Ages and Compositions of the Precambrian High-grade Basement of the Qilian Terrane and Its Adjacent Areas

Based on geological, chronological, geochemical and Nd isotopic studies of the high-grade basement of the Qilian terrane, the authors have drawn the following main conclusions: (1) the high-grade basement of the Qilian terrane consists mainly of meta-argillo-arenaceous rocks and granites and its bulk part was formed in the period of 0.8-1.0 Ga (the Jinningian period); (2) most of the meta-argillo-arenaceous rocks and granitic rocks have strong negative Eu and Ba anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.47-0.71 and Ba/Ba*=0.16-0.64), with fDM and εNd(1.0 Ga) ranging from 1.87 to 2.26 Ga and from -8.54 to -4.06 respectively, showing relatively high maturity; and (3) the Jinningian granitic rocks are a typical product of continent-continent collision, being probably related to the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia. These studies, combined with the study of high-grade basement rocks near the Qilian terrane, suggest that before the Jinningian period, the Qilian-Qaidam northern-margin terrane and Dunhuang-Alxa terrane wer     

东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅴ):北界西段陆缘属性及微陆块拼合

早古生代原特提斯洋在祁连造山带的分支本文称为古祁连洋。其洋内及邻区存在中祁连、阿拉善、柴达木、华北、扬子、塔里木等多个陆块、微陆块,处在一个复杂的多岛洋的环境中。祁连地区早古生代经历了较为复杂的俯冲拼合、碰撞造山过程。本文探讨了祁连造山带的几个构造单元构造属性,认为早古生代阿拉善微陆块南缘为被动大陆边缘,中祁连北缘为活动大陆边缘。阿拉善南部与之平行的龙首山构造单元为俯冲造山形成的增生楔体;北祁连构造带为一套俯冲增生杂岩,包含高压变质岩带、蛇绿岩带、岛弧岩浆和部分洋壳残片等,记录了古祁连洋壳从大陆裂解,洋壳形成,俯冲拼合,碰撞造山的造山过程。495Ma左右南祁连南部柴达木微陆块向北俯冲的影响,古祁连洋壳俯冲受阻,俯冲带向北后退,形成大岔大坂岛弧。弧前地区发生洋-洋俯冲事件,堆积增生大岔大坂、白泉门、九个泉等SSZ型北祁连蛇绿岩北带,并伴随第二期清水沟、牛心山、野牛滩等地岩浆事件。460Ma左右阿拉善微陆块和中祁连微陆块开始碰撞拼合,古祁连洋开始闭合。值得注意的是拼合过程不是均一的,存在自西向东斜向"剪刀式"的拼合方式,产生了由西向东年代变新的"S"型同碰撞岩浆岩。约440Ma古祁连洋闭合,进入陆内造山阶段。440Ma之后,拼合陆块处在一种拉伸的构造环境之下,金佛寺、牛心山、老虎山等地产生碰撞后岩浆岩。422~406Ma发生俯冲折返、高压榴辉岩和高压低温蓝片岩退变质作用,形成以紧闭不对褶皱为特征的第二幕变形。根据各陆块、微陆块碎屑锆石年龄谱分析对比,中祁连基底应与华北不同,而可能与扬子有关。Rodinia超大陆聚合之前,中祁连微陆块作为一个独立的微陆块与华北、扬子保持一定距离。1.0~0.8Ga Rodinia超大陆聚合过程中祁连微陆块与冈瓦纳北缘拼贴在一起,而距华北较远。随着Rodinia超大陆裂解,中祁连微陆块远离冈瓦纳,逐渐向华北靠近,500~400Ma原特提斯洋闭合,华北、阿拉善与中祁连拼合,并整体拼合到冈瓦纳大陆北缘。     

