R-mod factor analysis, a popular multivariate statistical technique to evaluate water quality in Khaf-Sangan basin, Mashhad, Northeast of Iran

Water quality data are required in order to compare chemical water analyses and identify water masses. R-mode factor analysis, a popular multivariate statistical tool, has been effectively used for groundwater quality studies. In this paper, the R-mode factor analysis was applied to 50 groundwater samples collected from pumping wells in the Sangan-Khaf basin which is located in the southeast of Mashhad, northeast Iran. The groundwater samples were analysed for chemical parameters. The factor analysis was then performed on the chemical data set. It can be suggested that four factors in R-mode analysis explain more than 94.31% of the total variance. The contribution of each factor at sample points, factor score, was calculated. The spatial distribution of the factor scores for each factor was mapped separately. Since the Sangan iron mine south of the study area probably affects groundwater aquifer, therefore, such studies can be used to manage the groundwater quality in the study area.     

Use of discriminant statistical analysis to determine the origin of an industrial pollution type in the aquiferous system of the area of Berrahal, Algeria

The continuous increase of industrial activities in the area of Berrahal (northeast of Algeria) resulted in an increase of waste disposal, inducing environmental pollution and contamination of groundwater. Available data on groundwater contamination were used to develop a statistical study for contaminated regions and to identify exposure scenarios of pollution. Chemical analysis of the samples shows that water of most wells and drillings is in bad quality or not drinkable, whereas statistical processing of these data by principal component analysis and discriminant factorial analysis suggests that wastewater coming from companies of the industrial park of Berrahal is very rich in organic pollutants (high percentages of BOD₅ and NO₂ ^?) and has high mineralization (has strong concentration in major elements and high electric conductivity); these constitute the main factors of the deterioration of the quality of this water. The considered exposure pathways were drinking water exploited from wells and drillings implanted in this area and its contact with soil (ingestion and dermal contact) that could threaten either humans or wildlife, on site or off site. In addition, groundwater was considered to be a potential risk pathway, especially for the ecosystem of Lake Fetzara and for the aquiferous system.     

Arsenic Distribution Pattern in Different Sources of Drinking Water and their Geological Background in Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi, China

To study arsenic(As) content and distribution patterns as well as the genesis of different kinds of water, especially the different sources of drinking water in Guanzhong Basin, Shaanxi province, China, 139 water samples were collected at 62 sampling points from wells of different depths, from hot springs, and rivers. The As content of these samples was measured by the intermittent flowhydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method(HG-AFS). The As concentrations in the drinking water in Guanzhong Basin vary greatly(0.00–68.08 μg/L), and the As concentration of groundwater in southern Guanzhong Basin is different from that in the northern Guanzhong Basin. Even within the same location in southern Guanzhong Basin, the As concentrations at different depths vary greatly. As concentration of groundwater from the shallow wells(50 m deep, 0.56–3.87 μg/L) is much lower than from deep wells(110–360 m deep, 19.34–62.91 μg/L), whereas As concentration in water of any depth in northern Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. Southern Guanzhong Basin is a newly discovered high-As groundwater area in China. The high-As groundwater is mainly distributed in areas between the Qinling Mountains and Weihe River; it has only been found at depths ranging from 110 to 360 m in confined aquifers, which store water in the Lishi and Wucheng Loess(Lower and Middle Pleistocene) in the southern Guanzhong Basin. As concentration of hot spring water is 6.47–11.94 μg/L; that of geothermal water between 1000 and 1500 m deep is 43.68–68.08 μg/L. The high-As well water at depths from 110 to 360 m in southern Guanzhong Basin has a very low fluorine(F) value, which is generally 0.10 mg/L. Otherwise, the hot springs of Lintong and Tangyu and the geothermal water in southern Guanzhong Basin have very high F values(8.07–14.96 mg/L). The results indicate that highAs groundwater in depths from 110 to 360 m is unlikely to have a direct relationship with the geothermal water in the same area. As concentration of all reservoirs and rivers(both contaminated and uncontaminated) in the Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. This shows that pollution in the surface water is not the source of the high-As in the southern Guanzhong Basin. The partition boundaries of the high- and low-As groundwater area corresponds to the partition boundaries of the tectonic units in the Guanzhong Basin. This probably indicates that the high-As groundwater areas can be correlated to their geological underpinning and structural framework. In southern Guanzhong Basin, the main sources of drinking water for villages and small towns today are wells between 110–360 m deep. All of their As contents exceed the limit of the Chinese National Standard and the International Standard(10 μg/L) and so local residents should use other sources of clean water that are 50 m deep, instead of deep groundwater(110 to 360 m) for their drinking water supply.     

