动载作用下饱和土壤液化的研究述评

从土壤液化的机理、影响因素、液化的判别、液化的分析方法以及液化后土壤的性质等方面详述了动载(地震荷载和爆炸荷载)作用下的饱和土壤液化的国内外研究成果(主要是近十年的研究),并对其作出了述评。最后,对今后土壤液化的研究工作作出了展望,认为以下问题需要开展深入研究:⑴液化分析中的土骨架的动力本构模型;⑵Rayle igh波对地震液化的影响;⑶建构物的存在对液化的影响;⑷液化后土的性质和液化引起的建构物破坏;⑸尤其爆炸液化问题。     

Soil liquefaction studies in Japan: state-of-the-art

This paper describes the state-of-the-art of studies on earthquake-induced soil liquefaction, with emphasis on experimental results and practical applications through investigations conducted at the Public Works Research Institute in Japan. Following a brief introductory review on previous studies of soil liquefaction, a case history of soil liquefaction during a number of past Japanese earthquakes is summarized.A practical procedure for assessing occurrence of soil liquefaction is proposed, and a procedure for accounting for degree of soil liquefaction is discussed. The procedures can be employed for taking into account the effects of soil liquefaction in structural designing and microzoning. Some examples of the applications are shown.Then, results of shaking table test s on the effects of soil liquefaction on pile foundations and earth embankments are described. Furthermore, several examples of counter measures for reducing the soil liquefaction effects are introduced.Finally, provisions of soil liquefaction specified in current seismic design codes for various structures are summarized. In the conclusions of this paper future subjects on soil liquefaction to be studied are pointed out.     

复杂场地条件下砂土液化的判别问题

从简单场地条件下砂土液化的判别入手,系统介绍一般场地液化判别的基本步骤,重点分析在复杂工程场地条件下,如何全面考虑各种因素以合理选取地震液化判据。文中结合某大桥地基土液化判别实例,多方位探讨判别特殊重大工程地基土液化的有效方法,讨论了液化深度问题,与此同时,尚考虑到液化和滑塌等地质灾害的相关效应     

区域土壤地震液化预测简化方法

利用可大范围获取的空间参数给出区域土壤液化的评估方法,可预估震前各地区土壤液化可能性,可快速评估震后震区土壤液化情况,对预防减轻地震灾害以及地震快速响应救援都具有重要意义的.本文以我国1976唐山大地震液化调查资料为背景,提出了区域土壤液化预测的四参数简化评估方法,并用2011年新西兰基督城地震进行了检验.选取场地平均剪切波速V_s30、复合地形指数CTI、场地到河流的距离DR以及地面峰值加速度PGA,分别代表土壤密实程度、饱水状态、地质年代和遭遇的地震作用大小,并基于我国唐山地震液化区域调查资料生成的样本,运用经典二元Logistic回归方法,建立了区域土壤液化预测模型和评估公式,回归检验结果良好,整体回判成功率为77%,非液化和液化区域成功率分别为73%和78%.将公式应用于评估2011年新西兰基督城地震液化情况,区域液化和非液化成功率分别为82%和88%,总体成功率为84%.以上结果表明本文模型可靠,方法正确,可用于区域土壤液化震前预估以及土壤液化震后快速评估.

     

导流堤地基土动力特性的试验研究

通过对某核电厂取水明渠导流堤地基土室内共振柱试验及粉砂的动三轴液化试验,测定了动剪切模量、阻尼比与动剪应变幅的双曲线关系,分析了导流堤地基土的动力变形特性,探讨了砂土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的乘幂函数关系,确定了该地基土的抗液化强度指标。试验结果为评价导流堤的地震稳定和液化分析提供了相关参数。     

地基土粉砂层动力特性分析试验研究

本文通过对某核电厂取水明渠导流堤地基土粉砂层室内共振柱试验及动三轴液化试验,测定了动剪切模量、阻尼比与动剪应变幅的双曲线关系,分析了粉砂的动力变形特性,探讨了砂土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的乘幂函数关系,确定了该地基土的抗液化强度指标。为评价导流堤的地震稳定和液化分析提供了相关参数,同时对堤坝工程场地的地震安全性评价和液化评判有良好的借鉴和参考价值。     