东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅱ):早古生代微陆块亲缘性与聚合

原特提斯洋内存在塔里木、中祁连、柴达木、扬子、华夏、印支、兰坪-思茅等诸多陆块/微陆块,多数陆块之间在早古生代晚期发育有蛇绿岩带或高压-超高压带。原特提斯域形成于从Rodinia裂解到Pangea超大陆集结期间,存在复杂的洋-陆格局和聚散过程。原特提斯洋不同陆块/微陆块属性和关系及其拼合过程是恢复重建Pangea超大陆聚合前构造背景的关键,但对其认识迄今还存在争论。因此,本文采用综合对比方法,以期建立原特提斯洋陆块/微陆块的亲缘性和海-陆格局,厘定原特提斯微陆块拼合时序与方式。结果表明,早古生代早期除华北陆块不具有亲冈瓦纳大陆的特征外,扬子、华夏、塔里木、柴达木、阿拉善、北秦岭-中祁连-中阿尔金、欧龙布鲁克、北羌塘、南羌塘、拉萨、兰坪-思茅、印支等陆块/微陆块都具有亲冈瓦纳的特征。在450~400Ma左右这一系列陆块/微陆块都向南俯冲-增生,并逐步拼合于冈瓦纳大陆北缘东段,原特提斯洋关闭,并形成了原潘吉亚(Proto-Pangea)超大陆;原潘吉亚于380Ma以后裂离出塔里木-华北陆块和大华南陆块,分别出现勉略洋和古特提斯洋,直到240~220Ma逐步向北聚合,形成最终的劳亚古陆,此时才形成潘吉亚超大陆。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the Early Devonian lamprophyres and diorites in the Alxa Block,NW China

The North Qilian orogenic belt (NQOB) has been defined as a subduction-collision zone between the Alxa Block and the Qilian Block during the Early Paleozoic. To constrain the post-collisional tectonic evolution of the NQOB, analyses of zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes, whole-rock major, trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions of the newly discovered Early Devonian lamprophyres and diorites dikes from the Longshoushan area in southwestern margin of the Alxa Block were conducted. Zircon U-Pb dating yields emplacement ages of 400 ± 4 Ma and 403 ± 6 Ma for two lamprophyre dikes and 391 ± 3 Ma for two diorite dikes. The lamprophyres dikes are shoshonitic-high-K (calc-alkaline) in nature, and are characterized by SiO₂ contents of 53.6–56.3 wt %, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios of 0.7064 to 0.7072, εNd(t) values of 0.1–1.0, and zircon εHf(t) values of −8.0 to −2.9. The diorite dikes are high-K (calc-alkaline), and are characterized by MgO contents of 6.32–6.98 wt %, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios of 0.7089–0.7137, εNd(t) values of −3.8 to −3.5, and zircon εHf(t) values of −9.9–0.4. Both the lamprophyre and diorite dikes show parallel enrichments in LREEs and LILEs and depletions in HREEs and HFSEs and have similar ratios of (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (17.587–18.133), (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (15.518–15.584) and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (37.676–38.058). Geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the lamprophyre and diorite dikes were derived from low-degrees melts of amphibole- and phlogopite-bearing lherzolite and phlogopite-bearing lherzolite, respectively, in the spinel-garnet transition facies. Their parental magmas both experienced extensive fractional crystallization in a deep magma chamber and negligible crustal contamination during their ascent. Regarding the Palaeozoic tectonic development of the North Qilian orogenic belt, we propose that the Early Devonian lamprophyres and diorites possibly are related to North Qilian orogen unrooting and collapse and marking the end of the North Qilian orogenic events.     

