河北省耕地利用集约度变化特征

利用生产成本分析河北省耕地利用集约度的发展变化特征,通过建立近20年河北省耕地利用数据库,确定反映集约度的评价指标,基于生产成本计算耕地利用集约度,并对研究区集约度变化特征进行研究。研究结果表明：河北省耕地利用集约度经历了“两快两稳”4个发展阶段,区域间的耕地集约度是栾城≈遵化＞张北,劳动集约度在耕地利用集约度中的比重是张北＞栾城＞遵化。研究发现,耕地利用集约度与经济发展水平有明显相关性,且随着经济的发展,资金集约度的比重会逐渐上升,而劳动集约度比重会逐渐下降,体现了资金投入逐步替代劳动投入的趋势;研究区内耕地利用集约度的变化受地块区位和微地形的影响。     

过去20年中国耕地生产力区域差异变化研究

依据县域农业统计数据,以单位耕地面积的粮食产量作为衡量耕地基本生产力的指标,对比分析了1985~1987和 2002~2004两个时段的耕地生产力空间变化情况。结果表明:① 过去20年全国大部分地区耕地生产力普遍提高,在农牧交错带及其以西地区耕地生产力增加幅度尤为显著,这些地区耕地生产力的提高对全国粮食总产量增加具有重要意义;② 受中国降水空间分异影响,耕地生产力的东西差异依然显著,农牧交错带耕地生产力最低;农牧交错带以东,自西北向东南耕地生产力逐渐增高,耕地生产力区内差异在2002~2004年已表现得不明显;农牧交错带以西,耕地生产力相对增长速度明显快于东侧和农牧交错带;东部地区,由于北方耕地生产力增幅明显,以温度为主导的南北差异已经缩小。     

1980年以来中国农地利用变化的区域差异

依托1980~2002年的中国农产品成本收益资料与中国农业统计年鉴等基础数据,从集约度、播种面积与耕地撂荒变化三个方面,对中国1980年以来农地利用变化的区域差异进行了研究。结果表明：① 西部地区农地利用的集约度具有强劲的上升态势,而东、中部地区在1992~1993年时集约度下降显著,在1997年以后,集约度具有明显的持续下降趋势;② 东部地区农地利用的总播种面积显著下降,而西部地区却有相当稳定的扩大趋势;③ 东部、中部与西部地区三种粮食作物的播种面积变化均经历了一个“三缩二扩”的变化过程：“缩小 (1980~1985)-扩大 (1985~1991)-缩小 (1991~1994)-扩大 (1994~1999)-再缩小 (1999~ 2002)”;但在变化幅度与发展态势上,三个区域之间差异明显。东部地区的播种面积有显著的下降态势,而中部与西部地区在1999年以前,其总的态势是播种面积有所扩大,此后播种面积明显下降,但其下降幅度小于东部地区;④ 中部地区耕地撂荒案例最多,涉及地域最广,东部地区次之,西部地区相对较少;东部地区的耕地撂荒现象主要出现在1992~1995年,而中部地区高度集中在1998~2002年,西部地区耕地撂荒的时间分布较为均匀,没有高度集中出现的特点。     

1980年以来中国耕地利用集约度的结构特征

基于中国农产品成本收益资料与中国农业统计年鉴等基础数据,在对耕地利用集约度进行内部结构划分的基础上,系统分析了1980-2006年间中国粮食作物劳动集约度和资本集约度及其构成的时空变化规律.结果表明:国家尺度上的劳动集约度由1980年的398.5日/hm2快速降低到2006年的130.25日/hm2,下降幅度达67.37%,下降的阶段性明显.资本集约度总量不断上升,其中种子、化肥和农药等增产性资本投入比重逐渐减小,在四大资本投入类型中所占比重由90.36%(1980年)下降到73.44%(2006年),相反,作为省工性投入的机械,所占比重由9.64%(1980年)迅速增加到26.56%(2006年),资本投入的内部结构变化逐渐成为影响中国粮食单产的重要因素.区域尺度上,经济发达地区劳动投人相对较少,资本投入,尤其是省工性资本投入比重较大,农户在耕地利用中更加注重追求劳动生产率:而经济相对落后地区劳动集约度较高,资本集约度较低,资本投入中仍以增产性投入为主,体现了当地农民在耕地利用中追求土地生产率最大化的经营目标.     

