Formation,Evolution, and Dissipation of Coastal Sea Fog

Evolution of sea fog has been investigated using three-dimensional Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) simulations. The study focused on widespread fog-cloud layers advected along the California coastal waters during 14–16 April 1999. According to analysis of the simulated trajectories, the intensity of air mass modification during this advection significantly depended on whether there were clouds along the trajectories and whether the modification took place over the land or ocean. The air mass, with its trajectory endpoint in the area where the fog was observed and simulated, gradually cooled despite the gradual increase in sea-surface temperature along the trajectory. Modelling results identified cloud-top cooling as a major determinant of marine-layer cooling and turbulence generation along the trajectories. Scale analysis showed that the radiative cooling term in the thermodynamic equation overpowered surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, and entrainment terms in cases of the transformation of marine clouds along the trajectories. Transformation of air masses along the trajectories without clouds and associated cloud-top cooling led to fog-free conditions at the endpoints of the trajectories over the ocean. The final impact on cloud-fog transition was determined by the interaction of synoptic and boundary-layer processes. Dissipation of sea fog was a consequence of a complex interplay between advection, synoptic evolution, and development of local circulations. Movement of the high-pressure system over land induced weakening of the along-shore advection and synoptic-pressure gradients, and allowed development of offshore flows that facilitated fog dissipation.     

Correction to: Atmospheric Turbulence Measurements at a Coastal Zone with and without Fog

Boundary-Layer Meteorology -     

Atmospheric Turbulence Measurements at a Coastal Zone with and without Fog

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Measurements of atmospheric turbulence at a site in Ferryland (Newfoundland) during the C-FOG (Coastal-Fog) field campaign in September–October 2018 are used to...     

Correction to: Microphysics and Optical Attenuation in Fog: Observations from Two Coastal Sites

Boundary-Layer Meteorology -     

Simulations of Coastal Fog in the Canadian Atlantic with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Boundary-Layer Meteorology - We evaluate the efficacy of microphysics and planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for simulation of the...     

Applying Anomaly-based Weather Analysis to the Prediction of Low Visibility Associated with the Coastal Fog at Ningbo-Zhoushan Port in East China

Low visibility episodes (visibility < 1000 m) were studied by applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method. A regional episode of low visibility associated with a coastal fog that occurred from 27 to 28 January 2016 over Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, Zhejiang Province, East China, was first examined. Some basic features from the anomalous weather analysis for this case were identified: (1) the process of low visibility mainly caused by coastal fog was a direct response to anomalous temperature inversion in the lower troposphere, with a warm center around the 925 hPa level, which was formed by a positive geopotential height (GPH) anomaly in the upper troposphere and a negative GPH anomaly near the surface; (2) the positive humidity anomaly was conducive to the formation of coastal fog and rain; (3) regional coastal fog formed at the moment when the southwesterly wind anomalies transferred to northeasterly wind anomalies. Other cases confirmed that the low visibility associated with coastal fog depends upon low-level inversion, a positive humidity anomaly, and a change of wind anomalies from southwesterly to northeasterly, rain and stratus cloud amount. The correlation coefficients of six-hourly inversion, 850?925-hPa-averaged temperature, GPH and humidity anomalies against visibility are ?0.31, 0.40 and ?0.48, respectively, reaching the 99% confidence level in the first half-years of 2015 and 2016. By applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method to medium-range model output products, such as ensemble prediction systems, the anomalous temperature?pressure pattern and humidity?wind pattern can be used to predict the process of low visibility associated with coastal fog at several days in advance.     

Predictability of the Meteorological Conditions Favourable to Radiative Fog Formation During the 2011 ParisFog Campaign

Radiative fog formation is a complex phenomenon involving local physical and microphysical processes that take place when particular meteorological conditions occur. This study aims at quantifying the ability of a regional numerical weather model to analyze and forecast the conditions favourable to radiative fog formation at an instrumental site in the Paris area. Data from the ParisFog campaign have been used in order to quantify the meteorological conditions favorable to radiative fog formation (pre-fog conditions) by setting threshold values on the key meteorological variables driving this process: 2-m temperature tendency, 10-m wind speed, 2-m relative humidity and net infrared flux. Data from the ParisFog observation periods of November 2011 indicate that use of these thresholds leads to the detection of 87 % of cases in which radiative fog formation was observed. In order to evaluate the ability of a regional weather model to reproduce adequately these conditions, the same thresholds are applied to meteorological model fields in both analysis and forecast mode. It is shown that, with this simple methodology, the model detects 74 % of the meteorological conditions finally leading to observed radiative fog, and 48 % 2 days in advance. Finally, sensitivity tests are conducted in order to evaluate the impact of using larger time or space windows on the forecasting skills.     

