Effects of Geomorphology on the Distribution of Metal Abundance in Salt Marsh Sediment

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of salt marsh geomorphology on the distribution of surface metal content. Surface sediment samples (46) were taken along two transects across an intertidal salt marsh island. Abundance of Ca, Al, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, As, and Zr vary up to 300?% with statistically significant differences along transects and between transects. Along transect, metal abundances are strongly influenced by elevation and distance from the subtidal channel. Between transects, salt marsh morphodynamics, relative marsh age, and water sources seem to affect metal distribution. These observations lead us to hypothesize that at least three scales of variability can be expected for assessing salt marsh sediment metal distributions. Larger-scale variations associated with salt marsh sediment sources and age, and another related to local salt marsh geomorphic structure. Therefore, studies that characterize salt marsh metal loading should explicitly consider the variability imposed over a range of spatial scales.     

The Effects of Integrated Marsh Management (IMM) on Salt Marsh Vegetation,Nekton, and Birds

An integrated marsh management (IMM) project in an urbanized watershed on Long Island, New York, USA, aimed to mitigate salt marsh degradation and to reduce mosquito production by an innovative combination of restoration and open marsh water management methods. The grid ditch network at two treatment marshes was replaced with naturalized tidal channels and ponds. Effects of the hydrologic alterations were monitored utilizing a before–after–control–impact approach. The treatment marshes experienced a number of beneficial outcomes including a fourfold reduction in the invasive Phragmites australis and increased native vegetation cover in the most degraded portions of the marsh, increased abundance and diversity of marsh killifish and estuarine nekton species, higher shorebird and waterfowl densities, and increased avian species diversity. The successful implementation of IMM concept led to improved marsh health and diminished mosquito production. Therefore, this study may serve as a template for similar large-scale integrated salt marsh restoration projects.     

137Cs剖面的沉积信息提取——以香港贝澳湿地为例

通过建立模型,对采自香港大屿山岛贝澳湿地三个站位的沉积样品的137Cs实测剖面与模型计算剖面的比较分析,得出三个站位的沉积速率分别为0.24 cm/a、0.21 cm/a、0.34 cm/a,除P1站位外,P2、P3站位由于受到潮水的作用,表层沉积物受到侵蚀,侵蚀量分别为4.8 cm和7 cm。该结果与常用的时标方法所的结果进行了比较,P1站位由上述模型所得的结果与常用的时标方法所得的结果一致。可以看出,在稳定的沉积环境下,常用的确定时标的方法可以较准确地计算出沉积速率,而在堆积与侵蚀变化的沉积环境下,常用的确定时标的方法就存在一定的缺陷。该工作为137Cs剖面的沉积信息提取进行了有益的尝试。但上述模型中,由于采用日本东京地区的137Cs大气沉降通量记录替代香港地区的137Cs大气沉降通量记录,并没有考虑 137Cs的扩散效应,所以该模型还有待进一步的改进。     

Influence of Salt Marsh Size and Landscape Setting on Salt Marsh Nekton Populations

Recruitment- and predation-related effects on populations of salt marsh codominants mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), were examined based on marsh size and landscape setting. Six island marshes—three small island marshes (SIM) ~40–1,000 m² and three large island marshes (LIM) ~3,000–10,000 m²—were paired with six expansive fringing marshes (EFM), each >76,000 m² in size and located within ~1.0 km of a paired SIM or LIM. Over a 2-year period, triannual collections at these sites assessed F. heteroclitus, L. rhomboides, and predator finfish populations as well as habitat characteristics. No significant population density trends were apparent for L. rhomboides young-of-year (YOY) or year-one-and-older (Y1+) cohorts based on marsh size or were any significant differences in density apparent among marsh types. F. heteroclitus YOY and Y1+ densities differed significantly among marsh types demonstrating a positive relationship between density and marsh size. Larval and juvenile F. heteroclitus abundances were significantly lower within SIM than LIM and EFM. Although larval F. heteroclitus abundances between LIM and EFM did not differ significantly, juvenile abundances did, suggesting mortality constrained LIM juvenile abundances. A significant negative relationship of F. heteroclitus to predator finfish density and a significant negative relationship of predator finfish density to low marsh area/perimeter (access restriction) estimates suggest that predation on F. heteroclitus is greater within SIM and LIM than within EFM. Habitat and landscape level attributes can affect resident nekton population regulation and these effects should be considered relative to the life history traits of targeted species when managing coastal resources.     

