应变率的量级呈正比;在应变率高于102 s-1时,岩石的抗压强度增加趋势与应变率的1/3次方呈正比。拉伸强度也存在类似规律。针对101～102 s-1应变率范围内缺少岩石动态强度准则这一现状,根据上述试验规律,结合Mohr-Coulomb准则、Hoek-Brown准则和Griffith准则的原理,给出了不同应变率范围内动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和动态Hoek-Brown准则的具体表达形式。研究结果表明,在低应变率情况下,动态Mohr-Coulomb准则和动态Hoek-Brown准则均适用,但Griffith准则判别结果误差很大。在高应变率情况下,动态Mohr-Coulomb准则比较适用,Griffith准则仅适用于评估高应变率单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度之间的关系。     

双向加载煤岩变形与声发射特性颗粒流研究

为了明确煤岩双向应力状态下的强度和损伤特性,通过煤岩的单轴试验测得其力学参数,然后利用颗粒流和fish程序结合试验结果获得煤岩细观力学参数,进行了煤岩双向加载下的强度、变形和损伤声发射特征的研究。获得以下主要结论:双向加载煤岩变形破坏过程中,中间主应力对屈服阶段影响最显著,而对峰后软化阶段基本没有影响,这与三向加载下围压对峰后软化阶段的影响不同,从而表明双向加载条件下煤岩峰后基本不存在脆性-延性转化的特征。双向加载下煤岩的体变经历线性体缩、非线性扩容和线性扩容阶段,中间主应力对非线性扩容阶段影响显著,而对其他两个阶段基本没有影响。煤岩损伤破坏过程中,在弹性阶段声发射呈线性增加趋势但增速较小,屈服阶段声发射进入非线性快速增加阶段,在峰值附近增速最快,峰后初期达到最大强度,随后声发射强度急剧减小。声发射最大强度有一定的滞后效应,随着中间主应力的增大,最大声发射强度的滞后效应相对减弱,且随着中间主应力的增大,声发射最大强度持续时间段明显延长。     

单轴循环荷载下含天然裂隙脆性页岩变形及破裂特征试验研究

利用RMT–150C岩石力学测试系统,对重庆彭水含天然裂隙脆性页岩在单轴循环荷载作用下的变形及破裂特征进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：（1）在循环加卸载和裂隙的共同影响下页岩所含天然裂隙使页岩性质局部劣化、加剧裂隙扩展和破坏提前,导致屈服应力、破裂压力和峰值强度等减小,其中峰值强度降低了13.7%～58.3%;（2）轴向应变形成封闭的“尖叶”状滞回环,并呈疏-密-疏排列,而横向应变形成上开口“8”字形滞回环,并呈密-疏排列,横向应变-循环次数曲线可分为初始变形阶段、小速率等速变形阶段、大速率等速变形阶段和失稳破坏阶段等四阶段演化规律,前期横向应变突变现象可作为天然裂隙和新裂隙扩展、交汇完成,进入大速率等速变形阶段的标志,后期突变可作为整体失稳破坏的前兆;（3）含天然裂隙页岩的破坏模式主要呈拉剪贯通模式和拉贯通模式,两种贯通模式均至少包含一条贯通天然裂隙的拉裂隙;（4）在弹性阶段,有效弹性模量与损伤面积系数呈线性关系,损伤面积系数越大,有效弹性模量越小;（5）在低应力水平内循环,不可逆变形缓慢增加,轴向应变-循环次数曲线始终处于初始变形阶段,试样不发生破坏;在高应力水平内循环,经历3个变形阶段后试样发生破坏;在接近峰值应力的应力水平内循环,曲线直接进入加速变形阶段,几次循环后试样发生破坏。该研究为认清页岩的裂隙扩展形成复杂裂隙网的发展机制提供了有益参考。     

Use of the Boussinesq Equation for Determining the Distribution of Stress Within a Diametrical Point Load Test

Summary The maximum tensile stress at failure for a dry specimen, as determined by the Boussinesq equation for the diametrical point load test, was found to be in very good agreement with the diametrical point load tensile strength (Is) as defined by ISRM (1985). The force at failure for specimens of different geometry was used to determine the stress distribution along the line of loading. Distinctive tensile stress gradients dominate almost 84 percent of the specimen radius regardless of the size of the specimen. The maximum tensile stress is located away from the centre of the specimen at a distance approximately 76 percent along the specimen radius, measured from the centre. The stress magnitude at the centre of the specimen is small and represents about 13 percent of the maximum tensile stress calculated, which suggests that the initiation of the fracture is not from the specimen centre. At the zone of contact between the specimen and the loading cones there exists great compressive stress in areas where much material destruction occurs under the loading platen cones. The value of this compressive stress varies from specimen to specimen and, for the material used in these experiments (Oolitic limestone), ranges from 5.3 to 7.2 times the dry unconfined compressive strength of the material. According to the ISRM Suggested Method for Point Load Test, Is ₍₅₀₎ is approximately 0.8 times the uniaxial tensile strength. The maximum tensile stress revealed by the Boussinesq equation (Bs) was correlated with Is ₍₅₀₎ and found to be in the order of 0.9 times the uniaxial tensile strength.     

大断面原状黄土抗拉强度试验研究

抗拉强度是描述黄土力学性质的重要指标,是研究黄土拉张破坏特性的基础。采用自主研发的大断面原状黄土拉伸仪,对陕西泾阳L5原状黄土开展了单轴拉伸试验,测定不同含水率下大断面原状黄土的拉伸应力-应变特征,获得其抗拉强度,并与利用常规三轴剪切试验结果间接获得的抗拉强度值进行对比分析。结果表明：黄土在低含水率时,黄土强度较高,拉应力随拉应变的增加线性增加,破坏时呈脆性;黄土在高含水率时,抗拉强度较低,拉应力随拉应变的增加呈非线性增加,表现出一定的塑性;黄土抗拉强度与含水率呈指数递减关系。与常规三轴试验结果相比,拉伸试验获得的结果较小,更接近实际情况,同时两者之间存在一定的线性关系。     

Investigating the Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Indirect Tensile Strength of Rocks

This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments during the investigation of the stress–strain characteristics of Brisbane tuff disc specimens under diametral compressive cyclic loading. Two different cyclic loading methods were used: namely, sinusoidal cyclic loading and cyclic loading with increasing mean level. The first method applied the S–N curve approach to the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of rock specimens for the first time in the literature, and the second method investigated the effect of increasing cyclic loading on the ITS of rock specimens. The ITS of Brisbane tuff disc specimens was measured using the Brazilian tensile strength test. The reduction in ITS was found to be 33% with sinusoidal loading tests, whereas increasing cyclic loading caused a maximum reduction of 37%. It is believed that the fracturing under cyclic loading starts at contact points between strong grains and weak matrices, and that contact points at grain boundaries are the regions of stress concentration (i.e., indenters). Transgranular cracks emanate from these regions and intergranular cracks sometimes pass through the contact points. Once cracking begins, there is a steady progression of damage and a general ‘loosening’ of the rock, which is a precursor to the formation of intergranular cracks.