基于重塑饱和砂土模型的现场液化试验方法

基于现场开展土体液化问题研究势必成为今后土动力学中的一个重要发展方向。目前人工激振下的现场液化试验方法还不够成熟,尚需进一步探索和发展。本文从试验设备组成、场地地震动激励、试坑布置、饱和砂土模型制备、数据测量与采集等5个方面论述该方法中的主要技术问题。研究表明:动力加载系统激励产生的地震动在0~7m/s2;系统工作频率13~15Hz,饱和砂土模型与基础边缘的距离在0.5~2.5m范围内,更适合进行液化试验;应用水沉法现场制备饱和砂土模型,要重点注意试坑防水和尺寸定位的问题;数据测量与采集中要充分考虑对现场液化问题认识不够这一因素的影响,需对数据测量与采集提出附加要求;试验实例初步表明,该方法可行,适合开展液化问题研究。     

以剪切波速为宗量的一种砂土地震液化的不确定性判别法

利用基于剪切波速的砂土液化判别法，本文提出了一种可考虑剪切波速的随机性和液化及液化危害等级的模糊性的液化和液化危害等级的判别法。作者首先讨论了当剪切波速具有随机性时液化的发生概率，进而给出了确定场地液化和危害程度的发生概率。在此基础上，结合液化和液化危害程度（等级）的模糊性，利用模糊事件的概率分析方法，提出了可同时考虑随机性和模糊性的场地液化和液化危害性的发生概率的计算方法。     

饱和粉土液化特性的大型振动台模型试验研究

京沪高速铁路徐沪段路基的粉土粘粒含量少于1.5%、粉粒含量约为80%,在强烈地震作用下存在着液化可能性.为充分研究这一饱和粉土地层的液化特性,本文作者利用大型地震模拟振动台,进行了模拟自由场地饱和粉土的地震液化模型试验,试验结果再现了自然地震触发的粉土液化的各种宏观震害现象,揭示了饱和粉土的地震液化规律和特征。试验结果为京沪高速铁路徐沪段路基的抗震设计提供了参考依据。     

汶川Ms8.0级大地震中成都地区液化特征研究

汶川大地震中成都地区液化及其震害现象较为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,成都地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中都江堰市液化在烈度Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、X和X度区均有出现,但Ⅶ度区最为集中液化喷水高度多在1-3m之间,最高一处超过10m液化场地喷出物涵盖了多种土类,约67％为粉细砂,且有卵砾石,约占11％液化带普遍伴随地裂缝,...     

GIS-based soil liquefaction susceptibility map of Mumbai city for earthquake events

The problem of liquefaction of soil during seismic event is one of the important topics in the field of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Liquefaction of soil is generally occurs in loose cohesionless saturated soil when pore water pressure increases suddenly due to induced ground motion and shear strength of soil decreases to zero and leading the structure situated above to undergo a large settlement, or failure. The failures took place due to liquefaction induced soil movement spread over few square km area continuously. Hence this is a problem where spatial variation involves and to represent this spatial variation Geographic Information System (GIS) is very useful in decision making about the area subjected to liquefaction. In this paper, GIS software GRAM++ is used to prepare soil liquefaction susceptibility map for entire Mumbai city in India by marking three zones viz. critically liquefiable soil, moderately liquefiable soil and non liquefiable soil. Extensive field borehole test data for groundwater depth, standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts, dry density, wet density and specific gravity, etc. have been collected from different parts of Mumbai. Simplified procedure of Youd et al. (2001) is used for calculation of factor of safety against soil liquefaction potential. Mumbai city and suburban area are formed by reclaiming lands around seven islands since 1865 till current date and still it is progressing in the area such as Navi Mumbai and beyond Borivali to Mira road suburban area. The factors of safety against soil liquefaction were determined for earthquake moment magnitude ranging from M_w = 5.0 to 7.5. It is found that the areas like Borivali, Malad, Dahisar, Bhandup may prone to liquefaction for earthquake moment magnitude ranging from M_w = 5.0 to 7.5. The liquefaction susceptibility maps were created by using GRAM++ by showing the areas where the factor of safety against the soil liquefaction is less than one. Proposed liquefaction susceptibility map of Mumbai city can be used by researchers for earthquake hazard analysis, for the preventive measures in disaster management, for urban planning and further development of Mumbai city and suburban area.     