华夏地块新元古代沉积记录与超大陆重建

新元古代-早古生代,Rodinia超大陆裂解至Gondwana大陆聚合的过程对华南构造格局与古地理演化具有重要的制约作用,然而在这过程中华夏地块的位置、华夏与扬子之间的关系等问题仍存在争议。本文通过同位素地层年代学、新元古代冰期事件及成矿事件对比了华夏地块武夷南部-南岭地区及华夏西缘新元古代中-晚期地层。在此基础上,对新元古代沉积物进行碎屑锆石物源分析,发现华夏西缘拉伸纪晚期-埃迪卡拉纪曾出现多次物源方向的转换,并在成冰纪晚期同时出现来自华南内部和外部的双向物源。结合浅海陆棚的沉积环境,表明此时扬子与华夏之间并没有宽阔的大洋相隔。华夏地块拉伸纪晚期-埃迪卡拉纪碎屑岩中包含了大量中元古代至新元古代早期的碎屑锆石,与东冈瓦纳北部印度、东南极等地区的沉积记录吻合,指示华夏地块至少自750 Ma时期就接收到来自印度北缘的碎屑物质。在Rodinia超大陆裂解至Gondwana大陆聚合期间,华南一直保持在超大陆边缘的古地理位置,与印度北缘相连。     

Petrology, Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of the Xiangshan Group in the Eastern Hexi Corridor Belt: Implications for Provenance and Tectonic Evolution

The eastern Hexi Corridor Belt (HCB) is located in the transitional belt among the Alxa Block, the Qilian Orogenic Belt and the North China Block. Because of its unique tectonic location, the tectonic setting, provenance, and even the age of the sedimentary strata in the eastern HCB during the Early Paleozoic remain controversial. This study analyzes the provenance of the poorly studied Xiangshan Group, discusses its age of development and tectonic setting in the eastern HCB using a combination of petrological, geochemical and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating methods. Based on the youngest age peaks and the fossil evidence, we suggest that the Xiangshan Group is Middle Cambrian to Late Ordovician in age. The complexity of the geochemical characteristics and associated diagrams suggests that the early stage of the Xiangshan Group developed in a passive continental margin environment, late in the back-arc basin of the eastern HCB. Based on the sandstone detrital composition, whole-rock geochemistry and detrital zircon ages, we conclude that the Xiangshan Group had an early provenance that was mainly from the Qilian Block and a late provenance from the Qilian Block and the western Alxa Block. The eastern HCB and its northern and southern blocks have similar palaeontology, lithology and basement age characteristics to the South China Block. This indicates that the eastern HCB might not have formed in the intra-continental aulacogen of the North China Block during the Early Paleozoic but has a close affinity to eastern Gondwana.     

柴北缘超高压变质带变质泥质岩碎屑锆石年代学研究及其地质意义

柴北缘超高压变质带作为中国西部深俯冲的一个研究热点,对其变质泥质岩的碎屑锆石年龄研究对了解此区内深俯冲大陆的前寒武纪演化历史,及与华北克拉通及华南克拉通的亲缘性讨论具有重要意义。本文选取柴北缘超高压变质带中绿梁山和都兰的变质泥质岩,筛选锆石利用LA-ICP-MS进行定年并讨论其地质意义。实验结果表明碎屑锆石年龄分为三个组别集中,分别是1100Ma、1000~800Ma和800~500Ma,并分别代表了古老的结晶基底、与Rodinia超大陆相关的碰撞和裂解事件以及古祁连洋的演化。板块亲缘性分析表明柴达木-祁连地区可能与扬子克拉通西缘具有亲缘性,可能作为扬子克拉通西缘的延伸而与扬子克拉通相连。通过结合碎屑锆石数据及板块亲缘性分析并对比现今西太平洋边缘的演化模式,本文提出了一个在早古生代北祁连为主动大陆边缘,柴北缘为被动大陆边缘;在祁连地体北侧的古祁连洋闭合后柴北缘转变为主动大陆边缘的构造演化模式。     