The Effects of Salinity on Nitrogen Losses from an Oligohaline Estuarine Sediment

Benthic respiration, sediment–water nutrient fluxes, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) were measured in the upper section of the Parker River Estuary from 1993 to 2006. This site experiences large changes in salinity over both short and long time scales. Sediment respiration ranged from 6 to 52 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ and was largely controlled by temperature. Nutrient fluxes were dominated by ammonium fluxes, which ranged from a small uptake of −0.3 to an efflux of over 8.2 mmol N m⁻² day⁻¹. Ammonium fluxes were most highly correlated with salinity and laboratory experiments demonstrated that ammonium fluxes increased when salinity increased. The seasonal pattern of DNRA closely followed salinity. DNRA rates were extremely low in March, less than 0.1 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹, but increased to 2.0 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ in August. In contrast, denitrification rates were inversely related to salinity, ranging from 1 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ during the spring and fall to less than 0.2 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ in late summer. Salinity appears to exert a major control on the nitrogen cycle at this site, and partially decouples sediment ammonium fluxes from organic matter decomposition.     

论“太湖冲击坑溅射物”——来自太湖现代沉积物中铁质结核的证据

针对太湖发现由菱铁矿组成的“铁质溅射物”和“贫铁溅射物”是太湖形成于陨石冲击的观点,本文对这些实为铁
质结核样品进行了详细的矿物学、地球化学和年代学测试。数据表明,这些样品是在太湖现代沉积淤泥层中形成的菱铁矿
和褐铁矿结核。结核中含有大量水生植物碎片、植物蛋白石、细菌和少量动物壳体碎片。菱铁矿高温灼烧后全部变成赤铁
矿,说明太湖地区不存在菱铁矿熔融状的高温相。菱铁矿14C测年结果表明各个样品形成于年代,不是瞬间形成的。δ13C 数
据指示为淡水无机碳来源,并非湖区碳酸盐岩直接来源。所谓的“贫铁溅射物”实际是黄土层的成岩钙结核。这些证据表明,
太湖发现的这些结核是沉积成岩期的产物,并非冲击高温溅射熔融形成的溅射物。     

The Effects of Tidal Export from Salt Marsh Ditches on Estuarine Water Quality and Plankton Communities

Salt marshes are an important transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and in their natural state, they often function to cycle or trap terrestrially derived nutrients and organic matter. Many US salt marshes were ditched during the twentieth century, potentially altering their functionality. The goal of this 4-year study was to assess the impact of water from ditches within seven salt marshes on estuarine water quality and plankton communities within four estuaries on Long Island, NY, USA. We found that concentrations of inorganic nutrients (ammonium, phosphate), dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen and carbon (POC, PON, DOC, DON), and total coliform bacteria were significantly enriched in salt marsh ditches compared to the estuaries they discharged into. In addition, concentrations of ammonium and DON became more enriched in ditches as tidal levels decreased, suggesting these constituents were generated in situ. Quantification of nitrogen sources in Flanders Bay, NY, suggested salt marsh ditches could represent a substantial source of N to this estuary during summer months. Experimental incubations demonstrated that water from salt marsh ditches was capable of significantly enhancing the growth of multiple classes of phytoplankton, with large diatoms and dinoflagellates displaying the most dramatic increases in growth. Experiments further demonstrated that salt marsh ditchwater was capable of significantly enhancing pelagic respiration rates, suggesting discharge from ditches could influence estuarine oxygen consumption. In summary, this study demonstrates that tidal draining of salt marsh ditches is capable of degrading multiple aspects of estuarine water quality.     

中国重点潮间带沉积柱砷和汞的环境本底值构建及污染评价

潮间带沉积物中砷、汞污染会导致该区域的动植物中砷、汞含量超标,严重影响当地植被的生态环境,进一步影响人类的生存安全,因此研究潮间带沉积物中砷、汞含量变化和空间分布具有重要的现实意义。本文选择大辽河口、苏北盐城浅滩、闽江口和珠江口4个潮间带为研究区,对沉积物砷、汞元素含量进行调查与对比研究,为潮间带沉积物砷、汞污染情况提供基础资料。利用原子荧光光谱法测定了研究区沉积物中砷、汞元素含量,选取铁元素作为归一化元素,建立了不同潮间带沉积物砷、汞元素的环境背景值。统计结果表明：砷、汞含量最大值均出现珠江口,分别为42.90mg/kg和0.287mg/kg,大于第一类《海洋沉积物质量标准》中砷的20.0mg/kg标准值和汞的0.2mg/kg标准值。本文采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区砷、汞污染状况进行评价。在砷含量背景值中：珠江口最大值为19.19mg/kg,苏北盐城浅滩为11.02mg/kg,大辽河口为6.42mg/kg,闽江口最小值为2.90mg/kg;在汞含量背景值中：珠江口最大值为0.08mg/kg,其余三个河口均较小,大辽河口为0.03mg/kg,盐城浅滩为0.02mg/kg,闽江口为0.02mg/kg;砷、汞元素本底值最大值均出现在珠江口,最小值位于闽江口;砷元素在4个潮间带沉积物中均属于无污染情况和轻微的潜在生态危害,汞元素在珠江口为中等潜在生态危害,在其他3个潮间带沉积物中为轻微污染或者无污染情况。研究区中4个潮间带沉积物中砷、汞含量呈“南方高,北方低”的分布特征。闽江口和珠江口潮间带沉积物中砷、汞元素含量受人类工农业活动影响较大,因此造成了砷、汞含量呈现“南高北低”的分布特征,且珠江口的砷、汞污染情况较其他潮间带更为严重,亟需加强控制其污染趋势。     