从海平面造成的影响预测下辽河平原区未来的砂土液化灾害

未来的海平面上升将对沿海地区的经济发展和自然环境造成重大影响。下辽河平原区是辽宁沿海经济带的组成部分,也是容易产生砂土液化灾害的地区。从讨论砂土液化灾害致灾因素着手,分析了该区未来的地震趋势和因海平面上升带来的地下水水位变化,预测下辽河平原区未来百年可能产生一次或多次局部较严重的砂土液化灾害,而产生大面积砂土液化的可能性不大。     

1976年唐山大地震CPT液化数据库检验

1976年唐山大地震引发了范围广、灾害重的液化震害。铁道部科学研究院等单位于1977、1978年对液化场地进行了单桥静力触探测试。但单桥静力触探在数据指标方面存在缺陷,与国际标准不接轨。中国地震局工程力学研究所与东南大学等单位于2007年对上述唐山地区部分测点再次进行了孔压静力触探（CPTU）测试。本文通过对比2次静力触探数据,利用Robertson土质分类图,进行新孔压静力触探数据土类分层检验,将土类检验结果与单桥静力触探测试时钻孔柱状图进行对比,发现大部分测点土层土类均能较好对应,现场测试力学指标沿深度变化趋势较相符,仅剔除了错误点T2、T3。对所有测点选定液化层,分别建立基于单桥静力触探测试比贯入阻力ps和基于孔压静力触探测试锥尖阻力qc的液化数据库。利用基于静力触探测试（CPT）的我国规范液化判别方法检验了2个数据库,发现对单桥静力触探测试的数据库液化判别效果好,而对孔压静力触探测试的数据库液化判别效果较差,说明经过30年的时间,土层液化可能已发生较大改变。因此,基于孔压静力触探测试的液化数据库可靠性较低,基于该数据库对液化判别方法进行改进意义较小。     

碎石桩加固饱和粉土地基的抗液化特性

除饱和砂土液化外,饱和粉土地震液化问题也是岩土地震工程中一个重要的研究课题。饱和粉土地基的地震液化及变形可以采用多种地基加固方法防治,碎石桩技术是常用方法之一。碎石桩复合地基的抗液化效应,主要是增加桩周土体的密度、利于桩体的排水以及由桩体分担地震水平剪应力（桩体减震作用）。但由于粉土的土质特性,粉土-碎石桩复合地基的抗液化特性与砂土有着明显的差异。本文结合目前国内外碎石桩复合地基抗液化研究的最新进展,对粉土-碎石桩的密实、排水减压和减震作用做了较详细的评述,最后提出了关于碎石柱复合地基抗液化特性需要进一步研究的问题。     

某长江大桥深度超过15米的砂土层液化势的综合评价

不同抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法或国内外其他有代表性的液化判别方法所采用的地震动参数和土性指标及其埋藏条件是不同的,因而采用这些方法对同一工程场地进行液化势预测时其评价结果通常有一些差异,甚至会得到相反的结论。为了给重大工程建设提供较为合理、可信的地基液化势预测结果,采用多种液化判别方法进行场地液化势的综合评价是比较客观的,也是必要的。本文结合某长江大桥桥基工程,采用建筑抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法、国内外有代表性的液化判别方法、有限元数值分析法等多种方法逐一对该工程场地砂性土层进行液化判别,并结合室内动三轴液化试验结果,对主桥墩不考虑冲刷条件和考虑一般冲刷深度5m条件时的砂性土层进行了液化势的综合评价,并将各土层的液化势分为液化、可能液化和不液化3个等级,得到了较为合理可靠的判别结果。     