中国地理学的二元结构

中国地理学的发展成就有目共睹,但是,在繁荣的表象背后也蕴藏着许多问题,其中最突出是中国地理学的二元结构。中国地理学正在分化为以西方地理学理论和方法论为指导的"外生地理学"和根植于本土实践的"内生地理学"两个部分,而这两个部分之间缺乏交融。中国的内生地理学需要用科学的实证方法进行规范,而外生地理学也需要更扎实的本土实证来进行充实,这其中尤其需要关注建设的是区域地理学。中国需要发展基于本土实证,同时使用科学方法的地理学研究。这是社会发展对地理学的需求所在,也是地理学学科发展之需。     

基于循环经济的黑龙江省耕地利用集约度时空差异

为准确把握耕地集约利用水平及时空变化特征,基于循环经济"减量化、再利用、资源化"的基本原则,从投入强度、重复利用、综合效益和持续状态入手构建耕地集约利用评价指标体系,采用熵值法和变异系数法对1986-2008年黑龙江省耕地利用集约度进行评价,并通过秩相关系数模型和聚类分析法分析黑龙江省各地耕地集约利用空间差异特征。结果表明:1研究期间黑龙江省耕地集约利用水平明显提高,但1994-1998年呈波动下降趋势;2除持续状态呈下降趋势外,其余准则层均表现为上升态势,耕地利用协调度处于高度协调状态;3黑龙江省东北部地区耕地利用集约度明显下降,其余地区耕地利用集约度的上升或下降幅度均不明显;4黑龙江省各地耕地利用集约度差异比较显著。     

中国区域经济差异变化的空间特征及其政策含义研究

采用了种省区人均国内生产总值与全国平均值的离差和比离两个指标，分别判断１９９０￣１９９５年我国区域经济绝对差异和相对差异变化的空间状态，并进一步阐明了其调控区域经济差异的政策含义。     

中国地理学会2013年区域会议召开(英文)

正In order to provide better services to the members of Geographical Society of China(GSC)and geographers and engineers in China,and improve GSC’s ability in hosting comprehensive academic conferences,with the support of China Association for Science and Technology(CAST),GSC established 7 regional divisions,representing different regions of China.In addition,GSC revised the annual conference organizing policies by hosting the comprehensive national academic conference biannually.Instead of hosting annual national conferences,GSC organizes regional academic conferences.The new policy was initiated and executed in 2013.Up to now,7regional conferences have been successfully organized by the regional divisions in their areas.     

中国南北区域经济差异研究

该文论述改革开放以来,中国南北区域之间的经济相对差异基本呈缩小趋势,其程度远小于东西之间的经济相对差异,绝对差异稍有扩大。南北区域之间的经济总体水平经历了由南弱北强到南强北弱的变化过程。1993年以后,南北区域之间的经济增长速度呈现出趋同。基于南北内部区域细分的6个次区域之间的经济差异变化是导致上述南北区域之间经济差异总体变化的空间原因。     

中国农村居民收入区域差异变化的因子解析

在GINI 系数因子分解的基础上, 提出了测度区域差异变化影响因子贡献来源的分解方法, 将影响因子对区域差异变化的贡献分解为因子的结构性贡献和集中性贡献两种类型。对1993-2005 年中国农村居民区域收入差异因子分解的实证研究表明工资性收入是影响农村收入差距格局最重要的因素, 但对农村收入差距变化的影响并不明显。相反, 近年来工资性收入集中度的不断下降超过了结构性增加对区域差异扩大的贡献, 二者共同作用促进了农村区域差异的缩小。家庭经营性收入仍然是农村居民最重要的收入来源, 但对收入差距的影响越来 越小, 且结构性和集中性对区域差异的贡献都在下降。财产性收入和转移性收入对收入差距格局的贡献虽然不大, 但对收入差异扩大的贡献不断增加, 已成为影响农村区域差异变化的重要因素。财产性收入贡献的增加主要来源于结构性贡献, 集中性变化影响的趋势并不明显, 而转移性收入贡献的增加除结构性增加影响之外, 集中性下降的影响同样显著。最后提出了相应的政策建议。     

Structural change of agricultural land use intensity and its regional disparity in China