基于城市交通脆弱性核算的大雾灾害风险评估

选用大雾观测资料测算城市地区的雾灾危险性指数,以规则网格作为评估单元,逐网格计算网格区域内的路网密度,以此作为雾灾的空间脆弱性指标,并针对重点设施的分布情况对脆弱性指数进行空间叠加订正;选用网格内的人口密度作为雾灾的易损性指标;危险性、脆弱性及易损性3项指标按5:2:1的分配比例综合测算雾灾的风险指数。实例研究选用北京地区1996年1月—2006年12月的大雾资料,按空间网格化方法对大雾灾害风险进行评估,结果表明:北京地区雾灾脆弱性指数的高值区域与高速路及环城路延伸方向一致,城市中心为人口集中分布地区,其综合风险指数高,与高速路段、环城路及机场等地段均为雾灾的高风险区域,北京东南部地区年平均雾日数相对较多,危险性指数值也较高,是雾灾较高风险区域。     

2012年“6.4”广西沿海季风槽暴雨分析

利用常规气象资料和卫星云图、雷达、自动站等非常规资料,采用中尺度诊断分析方法,对2012年6月4日广西沿海大暴雨过程进行分析,表明这次过程是在超强台风"玛哇"折向东北移动,牵动季风槽北抬背景下发生的,分析表明:(1)季风云团沿地面中尺度辐合线向偏北方向移动,造成沿线强降水;(2)MCC北移过程中,出现逆风区,与大暴雨落区吻合;(3)"列车效应"是造成持续强降水的主要原因;(4)沿海迎风坡地形作用也是大暴雨发生的重要原因之一。     

Coastal trapped waves,with application to the northeast pacific ocean

The dispersion relation is derived for long coastal trapped waves of sub‐inertial frequency that propagate along a single‐step continental shelf in a two‐layer fluid. When the internal (Rossby) deformation radius is smaller than the shelf width, we show that the dispersion relation can be factored exactly, giving two possible modes: i. an internal Kelvin wave modified by topography;

ii. a continental shelf wave modified by the stratification.

A detailed discussion of the eigen‐functions associated with each of these modes is presented. Then the shelf wave dispersion relation is plotted for parameters applicable to the Oregon‐Washington coast. Theoretical values for the periods and wavelengths predicted from these plots are shown to agree favorably with observed values for this region.     

一次东北冷涡降水过程的结构特征与影响因子分析

利用加密观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2006年7月20～24日一次东北冷涡降水过程的发生、发展及结构特征进行了分析,并利用MM5模式对此次冷涡过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,冷涡发展阶段,对流层顶存在两条急流带,一条为南伸的高纬高空急流带,另一条为副热带西风急流带,两条急流带在东北地区汇合,强副热带西风动量的输送增强...     

最近40年中国雾日数和霾日数的气候变化特征

根据1971～2010年567个中国地面观测站点的雾日数和霾日数资料,分析了我国雾日数和霾日数的空间分布、季节变化以及年代际变化特征,并且利用REOF（旋转经验函数正交）分解对雾日数进行气候区划。结果表明：（1）雾主要分布在东南沿海地区、四川盆地地区、湘黔交界、山东沿海以及云南南部等地区。霾主要集中于华北、河南以及珠三角和长三角地区。（2）在季节变化上：秋、冬季雾和霾的分布大于春夏。（3）雾日数和霾日数年代际变化明显,雾日数在20世纪70至90年代较多,20世纪90年代以后减少;霾日数自2001年以来急剧增长。（4）雾日数可以共可分为10个区,其中华北区、川渝区以及长江中下游区是雾出现频率较高的几个重点区域。     