柴达木和欧龙布鲁克陆块基底的组成和变质作用及中国中西部古大陆演化关系初探

中国西部的柴达木陆块和欧龙布鲁克陆块的基底岩系虽然在地球化学上与扬子陆块具有亲缘性,但它们之间的组成和变质作用历史却显著不同。欧龙布鲁克陆块下部基底德令哈杂岩和达肯大坂岩群于~1.95Ga发生了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相区域变质作用并克拉通化,响应了全球Columbia超大陆汇聚事件;随后又与中元古代万洞沟岩群一道于~1.0Ga发生绿片岩相变质作用,共同响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件;新元古代中晚期裂解后于中奥陶纪受原特提斯洋关闭影响而隆起。柴达木陆块基底主体由中元古代金水口岩群白沙河岩组(柴南缘)和沙柳河岩群乌龙滩岩组(柴北缘)组成,以S-型花岗岩的侵入活动和相应的变质作用响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件。晚泛非期(520~480Ma)柴达木陆块与冈瓦纳主大陆俯冲碰撞,发生中压角闪岩相-麻粒岩相和高压超高压变质作用,经短暂拼贴后很快进入到原特提斯洋域,随460~420Ma的大洋关闭而发生变质叠加。区域对比表明,在基底组成和地壳演化史上,欧龙布鲁克陆块与阿拉善陆块和塔里木陆块(包括扬子陆块)相似,柴达木陆块则与北秦岭陆块以及祁连陆块相似,因而分属两个陆块群。塔—欧陆块群记录的~500Ma热事件与塔—欧和柴—秦陆块群共同记录的~450Ma热事件是两个性质不同的构造热事件。     

阿拉善地块性质和归属的再认识

阿拉善地块被认为是一个前寒武纪微陆块,其归属和演化历史长期存在争议。一部分学者认为其为华北克拉通的组成部分,是华北克拉通的西延;一部分学者认为与扬子或塔里木克拉通具有亲缘性;还有一些学者认为具有独立的地质演化历史。本文综合近年来阿拉善地块的研究进展,结合我们新的研究资料,梳理了阿拉善地块自新太古代到显生宙的岩石组成、构造热事件及年代格架,得出以下主要认识:1)阿拉善地块的早前寒武纪变质基底记录了2.7~3.0Ga陆壳生长、~2.5Ga TTG岩浆-变质事件,2.0~2.3Ga岩浆事件,以及1.9~1.95Ga和1.80~1.85Ga两期重要的变质事件,具有与华北克拉通相似的岩石组成和地壳演化历史;2)阿拉善地块发育与华北克拉通相似的中-新元古代沉积岩系,其碎屑锆石具有来源华北克拉通本身的物源区特征,反映出阿拉善地块直到中元古代-新元古代早期仍可能是华北克拉通的一部分;3)阿拉善地块显生宙的多期岩浆-构造-变质事件可能主要是中亚造山带早古生代以来造山作用的响应,而不是阿拉善地块与华北克拉通碰撞的产物。从奥陶纪到早二叠世,阿拉善地块可能处在古亚洲洋向南俯冲的活动大陆边缘环境;4)河西走廊-贺兰山南部早古生代沉积岩系(大黄山群和香山群)不属于阿拉善地块,而是祁连造山带的组成部分,其碎屑锆石组成和代表的物源特征不能作为阿拉善地块与华北克拉通在早古生代彼此分离的证据。     

青藏高原东北缘早古生代造山系中前寒武纪微陆块的再认识——兼谈原特提斯洋的起源

在青藏高原东北缘的祁连-阿尔金-昆仑早古生代造山系中,夹杂有一些前寒武纪大陆块体,这些地块的组成、性质和演化既蕴含有超大陆聚散的重要信息,也对原特提斯体系的洋陆格局、造山类型和造山机制有重要启示意义.本文综合近年来这些前寒武纪微陆块的研究进展,结合我们所获得的新的研究资料,梳理了这些前寒武纪微陆块变质基底的岩石组成、构...     