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper divided the intensity of cultivated land use into labor intensity and capital intensity, and then analyzed their temporal and spatial change at both national and provincial levels between 1980 and 2006. The results showed that: (1) At the national level, labor intensity on food produce decreased from 398.5 day/ha in 1980 to 130.25 day/ha in 2006; and a continuous decrease with a steep decline between 1980 and 1986, a slower decline from 1987 to 1996, and another steep decline from 1997 to 2006. On the contrary, capital intensity shows an increasing trend since 1980. As to the internal composition of capital intensity, the proportion of seed, chemical fertilizer and pesticide input decreased from 90.36% to 73.44% and the proportion of machinery increased from 9.64% to 26.56%. The less emphasis on yield-increasing input and more emphasis on labor-saving input are the main reasons for a slow increase of yield per unit area after 1996. (2) At the provincial level, the developed areas have lower labor intensity and higher capital intensity. The less developed ones have higher labor intensity but lower capital intensity. From the viewpoint of the internal composition of capital intensity, labor-saving input accounts for more proportion in the developed areas than that of other areas. The main reason is that in these developed areas, labor input has become a constraint factor in food production as more and more labors engaged in off-farm work. Farmers increase the labor-saving input for higher labor productivity. However, in the less developed areas, the major constraint is the shortage of capital; food production is still depending on labor and yield-increasing inputs.     

1980年以来中国农地利用变化的区域差异

The study of land use change and its driving mechanism has become the focus since the research of land use/land cover change (LUCC) became one of the important areas of Global Environmental Change (GEC) researches in the 1990s (Turner, 1994). Scholars mai…     

Regional disparity in the changes of agricultura land use intensity in China during 1980-2002

Based on the cost-benefit data （1980-2002） of farm products and China Agriculture Yearbooks, this paper studies the regional disparity in the changes of the agricultural land use in China during the period 1980-2002 from three aspects such as the degree of intensity, the sown area and the abandoned farmland. The results show that： （1） The degree of intensity of land use in the westena region during 1980-2000 has a strong uptrend, but in the eastern and central regions the degree of intensity descends obviously and has shown a continuous downtrend since 1997. （2） The total sown area shrinks notably in the eastern region, while it enlarges constantly in the western region. （3） The sown area in the eastern, central and western regions has gone through a similar cyclic process： down （1980-1985）-up （1985-1991）-down （1991-1994）-up （1994-1999）-down （1999-2002）. However, there are obvious differences in amplitude variation and tendency among them. The sown area has shrunk in the eastern region and expanded in the central and western regions especially before 1999. （4） The most cases of abandoned farmland are reported in the central region, the second in the eastern region and the least in the western region. The abandonment phenomena chiefly occurred during 1992-1995 in the eastern region, and during 1998-2002 in the central region.     

Regional disparity in the changes of agricultural land use intensity in China during 1980–2002

Based on the cost-benefit data (1980–2002) of farm products and China Agriculture Yearbooks, this paper studies the regional disparity in the changes of the agricultural land use in China during the period 1980–2002 from three aspects such as the degree of intensity, the sown area and the abandoned farmland. The results show that: (1) The degree of intensity of land use in the western region during 1980–2000 has a strong uptrend, but in the eastern and central regions the degree of intensity descends obviously and has shown a continuous downtrend since 1997. (2) The total sown area shrinks notably in the eastern region, while it enlarges constantly in the western region. (3) The sown area in the eastern, central and western regions has gone through a similar cyclic process: down (1980–1985)–up (1985–1991)–down (1991–1994)–up (1994–1999)–down (1999–2002). However, there are obvious differences in amplitude variation and tendency among them. The sown area has shrunk in the eastern region and expanded in the central and western regions especially before 1999. (4) The most cases of abandoned farmland are reported in the central region, the second in the eastern region and the least in the western region. The abandonment phenomena chiefly occurred during 1992–1995 in the eastern region, and during 1998–2002 in the central region.     

近年来我国普通劳动者工资变化及其对农地利用的影响

利用农村固定观察点数据、《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》、全国农业统计数据等,对近年来我国普通劳动者工资的变化特征及其对我国农地利用的影响进行了分析。结果表明：近年来我国普通劳动者工资的增长速度和幅度明显要快于农产品和农业生产资料价格的增长速度。我国东部发达地区的部分省份,其复种指数已经出现了明显的下降趋势,物质和服务投...     

China’s agricultural land use change and its underlying drivers: A literature review

Understanding the manifestations and underlying drivers of agricultural land use change in China is of great importance for both domestic and global food security.However,little is known about the holistic pattern of agricultural land use change across China,espe-cially from the perspective of intensity since the evidence has been gathered mainly through case studies at local levels.This study conducts a systemic review of agricultural land use change and its underlying drivers in China by aggregating 169 relevant case studies from 123 publications.The cases related to intensification and disintensification,which are the two types of agricultural land use change,are generally equal,accounting for 50％ of the total number of cases.Intensification and disintensification can be further divided into the same three categories:expansion/contraction of agricultural land,changes in agricultural land use activities and changes in land management intensity.Demographic,economic,technological,and institutional drivers,together with location factors,are frequently noted as significant underlying drivers,while sociocultural drivers and farm(er) characteristics are less frequently recognized.Finally,three major land use change trajectories are summarized mainly con-ceming rising labor costs and the concomitant increase in off-farm employment,the ecologi-cal improvement policy,and advances in agricultural technology.     