34层线性球面原始方程谱模式与模式大气对地形强迫的响应

本文建立了一个34层包括牛顿冷却、Rayleigh摩擦和非绝热加热线性原始方程谱模式。用此模式对地形强迫为下边界条件进行时间积分。结果表明,此模式计算稳定,有较好的精度及计算时间节省的特点模式的积分结果还表明,此模式对球面大气准定常行星波的形成和传播有较好的描写能力。     

基于CLDAS的贺兰山区5—9月降水时空分布特征及其与地形的关系分析

利用2008—2016年5—9月中国气象局陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)格点融合分析降水资料以及降水观测资料,在对CLDAS格点降水融合资料进行验证的基础上,对贺兰山区降水时空分布特征以及与地形的关系进行了分析。结果表明：贺兰山区降水呈“东多西少、南多北少”的分布特征,贺兰山主峰偏西0.1°存在一个超过240 mm的降水高值中心,日降水量极值西侧高于东侧。8月降水量和短时强降水次数最多,11:00—18:00降水次数最多,午后到前半夜短时强降水次数最多。贺兰山区降水以小雨为主,其次是中雨,中雨和小雨雨量占区域总雨量的比例高达85%。贺兰山区降水量随海拔高度的增加而增加,西坡降水随高度的增加率为5.1 mm/hm,东坡降水随高度的增加率为2.1 mm/hm,西坡明显高于东坡。中雨日数与地形高度的相关性较好,其它级别降雨日数与地形相关性不强。     

春末夏初南亚高压的形成过程及其与ENSO事件的联系

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了春末夏初南亚高压建立过程的气候特征和可能机制,并讨论了ENSO事件冷、暖位相对南亚高压建立过程年际变化的影响。结果表明,第24候,气候平均的南亚高压形成于中南半岛东南部的对流层高层,这与菲律宾群岛南部和中南半岛局地对流的加强有关。一方面,菲律宾群岛南部对流加强能够在其北部产生负涡度源,在高空热带东风急流的作用下,其下游的南海地区出现负涡度,相应地出现闭合的高空反气旋,南亚高压初步形成。另一方面,中南半岛局地对流令南亚高压中心加强发展,并使其最终位于中南半岛上空。春末夏初菲律宾群岛附近对流的经向摆动决定了南亚高压的形成位置,而中南半岛局地对流的强度则控制着南亚高压的加强北抬。由于菲律宾南部和中南半岛的局地对流都受ENSO事件影响,因此在ENSO事件的冷、暖位相下,南亚高压的形态和位置在其建立过程中差异明显。在暖事件发生后,热带对流在加里曼丹岛以东发展,南亚高压形成于苏门答腊群岛北部至泰国湾上空,此时中南半岛对流偏弱,限制了南亚高压的北抬发展;而在冷事件发生后,热带对流在菲律宾群岛中部加强,同时南亚高压形成于中南半岛中部上空,随后中南半岛对流迅速加强,令南亚高压明显西伸北抬。因此,ENSO事件的冷、暖位相对春末夏初南亚高压的形成位置有显著影响。     

Single Particle Analysis of Aerosols, Observed in the Marine Boundary Layer during the Monterey Area Ship Tracks Experiment (MAST), with Respect to Cloud Droplet Formation

The chemical composition of individual particles >0.2 m sampled duringthe MAST-experiment wereanalysed by SEM-EDX, in combination with multivariatetechniques. The objective of this experiment was toidentify the mechanisms responsible for themodification of marine stratocumulus clouds byemissions from ships and in a wider sense to provideinformation on the global processes involved inatmospheric modification of cloud albedo. Aerosolswere examined under different MBL pollution levels(clean, intermediately polluted and moderatelypolluted) in five different reservoirs: backgroundbelow-cloud and above-cloud aerosol; background clouddroplet residual particles; below-cloud ship plumeaerosol and ship track cloud droplet residualparticles.In this study a relation was provided between theaerosol emitted from the ship's stack to an effect incloud. Additionally, a large fraction of the ambientaerosol was found to be composed of organic materialor other compounds, consisting of low Z-elements,associated with chlorine. Their number fraction waslargest in clean marine boundary layers, and decreasedwith increasing pollution levels. The fraction of`transformed sea salt' (Na, Cl, S), on the other hand,increased with the pollution level in the MBL. Only20% of the particles fell within the detectable rangeof the analysis.