Research on quality changes and influencing factors of groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin

This paper studies the distribution features, the chemical elements beyond standards and the influencing factors of shallow groundwater quality in the Guanzhong Basin through the data monitored in the last twenty years. The final purpose is to comprehensively evaluate the divisions of groundwater quality in the Guanzhong Basin. Results show that , the groundwater quality is in good shape, and suitable for drinking. Drinking accounts for 16.02% of the total, most of which are distributed in the lubotan of Weibei. Some come from loess plateau of Qian-Liquan County and some are generated by the industrial pollution of Xingping City. Materials exceeding standards include chloride, sulfate, three nitrogen, fluoride, manganese, iron, hexavalent chromium and so on. The main factors influencing the quality of shallow groundwater include groundwater exploitation, natural background value of special components and precipitation, among which the groundwater exploitation poses the greatest impact. The depth of water is positively correlated with the concentration of sulfate, nitrate and total hardness.     

岩溶区典型工业型城市地下水水化学特征及成因机制

文章以广西柳州市岩溶地下水为研究对象,在岩溶水文地质调查和样品采集测试的基础上,采用数理统计法、水化学方法（Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比值系数,矿物饱和指数计算）、因子分析法和模糊综合评价法,分析工业型城市岩溶地下水水化学特征及形成机制,开展岩溶地下水质量评价。结果表明,研究区岩溶地下水为中-弱碱性水,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO₃?、SO₄2?是主要的阴阳离子,水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主,且城区的SO₄2?型水的比例远高于非城区。区内岩溶地下水水化学组分及演化主要受水－岩作用、工业污染、城镇生活污染和农业活动等主控因素的影响,贡献率分别为31.52%、25.15%、18.12%和10.74%。其中,城区的水化学组分受人类活动的影响程度大于非城区的。矿物饱和指数表明,区内方解石和绝大多数白云石为饱和状态,而石膏和盐岩均为溶解状态。不同功能区的水化学敏感指标有差异,工业区以重金属为主,农业区以三氮为主,生活区以K+、Na+、Cl?、SO₄2?为主。研究区整体水质较好,Ⅰ－Ⅲ类水的比例高达约87.39%;但不同区域的水质差异较大,其中城区的水质较差,超标因子主要为Al、Mn、Pb、Fe、Hg;非城区的水质较好,超标因子主要为三氮。研究成果可以为工业型城市岩溶地下水污染防治提供科学依据。      

Impact assessment of textile effluent on groundwater quality in the vicinity of Tirupur industrial area, southern India

Adverse effect of rapid industrialization on groundwater quality and quantity is widely known problem especially in developing countries. Tirupur, which is situated on the bank of Noyyal River in India, is known for intensive textile processing activities. As groundwater is the main water source for drinking water, there is an urgency to assess the groundwater quality. Twenty groundwater samples were collected for each post and pre-monsoon sampling during August 2009 and March 2010, respectively. Chemical and statistical analysis along with numerical modelling has been performed to assess the current status. The hydro-geochemical study revealed that the dominance of Mg–Cl and Na–HCO₃ groundwater type in the upstream region Tirupur industrial hub of Noyyal River basin. Na–Cl groundwater type was found increasing in industrial hub (Kasipalayam) and downstream of the industrial hub (Anaipalayam) sites. The dominance of Na–Cl type of water is mainly due to the impact of salts like NaCl, Na₂SO₄, etc. used in textile processing, which after discharge, percolate and accumulate in the aquifers. Seasonal groundwater quality of Tirupur region as a whole showed the dominance of Ca–HCO₃ ^?, Na–HCO₃ ^? and Na–Cl water types. PHREEQC model output indicates that nearly all the groundwater samples were oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite and undersaturated with respect to gypsum and halite. The results obtained in this study were then compared with groundwater quality of the Noyyal River basin for the year 2008–2009. Among the two sites, Kasipalayam was found to be most contaminated due to incessant industrial discharge. But with the advent of new treatment technologies like CETPs having zero liquid discharge system and MBR, there has been slight decline in the concentration of different physicochemical parameters from 2002–2003 to 2008–2009. This study not only makes situation alarming but also calls for immediate attention for sustainable management of water resources.     