祁连山地区花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化

祁连山在构造上是一条经历了多期构造旋回叠加的早古生代复合型造山带,花岗质岩浆作用研究对揭示其构造演化具有重要意义。锆石U-Pb年代学统计结果表明,祁连地区花岗质岩浆活动可以分为7个大的阶段,包括古元古代早期(2 470~2 348 Ma)、古元古代晚期(1 778~1 763 Ma)、中元古代晚期-新元古代早期(1 192~888 Ma)、新元古代中期(853~736 Ma)、中寒武世-志留纪(516~419 Ma),泥盆纪-早石炭世(418~350 Ma)以及中二叠世-晚三叠世(271~211 Ma)。其中古元古代早期发育强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型和准铝质低钾拉斑-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,记录了早期的陆壳增生及改造事件。古元古代晚期为准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性-钾玄质A型花岗岩,是Columbia超大陆裂解事件的产物。中元古代晚期-新元古代早期以过铝质-强过铝质钙碱性-钾玄质S型花岗岩为主,新元古代中期以准铝质-强过铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩为主,分别对应Rodinia超大陆的汇聚和裂解事件。中寒武世-志留纪花岗岩是洋陆转换过程中的产物,约440 Ma加厚基性下地壳部分熔融形成的低Mg埃达克岩的广泛出现指示祁连地区全面进入碰撞造山阶段。泥盆纪-早石炭世花岗岩代表后碰撞伸展阶段岩浆岩组合,发育准铝质-强过铝质低钾拉斑-钾玄质等一系列花岗岩。中二叠世-晚三叠世花岗岩以准铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩为主,有少量弱过铝质高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩,是宗务隆洋俯冲消减以及碰撞后伸展过程的产物。     

阿拉善地块晚奥陶世—石炭纪的构造演化历史——来自北大山地区多期岩浆-变质-变形事件的约束

阿拉善地块西部的北大山地区识别出两期韧性变形构造,早期的韧性变形以从南(南东)向北(北西)逆冲为特征,晚期的韧性变形以近东西向左行剪切为特征。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法,在记录早期韧性变形的片麻岩中获得锆石的变质年龄为422±1 Ma,代表晚志留世变质事件;在记录晚期韧性变形的2件二长花岗岩中获得锆石结晶年龄分别为326.2±1.2 Ma和323.8±2.6 Ma,代表早石炭世岩浆活动。结合前人研究成果,发现阿拉善地块西部北大山地区的两期韧性变形特征、变形时代与阿拉善地块东部巴彦乌拉山-狼山地区相似,同时阿拉善地块东、西部晚奥陶世-石炭纪多期岩浆活动的岩石类型、期次、地化及Nd同位素等特征也非常相似。以上特征表明,阿拉善地块东、西部经历了相同的构造演化历史,形成一条发育在早前寒武纪变质基底之上、呈近东西向弧形展布的晚奥陶世-石炭纪构造-岩浆岩带(西起桃花拉山,经北大山、诺尔公-巴彦乌拉山,东到狼山),其成因与古亚洲洋的俯冲造山事件密切相关。     

Provenance and paleogeography of the Early Paleozoic basin in the northern Yangtze Block: Constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf data

The Proto-Tethys was a significant post-Rodinia breakup ocean that eventually vanished during the Paleozoic. The closure timing and amalgamation history of numerous microblocks within this ocean remain uncertain, while the Early Paleozoic strata on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block archive valuable information about the evolution of the Shangdan Ocean, the branch of the Proto-Tethys. By comparing the detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic data from Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian sedimentary rocks in the northern Yangtze Block with adjacent blocks, it was found that detrital zircons in Cambrian strata exhibit a prominent age peak at ∼ 900–700 Ma, which indicates that the primary source of clastic material in the basin was the uplifted inner and margin regions of the Yangtze Block. In the Silurian, abundant detrital material from the North Qinling Block was transported to the basin due to the continuous subduction and eventual closure of the Shangdan Ocean. This process led to two distinct age peaks at ∼500–400 Ma and ∼900–700 Ma, indicating a bidirectional provenance contribution from both the North Qinling Block and the Yangtze Block. This shift demonstrates that the initial collision between these two blocks occurred no later than the Silurian. The northern Yangtze Basin transitioned from a passive continental margin basin in the Cambrian to a peripheral foreland basin in the Silurian. Major blocks in East Asia, including South Tarim, North Qilian, North Qinling, and North Yangtze, underwent peripheral subduction and magmatic activity to varying degrees during the late Early Paleozoic, signifying the convergence and rapid contraction of microplates within northern Gondwana and the Proto-Tethys Ocean. These findings provide new insights on the tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.     

