An Experimental Styudy on Gold Solubility in Amino Acid Solution and Its Geological Significance

The experiments on gold solubility in amino acid solution mdicate that gold is very intensively soluble in amino acid(or other organic acids),which is extensively present in geological bodies,and is most soluble in histidine.The temperature and concentration,acidity and type of amino acid in the solution are important factors affecting gold-amino acid complexing. The solubility of gold in amino acid is different under different conditions of temperature, amino acid concentration and pH value of the solution,At 80℃ and pH=6-8,gold is most soluble in amino acid.Gold dispersed in water and rocks could be concentrated and transported by amino acid and then precipitated in favorable loci.Amino acids might have played an important role in metallogenesis as well as in the formation of source beds of gold.Nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur in amino acid might have reacted with gold to form soluble complex ions.     

高温高压下CO2在水中溶解度实验及理论模型

利用自行研制的高温高压反应釜,在不同温度、压力和矿化度条件下测试CO₂在地层水中的溶解度。实验结果表明:温度一定的条件下,CO₂在水中的溶解度随压力的增加而增加;压力一定的条件下,CO₂在水中溶解度的主要变化趋势为随温度的增加而降低,当温度大于100℃、压力在22 MPa左右时,CO₂在地层水中的溶解度将发生异常,出现低压(小于22 MPa)时随温度的增加而降低,高压(大于22 MPa)时随温度的增加而略微升高;在温度压力都一定的条件下,CO₂在水中的溶解度随矿化度的增加而降低。并且,在新测得的实验数据和已有的实验数据的基础上,通过修正PR-HV状态方程中的参数,建立了一个能够精确计算CO₂在水中溶解度的模型;并将该模型与其他模型对比。对比结果表明,该模型计算精度最高,平均相对误差仅为2.69%。     

不同温度、羧酸溶液中长石溶解模拟实验

报道了在100℃、140℃下微斜长石在不同羧酸溶液中的溶解实验数据。通过实验表明1)反应温度增高,可增强溶液中阳离子的活性和迁移性,加快长石溶解的反应速率,促进长石的溶解。2)在强酸性条件下,pH值的变化可影响长石的溶解。但在中等酸性条件下,pH值对长石的溶解影响很小。3)羧酸(乙二酸)可不同程度地促进长石溶解,可通过形成乙二酸络合物的形式,增加离子在溶液中的溶解度。但乙酸络合物的作用不明显。长石溶蚀导致岩石孔隙度变大,并且改善孔喉性质。同时,由于乙二酸络合物的存在,增加了Si在溶液中的溶解度,阻止了石英加大和其它成因SiO₂的生成,有利于次生孔隙和原生孔隙的保存。4)长石溶解使溶液中Al的浓度较高,但由于铝-羧酸络合物的亲油性比亲水性强,故有一部分Al被分配到油相中,这也是目前大多数油田水中Al浓度偏低的主要原因。     

基于KRR优化算法的油水系统中CO2溶解度模型

油藏中注入CO2可形成CO2原油地层水三相动态平衡,CO2在油水系统中的溶解度将直接影响CO2驱油效果和封存潜力。为了对CO2在油水系统中的溶解度模型进行研究,以吉林油田某油水系统为例,利用高温高压PVT分析仪开展CO2在不同体积比例油水系统中的溶解度实验,明确了CO2在油水系统中的溶解规律,并基于实验数据,分别利用网格搜索法(GS)和贝叶斯优化算法(BOA)对核岭回归算法(KRR)的参数进行优化,建立了CO2在油水系统中的溶解度预测模型。研究结果表明：CO2在油水系统中的溶解度随CO2注入量的增加而增大,也随油水体积比升高而增大;基于KRR算法的优化模型中,GSKRR模型和BOAKRR模型平均相对误差分别为6.758%和1.998%,说明BOAKRR具有更高的预测精度。利用BOAKRR模型预测并绘制不同温度、不同油水体积比下的CO2在油水系统中的溶解度图版,可为CO2碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）技术的应用提供支持。     

The thermodynamics of water in quartz

The thermodynamic model of Doukhan and Trepied (1985) for water solubility in quartz, based on the (4H)_Si substitution, has been developed to take into account the variation in oxygen fugacity under different buffering conditions, as well as the solubility of the quartz in the water. An evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters has then been made using analogous data on grossular and hydrogrossular. This evaluation, although approximate, leads to predicted solubilities that are lower than some published experimental values but are consistent with other observations indicating that the solubility is relatively low, less than 100H/10⁶ Si at most, even at the highest temperatures and pressures. The predictions give a monotonically increasing solubility with increasing temperature at given pressure, and an increase in solubility with increasing pressure at given temperature up to a maximum, beyond which the solubility decreases with further increase in pressure. The variation of solubility with oxygen fugacity at fixed pressure and temperature broadly mirrors the observations of Ord and Hobbs (1986) although not predicting the finer details. An interstitial H₂O model is also considered and shown to be probably less important as a mechanism for water solubility than the (4H)_Si mechanism. Hydrogen/alkali exchange depends on hydrogen fugacity rather than water fugacity and is predicted to be more important at lower oxygen fugacities.     