Analysis of the effect of geology, soil properties, and land use on groundwater quality using multivariate statistical and GIS methods

The regional survey of groundwater used as a small water supply system was performed to know the effect of geology, soil properties and land use on groundwater quality at Nonsan City, Korea. A total of 126 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at the study area. The multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis, and GIS technique were used for the quantitative interpretation of groundwater quality. The study area is mainly composed of Precambrian gneiss, Jurassic granite, and Cretaceous volcanics, and metasedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon zone. The land use was grouped as paddy, upland, grassland, resident, point source, industrial area, and water system. The soil properties were classified as 4 major groups, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols, by the degree of development, and reclassified as 11 subgroups. The modified and simplified geologic map, soil map, and land use map were made by using ARCGIS soft-ware. The area of geology, soil property, and land use affecting the groundwater quality for each well were also calculated by ARCGIS soft-ware to acquire the quantitative parameters for multivariate statistical analysis. The monitoring results of groundwater in the study area showed that 13%-21% of the groundwater samples exceeded the portable water guideline and the main causes were turbidity, bacteria, arsenic and nitrate-N. The spatial distribution of each component showed the close relationship between groundwater quality and geology reflecting the topography, land use.     

黑龙江流域水体和沉积物重金属的生态风险研究

中国东北黑龙江流域作为重工业基地和商品粮基地,水体、沉积物和土壤的重金属污染非常值得关注。作者采集了黑龙江流域从上游干旱区到下游三江平原的河水、湖水、地下水和河床沉积物样品,分析重金属元素含量,运用不同指标评估了流域的水资源安全和沉积物的污染风险程度。研究结果显示,在黑龙江流域上游干旱区,部分地表水和地下水的As含量超过了中国生活饮用水卫生标准,最多接近7倍,上游地区居民的用水安全需要引起有关部门的关注。通过内梅罗指数法（P 综合）和潜在生态危害指数（RI ）的综合评估表明,黑龙江流域沉积物的总体生态风险较低。单个重金属元素中,Cd在大部分流域存在中等生态风险,有3个沉积物样品展现出较高生态风险。Cd作为危害中国耕地土壤和人类健康的主要重金属元素,在黑龙江流域同样也需要予以重点关注。     

Geographic Information System and groundwater quality mapping in Panvel Basin,Maharashtra, India

Panvel Basin of Raigarh district, Maharashtra, India is the study area for groundwater quality mapping using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The study area is typically covered by Deccan basaltic rock types of Cretaceous to Eocene age. Though the basin receives heavy rainfall, it frequently faces water scarcity problems as well as water quality problems in some specific areas. Hence, a GIS based groundwater quality mapping has been carried out in the region with the help of data generated from chemical analysis of water samples collected from the basin. Groundwater samples show quality exceedence in terms of chloride, hardness, TDS and salinity. These parameters indicate the level of quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Idrisi 32 GIS software was used for generation of various thematic maps and for spatial analysis and integration to produce the final groundwater quality map. The groundwater quality map shows fragments pictorially representing groundwater zones that are desirable and undesirable for drinking and irrigation purposes.     