Tonian Tectonic-Strata Regions and their Geological Significance in China

The continent of China developed through the coalescence of three major cratons(North China, Tarim and Yangtze) and continental micro-blocks through the processes of oceanic crust disappearance and acceretionary-collision of continental crusts. The strata of the Chinese continental landmass are subdivided into 12 tectonic-strata regions. Based on the composition of geological features among the three main cratons, continental micro-blocks and other major global cratons, their affinities can be preliminarily deduced during the Tonian period, using evidence from sedimentary successions, paleobiogeography, tectonic and magmatic events. The Yangtze and Tarim cratons show that they have close affinities during the assembly-dispersal milestone of the Rodinia Supercontinent. The sedimentary record and magmatic age populations in the blocks suggest that there was a widespread, intensive magmatic event that resulted from a subduction process during ～1000–820 Ma, related to continental rifting around the Yangtze and Tarim cratons. However, they differ greatly from the North China Craton. The continental micro-blocks in the Panthalassic Ocean could have some missing connection with the North China Craton that persisted until the Middle-Late Devonian. In contrast, the Alxa Block showed a strong affinity with the Tarim Craton. The revised Tonian paleogeography of the Rodinia Supercontinent is a good demonstration of how to show the relationship between the main cratons and the continental micro-blocks.     

中天山地块南缘两类混合岩的成因及其地质意义

中天山地块是位于中亚造山带西南缘的西天山造山带的重要组成块体,其基底演化和构造亲缘性对恢复西天山的增生造山方式和大地构造格局具有重要意义。混合岩在中天山地块的高级变质地体中广泛分布,是揭示中天山地块基底演化和构造属性的窗口。本文通过开展锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究,确定了中天山地块南缘乌瓦门杂岩的两类条带状混合岩的原岩性质和形成时代以及混合岩化作用时代和成因机制。第一类条带状混合岩的原岩为中基性岩屑砂岩,混合岩化时代为～1. 8Ga,是在同期角闪岩相变质过程中通过变质分异形成的。第二类条带状混合岩的古成体包括黑云角闪斜长片麻岩和黑云斜长角闪片麻岩,原岩均形成于～2. 5Ga,并叠加～1. 8Ga角闪岩相变质作用,是洋陆俯冲背景下由俯冲洋壳或岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成。侵入古成体的变基性岩墙形成于～1. 72Ga,具有Fe-Ti玄武岩的地球化学特征,起源于后碰撞伸展背景下的软流圈地幔。该类混合岩的浅色体同时穿插古成体和变基性岩墙,呈现突变的野外接触关系,与区域内约787～785Ma混合岩化同期,即混合岩化作用是外来岩浆注入的结果,可能是造山带垮塌引发地壳深熔作用的产物。乌瓦门杂岩记录的～2. 5Ga岩浆活动、～1. 8Ga变质作用和～790Ma混合岩化作用可以和塔里木北缘进行对比,暗示中天山地块是一个具有确切新太古代-古元古代结晶基底的微陆块,并且和塔里木克拉通存在构造亲缘性。     

中国新元古代大陆拼合与Rodinia超大陆

在对前人研究成果分析的基础上,结合对中祁连块块前寒武纪基底的研究,认为新元古代（1000－9000Ma）中国各主要克拉通地块（包括华夏地块、扬子地块、华北地块、阿拉善－祁连－柴达木地块、塔里木地块）曾经通过晋宁期碰撞拼合带发生过一次全面的多块体复杂拼贴。这次拼贴过程是全球性新元古代格林威尔碰撞造山作用和Rodinia超大陆形成过程的一个组成部分。新元古代拼合的古中国地块在当时位于Rodinia超大陆中北部澳大利亚、劳伦提亚和西伯利亚克拉通地块之同。中国的各主要克拉通地块只不过是巨型格林威尔碰撞带之中夹裹的一些小型地块,且都处于新元古代晚期Rodinia超大陆破裂的中心部位,这些正是中国大陆上克拉通地块活动性大的早期地质背景。     