可液化倾斜场地中桩基动力响应振动台试验研究

为研究倾斜场地中桩基的动力响应,以2011年新西兰地震中受损的Dallington桥为原型,设计并完成可液化倾斜场地桥梁桩-土相互作用的振动台模型试验。试验再现了喷砂、冒水、地裂缝、场地流滑等宏观现象。试验结果表明,土层足够的液化势及惯性是造成倾斜场地侧向流滑的必要条件;浅层土相比深层土更易液化,液化层中的加速度由下至上呈现逐渐衰减的趋势,而未液化砂土层却表现为逐渐增大的特征;深部测点的桩侧土压力明显大于浅部测点,且土体的液化会弱化土对结构的压力;结构应变最大值位于上部桥台,而结构弯矩在桩身中部及土层分界面附近出现两个较大值,桩端嵌固及倾斜场地流滑是造成出现两个弯矩较大值的主要原因。     

黄土液化微细观特性试验研究

黄土液化演化过程的微观机理分析是液化防御的科学问题之一。通过微细观及动力学试验探索黄土液化的本质和影响因素。首先用CT细观扫描实验探索黄土渗透液化的细观变化,研究表明土体液面上升的根本原因是弱碱性盐类胶结物的吸水作用导致土样含水面整体上升;试样达到高饱和度,大孔隙周围颗粒间胶结物质破坏后有效应力为零,土层液化。粉土的孔隙尺寸和特殊的胶结物质导致高饱和度。土样微观结构的差异也会影响土的液面上升和破坏强度。针对低黏性粉土、粉质砂土及粉质黏土的三类黄土液化实验分析表明,低黏性粉土动荷加载时间更短,更易于液化,即低粘性粉土液化最为严重,粉质砂土为中等液化,粉质黏土相比其他黄土类别不易液化。电镜扫描土样微观结构参数分析表明,土颗粒周围胶结物质的化学元素比值(Ca/Fe),以及土颗粒粒径分布和孔隙尺寸(孔隙与颗粒比)均影响液化等级,可初步判断液化的强弱。     

Probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential under earthquake loading

This paper presents a procedure to perform the risk analysis for ground failure by liquefaction. The first part of this study describes the differential equation of a smooth hysteretic model to characterize the behavior of the soil under random loading. The parameters of the proposed model to represent the experimental relationship are discussed. The second part of this study is to develop a method to calculate the probability that a specified volume of soil will liquefy at a given depth in the deposit. The liquefaction is defined as the result of cumulative damage caused by seismic loading. The fatigue life of soil can be determined on the basis of the N---S relationship and Miner's cumulative damage law. The rain-flow method is used to count the number of cycles of stress response of the soil deposit. Finally, the probability of liquefaction is obtained by integration over all the possible ground motion and the fragility curves of liquefaction potential. The sensitivity of the reliability against liquefaction to soil system parameters is also examined.     

利用qc,D50评价砂土地震液化势研究

本文根据国内外地震液化调查资料，建立了利用双桥静力触探锥头阻力ｑｃ和平均粒径Ｄ５０判别地震液化势的半经验性方法。这种方法对评价地震液化势是颇为有效的。     

Numerical simulation of mitigation of liquefaction seismic risk by preloading and its effects on the performance of structures

The present paper deals with the influence of soil non-linearity, introduced by soil liquefaction, on the soil-foundation–structure interaction phenomena. Numerical simulations are carried out so as to study an improvement method to reduce the liquefaction potential in a sandy soil profile subjected to a shaking. The efficiency of the preloading in both the mitigation of a liquefiable soil and the reduction of induced structure relative settlements is showed. However, the intervention at the foundation soil modifies the dynamic characteristics of soil–structure system and it seems to increase the induced seismic forces during earthquake. In addition, a numerical parametric analysis is performed so as to quantify the impact of the uncertainties associated with the input signal on both the ground motion and the apparition of liquefaction phenomena.