Paleo-temperature Evolution and Water Soluble Gas in Sinian Reservoir,Anpingdian-Gaoshiti Structural Zone,Central Sichuan Basin

The paleo-temperature evolution of Sinian reservoir of Anping (安平) 1 well was rebuilt by taking the method of apatite fission track and Easy%Ro model.The result of apatite fission track determines the accurate burial history and overcomes the flaw that the vitrinite reflectance is taken as paleo-temperature indicator simply.The authors used the laser Raman technique to analyze the methane present in the calcite and quartz fluid inclusions of Sinian reservoir,finding that the methane is water soluble gas.The authors also simulated the paleo-pressure of fluid inclusion by using PVTsim software and finally worked out the methane solubility in water.     

西北地区额济纳绿洲非饱和带水分和盐分分布

在西北地区黑河流域下游的额济纳绿洲选择3个土壤剖面采集不同深度土壤样品和潜水样品进行测试,并在野外观测非饱和带不同深度的水土势变化。结果表明,SO4^2-是非饱和带土壤和地下水中的主要离子成分,土壤和地下水呈偏碱性。土壤易溶离子含量随深度大体上呈减少趋势。绿洲非饱和带发育有收敛型和发散型零通量面,自夏季至冬季,零通量面变得不清晰直至消失。在非饱和带中,土壤易溶盐含量、含水量和总水土势随深度的变化趋势基本相同,植物根系的吸收对水分和盐分的垂直分布有着重要的影响。     

Sustainability analysis of groundwater resources in a coastal aquifer, Alabama

Fort Morgan Peninsula is an attached portion of a dynamic barrier complex in the northern Gulf of Mexico and is a large tourist area that brings in a significant amount of revenue for Alabama. Many of the hotels and tourist attractions depend on the groundwater as their water supply. The over-withdrawal of groundwater and saltwater intrustion will have a negative impact on the ecology, tourism and economy if groundwater resources are not properly monitored and managed. In this study a calibrated groundwater flow model was used to analyze the sustainability of groundwater resources at Fort Morgan Peninsula. Detailed flow budgets were prepared to check the various components of inflow and outflow under different water use and climatic conditions. The results indicated the locations where groundwater was over-pumped and subjected to saltwater intrusion, or will be subjected to saltwater intrusion under a range of projected water use and climatic conditions.     

温度及CO2对方解石、白云石溶解度影响特征分析

借助水文地球化学模拟软件--PHREEQC对不同Pco2(0～100bar)和不同温度条件下(0～100℃)方解石、白云石在纯水中的溶解度进行模拟和分析.结果表明,Pco2和温度对方解石和白云石溶解度的影响均很大:无Pco2时其溶解度随着温度的升高而逐渐增大,这是因为对于方解石、白云石晶格破坏及溶解高温能提供的能量较大所致;当Pco2较大时(Pco2≥10-3.5bar)其溶解度随温度的升高而降低,原因主要是CO2在高温下形成碳酸的能力较差;当Pco2很小(0      

Lake and reservoir water quality affected by metals leaching from tropical soils, Bangladesh

 The release of metals during weathering has been studied in order to assess its geochemical controls and possible effects on environmental health in Bangladesh. A total of 27 soil samples and 7 surface water samples were collected from four locations covering three major regions in the country. Results show that weathering effects are a strong function of climatic conditions. Surface waters are typically enriched in Al, Mg, Ca, Na, K, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The solubility of metal ions, organometallic complexes, co-precipitation or co-existence with the colloidal clay fraction are the main processes that lead to metal enrichment in lake and reservoir water. Aluminium concentrations exceed World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water standards in all samples, and in two regions, arsenic concentrations also significantly exceed WHO standards. The elevated levels of As indicate that arsenic contamination of water supplies in Bangladesh is not confined to groundwater. Received: 4 June 1999 · Accepted: 17 August 1999     

Solubility and mobility of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions,Surat Basin,Queensland

Factors relating to the solubility of hydrocarbons in formation water, with particular reference to the Precipice Sandstone of the Surat Basin, are discussed. It is suggested that a possible mechanism for the migration and accumulation of crude oil and natural gas in the Surat Basin has been the solution and transportation of hydrocarbons in formation water under hydrodynamic conditions. The Moonie structure is presented as a model.     