21世纪初中国土地利用强度的空间分布格局

土地利用强度直接反映了人类活动对自然生态系统的影响程度,成为全球环境变化的重要驱动力,也是土地利用可持续程度的重要测度指标。当前土地科学研究主要关注土地覆被变化及其对生态环境的影响,而土地利用强度的高分辨率时空表达尚在探索阶段。本文基于土地利用栅格成分数据、遥感数据、社会经济数据等空间化指标要素,根据地表被人类活动干扰程度及其可逆性分为人工地类、半人工地类、半天然地类、天然地类4个一级类型;依据耕作强度、人口密度等人类活动强度指标分为22个二级类型,获得空间分辨率为1 km的中国土地利用强度图。21世纪初全国人工地类、半人工地类、半天然地类和天然地类的面积比例分别为0.71%、19.36%、58.93%和21%,人口分布密集的东南部土地利用强度类型多样,且整体高于人口稀疏的西北部;随着经度的增加,土地利用强度类型由以天然地类和半天然地类为主转变为半天然地类和半人工地类为主;东部省市区土地利用强度高于中、西部,西部省市区土地利用强度最低;土地利用强度类型呈区域性集聚分布。与已有研究相比,该研究有效刻画了中国土地利用强度的空间异质性,有助于深入理解人类与自然生态系统的交互格局及其生态环境效应,为可持续土地利用政策的制定提供科学依据。     

Status of land use intensity in China and its impacts on land carrying capacity

Land use intensity quantifies the impacts of human activities on natural ecosystems, which have become the major driver of global environmental change, and thus it serves as an essential measurement for assessing land use sustainability. To date, land-change studies have mainly focused on changes in land cover and their effects on ecological processes, whereas land use intensity has not yet received the attention it deserves and for which spatially-explicit representation studies have only just begun. In this paper, according to the degree and reversibility of surface disturbance by human activities, there are four main classes of land use intensity: artificial land, semi-artificial land, semi-natural land, and natural land. These were further divided into 22 subclasses based on key indicators, such as human population density and the cropping intensity. Land use intensity map of China at a 1-km spatial resolution was obtained based on satellite images and statistical data. The area proportions of artificial land, semi-artificial land, semi-natural land, and natural land were 0.71%, 19.36%, 58.93%, and 21%, respectively. Human and economic carrying capacity increased with the increase of land use intensity. Artificial land supports 24.58% and 35.62% of the total population and GDP, using only 0.71% of the total land, while semi-artificial land supported 58.24% and 49.61% of human population and GDP with 19.36% of China’s total land area.     

Impacts of land use and climate change on regional net primary productivity

Combined with recent historical climate data and two periods of land use data sets from remote sensing data, we test the net primary productivity (NPP) data sets in North China modelled by the satellite data-driven Global Production Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM) for detecting the widespread spatial and temporal characteristics of the impacts of climate and land use change on the regional NPP. Our results show that over the past 20 years, the mean annual temperature in the study region has remarkably increased by more than 0.064 oC, but over the same period, there has been a 1.49 mm decrease in annual precipitation and decrease in NPP by an annual rate of 6.9 TgC. The NPP changes in the study region were greatly affected by the average temperature and precipitation by ten-day periods as well as the seasonal temperature and precipitation in the study region. The correlation between seasonal NPP and seasonal precipitation and temperature is highly consistent with land cover spatially, and the correlation coefficient changes with the changes of vegetation types. The analysis reveals that the related areas in land use change only take up 5.45% of the whole studied region, so the climate changes dominate the impacts on the NPP in the whole study region (90% of the total). However, land use plays an absolute dominative role in areas with land cover changes, accounting for 97% of the total. From 1981 to 2000, the NPP in the whole study region remarkably reduced due to obvious precipitation decrease and temperature rise. Between two periods of land use (about 10 years), the changes in climate are predicted to promote a decrease in NPP by 78 (±0.6) TgC, and integrated impacts of climate changes and land use to promote a decrease in NPP by 87(±0.8) TgC.