珠江口沉积物210Pb分布特征及环境意义

根据珠江口及其邻近海域中的14个沉积柱样的210Pb随深度分布的测量数据以及210Pb过剩衰减法的原理,建立了基于傅立叶级数的变沉积速率模型,对珠江河口近50年来河口沉积物的沉积序列进行了分析。分别对各柱样的210Pb数据使用变沉积速率模型进行计算,获得了柱样更切实的沉积速率变化过程并分析沉积速率、年代计算结果与同时期内沉积环境之间的关系,结果表明:珠江口不同站位的沉积速率差异很大,几个站位的整体平均沉积速率分别是,7.25 cm/a,5.36 cm/a,3.26 cm/a,3.03 cm/a,1.58 cm/a;沉积速率的变化与同时期发生在区域内的洪水、风暴潮、人类活动、河口演变等一系列综合因素有较好的对应关系,这说明使用基于傅立叶级数的变沉积速率模型得到的210Pb沉积速率变化的垂直分布能够解释其对应时段内的沉积环境,此模型亦可为其它河口区域的210Pb沉积速率计算提供借鉴。     

Short- and Long-Term Vegetative Propagation of Two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina</Emphasis> Species on a Salt Marsh in Southern Brazil

Spartina alterniflora and Spartina densiflora are native salt marsh plants from the Atlantic coast; their habitats in Patos Lagoon estuary (southern Brazil) are characterized by a microtidal regime (<0.5 m) and, during El Niño events, high estuarine water levels and prolonged flooding due to elevated freshwater discharge from a 200,000-km² watershed. During and between El Niño events, the vegetative propagation of these two Spartina species in the largest estuary of southern Brazil (Patos Lagoon) was evaluated by monitoring transplanted plants for 10 years (short-term study) and interpreting aerial photos of natural stands for 56 years (long-term study). During the short-term study, S. alterniflora quickly occupied mud flats (up to 208 cm year^?1) by elongation of rhizomes, whereas S. densiflora showed a modest lateral spread (up to 13 cm year^?1) and generated dense circular-shaped stands. However, moderate and strong El Niño events can promote excessive flooding and positive anomalies in the estuarine water level that reduce the lateral spread and competitive ability of S. densiflora. During the long-term study, natural stands of S. alterniflora and S. densiflora had steady lateral spread rates of 152 and 5.2 cm year^?1, respectively, over mud flats. In the microtidal marshes of the southwest Atlantic, the continuous long-term lateral expansion of both Spartina species embodies periods of intense flooding stress (moderate and strong El Niños), when there is a decrease of vegetative propagation and less stressful low water periods of fast spread over mud flats (non-El Niño periods and weak intensity El Niños).     

鉴江河口底泥盐度释放规律研究

底泥盐度释放是河口水资源利用的主要限制因子。本文以鉴江为例,基于野外实测与室内实验,系统分析了鉴江河口底泥盐度及水体氯离子的分布特征;通过振荡、换水及静态等实验。定量研究了河口底泥盐度释放规律。结果表明：（1）潮泛河口底泥盐度主要受上溯潮水的影响。有较为明显的梯度性;（2）底泥盐度释放量在初期较大,随着换水周期的累加,则逐步降低;在同一换水周期。底泥盐度释放强度与其本底盐度浓度成正指数关系;（3）静态释放时间越长,上覆水盐度越大。静置30d。三组样品上覆水的浓度分别达2626mg&#183;L-1、932mg&#183;L-1、533mg&#183;L-1。远远超过用水水质的要求。     

Interactions of Salinity,Marsh Fragmentation and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation on Resident Nekton Assemblages of Coastal Marsh Ponds