Groundwater quality assessment using integrated geochemical methods,multivariate statistical analysis,and geostatistical technique in shallow coastal aquifer of Terengganu,Malaysia

Extensive agricultural, residential, and industrial activities have increased demand for water supplies, which can lead to groundwater quality degradation. The integration of geochemical methods, multivariate statistical analysis, and geostatistical approaches were carried out on 169 groundwater samples to elucidate the regional factors and processes that influencing the geochemical composition of groundwater in coastal shallow aquifer of Terengganu, Malaysia. Hydrochemical modelling revealed that the abundance of Ca and Mg was contributed by carbonate and silicate weathering while higher HCO₃ and Cl were resulted from reverse ion exchange reaction. Therefore, the dominant hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater was Ca-Mg-HCO₃-Cl type. The influence of salinization resulting from seawater mixing to the groundwater was corroborated by Cl/HCO₃ ratio, which affected around 50.9% of the groundwater samples slightly or moderately. Spatial mapping using ordinary kriging found that the threat of sea water intrusion is more prominent in the major river confluence especially around Terengganu and Marang River in the northeast and Dungun and Kemaman River confluence in southeast of study area. Moreover, factor analyses concluded that salinization, anthropogenic activities, reverse ion exchange, weathering processes, agricultural impact, and seasonal variations were the factors that regulate 63% of the major ion chemistry in study area. Finally, these findings showed the importance of understanding the hydrochemical characteristics for effective utilization, aquifer protection, and prediction of changes to minimize the effects of salinization and reduce human pollution such as agriculture and urbanization. It is essential steps in order to safeguard the utilization of groundwater resources for future generations.     

Assessment of hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in the coastal area of South Chennai,India

An attempt has been made to evaluate the water quality in the fast-growing coastal area of South Chennai. Groundwater samples were collected from selected locations and analyzed for major physico-chemical parameters. Experimental results show that the water has alkaline with pH varying from 7.2 to 8.2. Concentrations of Na and Cl were positively correlated with EC and elevated levels of these parameters near the coastal region, especially in the northern end of the study area, indicating the influence of seawater intrusion. Piper diagram identified Na–Cl as the dominant type of water in most of the samples. The presence of Ca–Cl facies in the groundwater suggests the possible ion exchange (Na with Ca) reaction in the aquifer. Molar ratios of Cl/HCO₃ and Mg/Ca showed a higher value (>1) in many samples, which confirmed the influence of seawater intrusion on water quality. The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the study area ranged between 8 and 116, the highest recorded being at Thiruvanmiyur and the lowest at Muttukkadu. However, total hardness values show that 64% of the samples were hard or very hard in nature. The results of SAR, Na%, and PI show that majority of the samples are suitable for irrigation purposes. A comparison of spatial distribution maps of water quality parameters with those of WQI shows that groundwater quality has highly deteriorated in the Thiruvanmiyur region, located on the northeast part of the study area. Good-quality water is found at the southeast part of the study area, namely, Muttukkadu. This study indicates that urbanization and seawater intrusion have heavily affected the groundwater quality of South Chennai coastal area.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and the effects of irrigation on groundwater quality in Harran Plain,GAP Project,Turkey

Improper design, faulty planning, mismanagement and incorrect operation of irrigation schemes are the principle reasons for the deterioration of groundwater quality in a large number of countries, in particular in semi-arid and arid regions. The aim of this study is to determine the dimensions of groundwater quality after surface irrigation was begun in the semi-arid Harran Plain. Physical and chemical parameters of the groundwater including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, total phosphorus, total organic carbon and turbidity were determined monthly during the 2006 water year. The quality of the groundwater in the study area was assessed hydrochemically in order to determine its suitability for human consumption and agricultural purposes. In the general plain, the EC values measured were considerably above the guide level of 650 μS/cm, while nitrate in particular was found in almost all groundwater samples to be significantly above the maximum admissible concentration of 50 mg/l for the quality of water intended for human consumption as per the international and national standards. Total hardness reveals that a majority of the groundwater samples fall in the very hard water category. Interpretation of analytical data shows that Ca–HCO₃ and Ca–SO₄ are the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area.     