祁连山新元古代中—晚期至早古生代火山作用与构造演化

祁连山地区的新元古代中—晚期至早古生代火山作用显示系统地时、空变化,其乃是祁连山构造演化的火山响应。随着祁连山构造演化从Rodinia超大陆裂谷化—裂解,经早古生代大洋打开、扩张、洋壳俯冲和弧后伸展,直至洋盆闭合、弧-陆碰撞和陆-陆碰撞,火山作用也逐渐从裂谷和大陆溢流玄武质喷发,经大洋中脊型、岛弧和弧后盆地火山活动,转变为碰撞后裂谷式喷发。850~604 Ma的大陆裂谷和大陆溢流熔岩主要分布于祁连和柴达木陆块。从大约550 Ma至446 Ma,在北祁连和南祁连洋-沟-弧-盆系中广泛发育大洋中脊型、岛弧和弧后盆地型熔岩。与此同时,在祁连陆块中部,发育约522~442 Ma的陆内裂谷火山作用。早古生代洋盆于奥陶纪末(约446 Ma)闭合。随后,从约445 Ma至约428 Ma,于祁连陆块北缘发育碰撞后火山活动。此种时-空变异对形成祁连山的深部地球动力学过程提供了重要约束。该过程包括:(1)地幔柱或超级地幔柱上涌,导致Rodinia超大陆发生裂谷化、裂解、早古生代大洋打开、扩张、俯冲,并伴随岛弧形成;(2)俯冲的大洋板片回转,致使弧后伸展,进而形成弧后盆地;(3)洋盆闭合、板片断离,继而发生软流圈上涌,诱发碰撞后火山活动。晚志留世至早泥盆世(420~400 Ma),先期俯冲的地壳物质折返,发生强烈的造山活动。400 Ma后,山体垮塌、岩石圈伸展,相应发生碰撞后花岗质侵入活动。     

柴北缘—南祁连地区构造热事件

对柴北缘路乐河剖面新生代沉积物和山前现代河沙中碎屑的锆石U-Pb同位素热年代学研究表明:研究区物源区发育～260、～450、500～600、800～900Ma 4个主要年龄峰值和～1.8、2.5～2.6Ga 2个较小的年龄峰值。结合研究区已有的同位素年龄数据提出:柴北缘—南祁连地区在二叠纪中—晚期遭受了一次较强烈的低温区域构造热事件的改造;柴北缘高压榴辉岩及其相关的地质体隆升到地表的时间晚于上新世;柴北缘—南祁连地区先后主要经历了800～900 Ma的Rodinia超大陆裂解事件,500～600 Ma的泛非区域变质事件和～450Ma的俯冲碰撞变质事件;柴北缘—南祁连地区的主要构造热事件发生在元古代,主要集中在500～600Ma和800～900Ma,表明柴北缘—南祁连地区的前寒武纪基底性质与扬子板块相似,与华北板块完全不同。     