Increases in relative sea level are fragmenting the emergent vegetation of Louisiana’s coastal marshes. Nekton abundance is likely impacted by salinity and whether emergent vegetation is replaced by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) or open water. To assess these effects, we sampled nekton densities along a salinity gradient (categorized as freshwater, intermediate, and brackish marsh) in fragmented and non-fragmented areas. Total nekton density increased strongly with SAV in brackish marsh but only weakly in freshwater marsh (F _2,238 = 10.03, p < 0.0001). Freshwater and intermediate marshes had higher nekton densities when fragmented than when non-fragmented; this relationship was reversed in brackish marsh (F _2,238 = 8.89, p = 0.0002). Fragmentation, SAV, and salinity interacted to affect the densities of Gambusia affinis, Poecilia latipinna, Cyprinodon variegates, and Lucania parva. Our results suggest that the presence of both emergent vegetation and SAV was necessary for maintaining high nekton densities, with this combination being especially important in brackish marshes.     

福建兴化湾外近海沉积物岩心放射性核素分布

用γ谱方法测定了采集自福建兴化湾外近海两个沉积物岩心中的放射性核素，探测到的核素为40K、137Cs、210Pb、226Ra、228Ra、228Th和238U，讨论了这些放射核素的垂直分布特征，用210Pb过剩方法估算了两个采样站位所在海域的沉积速率。发现两个站位的沉积速率存在明显差异，其原因是两个站位所在海区具有不同的海洋动力环境，从而使沉积物具有不同的物质构成。本文比较了两岩心中放射性的分布物征，探讨了其反映的沉积环境的特征，证明沉积物中放射性核素的分布与海区海洋环境存在的关系。     

Anammox in Tidal Marsh Sediments: The Role of Salinity,Nitrogen Loading,and Marsh Vegetation

Anammox bacteria are widespread in the marine environment, but studies of anammox in marshes and other wetlands are still scarce. In this study, the role of anammox in nitrogen removal from marsh sediments was surveyed in four vegetation types characteristic of New England marshes and in unvegetated tidal creeks. The sites spanned a salinity gradient from 0 to 20 psu. The impact of nitrogen loading on the role of anammox in marsh sediments was studied in a marsh fertilization experiment and in marshes with high nitrogen loading entering through ground water. In all locations, nitrogen removal through anammox was low compared to denitrification, with anammox accounting for less than 3% of the total N₂ production. The highest relative importance of anammox was found in the sediments of freshwater-dominated marshes, where anammox approached 3%, whereas anammox was of lesser importance in saline marsh sediments. Increased nitrogen loading, in the form of nitrate from natural or artificial sources, did not impact the relative importance of anammox, which remained low in all the nitrogen enriched locations (<1%).     

东太平洋海隆热液活动区沉积岩心的地球化学研究

东太平洋隆是现代海底热液活动及热液沉积分布最为广泛的构造环境之一。本文对采自 EPR13°N 现代海底热液活动区附近的两个沉积物岩心分别进行了元素地球化学分析，并结合沉积物中有孔虫壳体对岩心进行关键层位 14C 年代学研究。目的在于通过对比距现代海底热液喷口不同距离的两岩心的地球化学特征，研究热液活动在岩心沉积物中所何存的地球化学记录，探讨海底热液活动对洋中脊附近沉积作用的贡献，以及热液活动在一定地质历史时期内的变化规律。显示，距热液喷口区相对较近的 B13－26 岩心沉积物含有丰富的热液特征组分，绝大多数微量元素和 REE 都与 Fe和Mn 成较强的正相关关系，而与 Al、Na、Ca、Mg、Ti 等元素相关性较弱或呈负相关，说明这些元素的富集机制主要是热液成因非晶质 Fe－Mn 化合物对热液及海水中元素的吸附作用。距热液喷口区相对较远的 B13－62岩心上部沉积物中元素的富集特征与 B13－26 岩心相似，但中下部沉积物中 Fe 与 Mn 无明显的相关关系，说明这些元素的富集主要受深海粘土沉积的影响，而受热液活动的影响减弱或消失。由于与海隆扩张轴距离的不同，两岩心受热液活动影响的强度不同。由海隆扩张轴向外，沉积作用受热活动的影响逐渐减弱，正常深海沉积作用逐渐加强。两个岩心沉积物地球化学上的共性是 Ca 和 Sr 都与其他元素呈现负相关关系或极微弱的正相关关系，表明生物碳酸盐沉积作用的独特性。有孔虫 14C 年龄测定结果表明，B13－26 岩心 35～250cm 段年龄十分接近，前后相差仅在几百年内。根据年龄测量中的误差范围，可以断定这段沉积物岩心是短时间内快速沉积的产物。结合热液活动特征性元素在岩心中的分布特征，判断该岩心段记录一次强烈的热液活动事件，从而形成了典型的事件沉积。在 B13－62 岩心的45～50cm 处测得有孔虫的 14C 年龄为距今 32900±530 yr。由于 14C 测年方法上的局限性，在岩心 135～140cm 处 14C 测年只能给出大于40000 yr 的结果。显然，B13－62 岩心处早期并没有受到热液活动明显的影响，沉积速率非常缓慢，只是在近期受到了热液活动的影响，形成了上部富含 Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni、V 等热液活动特征元素的沉积。     