Multivariate analysis and geochemical investigations of groundwater in a semi-arid region,case of superficial aquifer in Ghriss Basin,Northwest Algeria

This study aims to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of shallow aquifer in a semi-arid region situated in northwest Algeria, and to understand the major factors governing groundwater quality. The study area is suffering from recurring droughts, groundwater resource over-exploitation and groundwater quality degradation. The approach used is a combination of traditional hydrochemical analysis methods of multivariate statistical techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), and ratios of major ions, based on the data derived from 33 groundwater samples collected in February 2014. Results show that groundwater in the study area are highly mineralized and collectively has a high concentration of chloride (as Cl^?). The dominant water types are Na-Cl (27%), Mg-HCO₃ (24%) and Mg-Cl (24%). According to the (PCA) approach, salinization is the main process that controls the hydrochemical variability. The PCA analysis reveal the impact of anthropogenic factor especially the agricultural activities on the groundwater quality. The PCA highlighted two types of recharge: Superficial recharge from effective rainfall and excess irrigation water distinguished by the presence of nitrate and lateral recharge or vertical leakage from carbonate formations marked by the omnipresence of HCO₃^?. Additionally, three categories of samples were identified: (1) samples characterized by good water quality and receiving notable recharge from carbonate formations; (2) samples impacted by the natural salinization process; and (3) samples contaminated by anthropogenic activities. The major natural processes influencing water chemistry are the weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks, dissolution of evaporite as halite, evaporation and cation exchange. The study results can provide the basis for local decision makers to ensure the sustainable management of groundwater and the safety of drinking water.     

Groundwater characterization and quality assessment,and sources of pollution in Madinah,Saudi Arabia

Groundwater quality in the Madinah city is increasingly endangered by expanding urbanization, industrial activities, and intensified agricultural land use. In order to investigate the pollution of Madinah groundwater resources, 32 samples have been gathered and examined for major, trace, and nutrient components. Results of groundwater characterization and groundwater quality assessment show that Na⁺ and Cl^? are the main anion and cation in the groundwater, respectively. Depletion of HCO₃ that interacts with water increases salinity. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied in the current study to obtain relationship between parameters and sampling site in order to identify the factors and sources influencing groundwater quality. The CA allowed the formation of three clusters between the sampling wells reflecting differences on water quality at different locations. Four major PCs were extracted, which accounted 86.05 % variance of the original data structure. Forty-four percent of the groundwater samples have high values of NO₃, due to human and agricultural activities. Four samples in the southwestern part of the study area show high content of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, and Al. This may be due to the influence of anthropogenic activities that resulted from the southwestern industrial area of Madinah. The present study illustrates explicitly the stress on groundwater quality and its vulnerability in the aquifer system.     

肥城市岩溶水水化学特征及形成机制

系统分析地下水长期实测数据,并综合运用数理统计方法、水文地质学、水文地球化学的基本理论,探讨了肥城市水化学特征及其时空分布规律、水化学特征形成机制及水文地球化学过程。结果表明:肥城市地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg型,部分为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca·Mg型和HCO3·Cl—Ca·Mg型,主要阴离子由HCO3-向SO42-和Cl-偏移,总溶解固体(TDS)及总硬度呈明显增大趋势;地下水多数离子浓度从补给区经径流区到排泄区越来越高;方解石和石膏的溶滤作用是研究区内地下水水化学成分变化的主要影响因素,同时存在部分的盐岩溶解及阳离子交替吸附作用,而人类活动也是不可忽视的重要影响因素。      

锡林河流域地表水和浅层地下水的稳定同位素研究

2006年4—9月,在从锡林河源头沿河流进行地表水和地下水同位素样品采集和分析的基础上,利用全球降水同位素监测网(GNIP)包头站的大气降水稳定同位素资料,结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料,对锡林河流域大气降水、地表水和地下水稳定同位素进行了研究.结果表明:地下水中δ18O和δD值分别集中在-11.7‰～-14.9‰和-80‰～-89.5‰范围内,δ18O沿地下水流向有增加的趋势,大部分地下水中δ18O的季节波动性不大;河流干流δ18O和δD的年算术平均值从源区的-12.8‰和-94.5‰到入锡林河水库处的-10.0‰和-79.3‰,差值分别约为3‰和15‰.河水中的δ18O值沿流程增加而增大的现象可归结为受含有较高δ18O值的地下水补给作用和河水的蒸发作用的共同影响,其中对δ18O蒸发富集的研究显示,蒸发引起δ18O富集值为1‰.通过地下水线(GWL)和地表水线(SWL)及区域大气降水线(LMWL)的对比分析发现,在径流季节,降水对地表水的贡献小,地下水是地表水主要的补给源,地表径流基本是地下水的排泄.     