古亚洲洋与古特提斯洋关系初探

从板块构造研究中国古生代洋陆关系和构造-岩浆-成矿作用,离不开对古亚洲洋和古特提斯洋的关系判断,特别是对于中国西北部的研究,两个古生代大洋形成演化和关系是理清重要地质构造和成矿事件的关键。本文认为早古生代的原特提斯洋与古亚洲洋应连为一体,合称古亚洲-原特提斯洋,简称古亚洲洋。古亚洲洋是发育于早古生代劳亚大陆与冈瓦纳大陆之间的大洋,金川超大型铜镍矿床的形成是元古宙罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木陆块作为古亚洲洋南岸的一个陆块,早古生代的昆仑洋、祁连洋和秦岭洋只是古亚洲洋的分支或次生洋盆,这些次生洋盆于志留纪末闭合,古亚洲洋主洋则直到晚古生代泥盆纪末才闭合。石炭纪天山及邻区是古亚洲洋闭合后板块构造后碰撞机制与地幔柱作用提供热动力的两种地球动力学机制并存的构造背景,为大规模壳幔混合(染)岩浆作用和成矿爆发提供了可能。古特提斯洋是古亚洲洋在晚古生代的发展和继承,东昆仑夏日哈木超大型铜镍矿床的产生是冈瓦纳大陆北侧志留纪末破裂三叉裂谷开启大洋的开始,塔里木和华北等泛华夏陆块群构成了古特提斯洋北岸陆缘,石炭纪大洋形成,西昆仑玛尔坎苏大型优质锰矿可能就形成于大洋北侧被动大陆边缘的浅海或陆表海,成矿物质则很可能来自于同时代的大洋中脊。德尔尼大型铜钴矿为晚石炭世大洋中脊塞浦路斯型块状硫化物矿床。而铜峪沟大型铜矿和大场大型金矿等则分别为古特提斯洋消减俯冲岛弧岩浆作用矽卡岩-斑岩矿床和浅成低温热液矿床。中三叠世末古特提斯洋闭合。     

Phanerozoic amalgamation of the Alxa Block and North China Craton: Evidence from Paleozoic granitoids,U–Pb geochronology and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–O isotope geochemistry

The North China Craton (NCC) has been considered to be part of the supercontinent Columbia. The nature of the NCC western boundary, however, remains strongly disputed. A key question in this regard is whether or not the Alxa Block is a part of the NCC. It is located in the vicinity of the inferred boundary, and therefore could potentially resolve the issue of the NCC's relationship to the Columbia supercontinent. Some previous studies based on the Alxa Block's geological evolution and detrital zircon ages suggested that it is likely not a part of the NCC. The lack of evidence from key igneous rock units, however, requires further constraints on the tectonic affinity of the western NCC and Alxa Block and on the timing of their amalgamation.In this study, new zircon U–Pb age and Hf–O isotopes and whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for the Paleozoic granitoids in or near the eastern Alxa Block were used to constrain the petrogenesis of these rocks and the relationship between the Alxa Block and NCC. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb zircon dating indicates that the Bayanbulage, Hetun, Diebusige and South Diebusige granitoids were formed at ca. 423 Ma, 345 Ma, 345 Ma and 337 Ma, respectively. The Late Silurian (Bayanbulage) quartz diorites have variable SiO₂ (58.0–67.9 wt.%), and low Sr/Y (20–24) values, while the Early Carboniferous (Hetun, Diebusige and South Diebusige) monzogranites have high SiO₂ (71.5–76.7 wt.%) and Sr/Y (40–94) values. The Late Silurian quartz diorites display relatively homogeneous and high zircon δ¹⁸O (8.5–9.1‰) and ε_Hf(t) (− 8.6 to − 5.3) values, high whole-rock ε_Nd(t) values (− 9.2 to − 7.6) and highly radiogenic Pb isotopes (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.13–18.25), whereas the Early Carboniferous monzogranites exhibit relatively low and variable zircon δ¹⁸O (5.7–7.2‰) and ε_Hf(t) (− 23.1 to − 7.4) values, low whole-rock initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7043–0.7070) and ε_Nd(t) (− 19.1 to − 13.5) values and variable Pb isotopes (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 16.06–18.22). The differences in whole rock Nd model ages and Pb isotope compositions of the Paleoproterozoic–Permian rocks in either side of the west fault of the Bayanwulashan–Diebusige complexes suggest that the Alxa Block is not a part of the NCC, and that the western boundary of the NCC is probably located on this fault. Furthermore, the linear distribution of the Early Paleozoic–Early Carboniferous granitoids, the high zircon δ¹⁸O values of the Late Silurian quartz diorites, the Early Devonian metamorphism and the foreland basin system formed during the collision between the Alxa Block and the NCC indicate that a Paleozoic cryptic suture zone likely existed in this area and records the amalgamation of the Alxa Block and North China Craton. Together with detrital zircon data, the initial collision was considered to have possibly occurred in Late Ordovician.