铁盐絮凝法对阳宗海湖泊水体的除砷效果及底泥的稳定性考察

2008年,昆明阳宗海受到严重砷污染,砷浓度高达0.134 mg/L。项目组充分考虑其受污染水体容量大、砷浓度低的实际情况,提出了安全、廉价、高效的FeCl3絮凝法治理方案。实验室小试结果表明,提出的FeCl₃絮凝法对As(Ⅲ)及As(V)均有理想的去除效果,并且湖水中大量存在的阴离子HCO^-₃可使治理过程中水体pH值基本保持不变。因此该方案摒弃了文献普遍报道所需要的预氧化及调节pH值的工艺步骤,将固体FeCl₃·6H₂O溶解、用湖水稀释后通过喷洒船将最终浓度为1%左右的FeCl₃水溶液喷洒到湖面上,使湖水中的AsO^3-₄及AsO^-₂与FeCl₃水解过程产生的Fe(OH)3胶体絮凝形成稳定的沉淀物被固定于底泥中。在对阳宗海进行降砷工程化治理期间,2009年11月-2010年9月砷浓度从0.117 mg/L快速下降到0.021 mg/L并可持续达到Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水标准(<0.05 mg/L),总除砷率高达 82.05%。沉积物中的As绝大部分以残渣态的形式被固定在沉积物中,生态风险很低。     

The Effects of Plant Invasion and Ecosystem Restoration on Energy Flow through Salt Marsh Food Webs

We measured the effects of a plant invasion (Phragmites australis) on resident fish (Fundulus heteroclitus) in New England salt marshes by assessing diet quality at the food web base and by quantifying the importance of primary producers to secondary production using a recently developed Bayesian mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R, “SIAR”). Spartina alterniflora, the dominant native plant, exhibited significantly greater leaf toughness and higher C/N ratios relative to P. australis. Benthic microalgae and phytoplankton (as suspended particulate matter) exhibited the lowest C/N indicating higher diet quality. We conducted a sensitivity analysis in SIAR by modeling F. heteroclitus at three separate trophic levels (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) using species-specific discrimination factors to determine basal resource contributions. Overall, the best-fitting models include those that assume F. heteroclitus resides approximately 2.0 trophic levels above primary producers. Using discrimination factors from a range of data sources reported in the literature, our analyses revealed that consumers rely less on benthic microalgae and phytoplankton in restricted marshes (7–23 % and 11–44 %, respectively) relative to reference marshes (5–34 % and 23–48 %, respectively), resulting in a shift in diet toward invasive plant consumption (0–27 %). This is likely due to increased P. australis cover and marsh surface shading leading to decreased microalgal biomass, combined with reduced flooding of the marsh surface that favors terrestrial invertebrate assemblages. Restoration decreased the quantity of P. australis in the food web (0–15 %) and increased the importance of microalgae (1–30 %), phytoplankton (19–48 %), and native plants (23–63 %), indicating a shift in ecological recovery toward reference conditions.     

Sediment origin and budget in Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) - an approach based on multielemental analysis

 Sediment origin and transport were determined in a shallow 447 km² coastal lagoon in Brazil, using the distribution of major elements in bottom and suspended sediments. Applying multivariate analysis, the sum of normalized concentrations of Ti, Fe, and Al in sediments was selected to trace the terrigenous influence in bottom sediments, whereas Ca, Si, and K were used as indicators of marine influence. Sepetiba Bay bottom sediments are dominated by up to 80% terrigenous inputs. The open bay sediments are enriched in P, Mg, K, and Ca because of the intensive water column primary production. The inner bay forms an independent circulation cell with a predominance of terrigenous sediments. The results suggest a long residence time for particles in the bay, demonstrated by the magnitude of resuspension flux compared to the total sediment input to the bay. Received: 29 May 1996 · Accepted: 17 December 1996