Assessment of groundwater quality and hydrochemical characteristics in Farashband plain,Iran

Groundwater in Farashband plain, Southern Iran, is the main source of water for domestic and agricultural uses. This study was carried out to assess the overall water quality and identify major variables affecting the groundwater quality in Farashband plain. The hydrochemical study was undertaken by randomly collecting 84 groundwater samples from observation wells located in 13 different stations covering the entire plain in order to assess the quality of the groundwater through analysis of major ions. The water samples were analyzed for various physicochemical attributes. Groundwater is slightly alkaline and largely varies in chemical composition; e.g., electrical conductivity (EC) ranges from 2314 to 12,678 μS/cm. All the samples have total dissolved solid values above the desirable limit and belong to a very hard type. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Ma²⁺ > K⁺ and Cl^? > SO₄ ^2– > HCO₃ ^?. Interpretation of analytical data shows three major hydrochemical facies (Ca–Cl, Na–Cl, and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl) in the study area. Salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and sodium percentage (Na%) indicate that most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes and far from drinking water standard. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking water standards showed that most of the water samples are not suitable for drinking purposes. Based on the US salinity diagram, most of samples belong to high salinity and low to very high sodium type.     

Hydrogeological component assessment for water resources management of semi-arid region: a case study of Gwalior,M.P., India

Groundwater management is of fundamental importance to meet the rapidly expanding urban, industrial and agricultural water requirements in semi-arid areas. To assess the current rate of groundwater withdrawal and possibility of recharge of potential aquifer in the semi-arid regions is essential for water management. The present study aimed to identify potential area for groundwater recharge structure in the Gwalior area based on land use, rainfall variation, hydrological component and statistical analysis. In this work, a stream survival approach was used for the assessment of water channel by using triangulated network and regression analysis to find out the correlation of individual component with reference to water management. Land use/land cover (LULC) map prepared from multispectral satellite images of the study area and used to validate the hydrological component and the results observed through the regression model shows good correlation. Therefore, immediate and effective water management schemes are required for sustainable water resource development and management in the area.     

Assessing water quality using water quality index and multivariate analysis

Groundwater is increasingly gaining significance as the main solution to the water supply problems in Ghana, especially in the rural areas. This study was conducted to determine which factors play significant roles in the hydrochemistry of groundwater from the southern Voltaian formation. Conventional graphical and multivariate statistical methods were used. The study reveals three main factors controlling the hydrochemistry. Silicate mineral weathering and reverse cation exchange are the most important processes affecting the hydrochemistry of groundwater at this part of the formation. Interpolation maps created from factor scores suggest that these processes are the most pervasive, recording high scores almost everywhere in the study area. Carbonate mineral weathering is the second most important process in the hydrochemistry. This study finds that carbonate mineral weathering in the area is probably facilitated by carbonic acid rather than sulfuric acid. Chemicals from agricultural activities constitute the third most important process influencing groundwater quality in the area. Eighty samples were used to calculate water quality indices, WQI, which were in turn used to classify groundwater from the study area. Over 98% of the samples fall within the “Excellent” and “Good” categories, suggesting that groundwater from the southern Voltaian formation is generally acceptable for drinking purposes.     

黄河下游(河南段)浅层地下水质量评价

黄河下游冲积平原区地下水的开发利用，以开采浅层地下水为主，其质量问题日益成为人们关心的焦点。本文在对大量水样资料分析的基础上，从污染评价、饮用水评价、农业灌溉用水评价、工业锅炉用水评价及综合评价等五个方面对黄河下游（河南段）地下水质量进行了评价。