硫酸根离子对方解石和白云石溶解度的影响

在无CO2和有P_CO2条件下,利用目前成熟的水文地球化学模拟软件——PHREEQC,分别对方解石、白云石在Na2SO4、CaSO4和MgSO4溶液中的溶解度进行了模拟计算。结果显示:溶液中SO₄2-的存在对方解石、白云石溶解度的提高作用很大。如在Pco2、浓度为1200mmol／L的Na2SO4溶液中,方解石和白云石溶解度分别为纯水中溶解度的9．544和9．897倍。其作用机理是:在无同离子效应时,SO₄2-等所产生的盐效应和SO₄2-与各种阳离子形成的离子对起重要作用;而有同离子效应时,将发生白云石化或去白云石化反应,从而促使不全等溶解继续发生。与此同时,即使存在同离子效应的条件下,特别是在较高浓度条件下,盐效应的作用也是不容忽视的。      

应用离子交换剂分解磷块岩的分析方法

氟是磷灰石的重要化学组成之一^[1]。磷块岩和磷灰石中氟的测定,对磷灰石类型的鉴定和磷块岩的成因研究有重要意义。目前,氟的测定方法广泛地采用酸、碱溶(融)样,用蒸馏法进行元素分离^[2,3,4]。近十几年来,由于离子选择电极法操作方便,被广泛地应用于各种类型物质中氟的测定^[5]。离子交换剂可以用来分解某些难溶性的天然和合成材料,但是至今这个方法还未得到广泛地应用。     

Experiments of methane gas solubility in formation water under high temperature and high pressure and their geological significance

The solubility of methane in formation water and water content in the coexisting gas phase were measured under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure, using an ultra-high-pressure fluid PVT system, where the experimental temperature reached up to 453 K and pressure reached up to 130 MPa. Experimental results show the following (1) The two phases of gas and liquid still exhibit an obvious interphase interface even under high temperatures and pressures. (2) When temperatures exceed 353 K, the solubility of methane in formation water increases as the temperature and pressure rise. The growth rate of solubility is faster under a relatively low temperature and pressure, and slower at a relatively high temperature and pressure, but the solubility will not increase without limit. In this experiment, the solubility of methane in formation water reached its peak when the temperature was at 453 K and the pressure at 130 MPa. (3) Water content in the coexisting gas phase increases as temperature rises, with a smaller increase at relatively low temperatures and a much greater increase at relatively high temperatures but decreases with the increasing pressure, more rapidly under low pressure and more slowly under high pressure. The solubility of methane in formation water and the water content in the coexisting gas phase are controlled by both temperature and pressure, but using classic calculation models, these two parameters under high temperatures and pressures are inconsistent with our experimental data. Therefore, the study is significant and highlights other possible effects on solubility and condensate water content. Additionally, an example from the Yinggehai Basin in the South China Sea, where the temperature and the pressure are high, demonstrates the influence of solubility and phase behaviour on natural gas migration, its formation and the distribution of gas reservoirs.     

Conceptual model for radionuclide release,Yucca Mountain,Nevada, USA

A new conceptual model for release rate of radionuclides from the proposed repository for high level nuclear waste located at Yucca Mountain, Nevada is developed. The model predicts that heat generated from radioactive decay combined with the unsaturated environment will lead to an inward flow system that, under many relevant conditions, will slow the release of and sometimes sequester radionuclides at locations of higher heat release and lower water percolation. The amount of protection will be greatest for more concentrated waste forms such as spent fuel and less for glass waste forms. The redistribution and concentration of the radionuclides is anticipated to significantly delay radionuclide release and create a tendency towards gradual release over time that is independent of localized penetrations of metallic barriers.     

盖层水岩相互作用研究及其油气地质意义——以黔中隆起及周缘为例

盖层封闭条件是南方海相碳酸盐岩沉积区寻找油气的关键,本文通过黔中隆起及周缘地区泥岩和灰岩盖层的水岩相互作用实验研究,模拟了泥岩、灰岩盖层在地表雨水、盐水和在不同温度下岩石的主要离子的溶解特征和质量损失特征。通过实验认为水岩相互作用对盖层的保存与破坏至关重要。不同水介质和不同流动状态下,盖层岩石在水介质中的溶解度和离子含量变化特征和幅度不同,泥岩与灰岩特征不同。表现在:天然雨水下,泥岩盖层阴、阳离子浓度均降低,并随时间趋于稳定,灰岩与泥岩略有差别;盐水环境下,盖层阴、阳离子溶解均受到抑制,浓度变化复杂,并随时间趋于稳定,灰岩与泥岩略有差别,温度升高溶解特征复杂化。下古生界在加里东运动暴露期间,黔中隆起及周缘盖层化学损失量巨大。     

The role of carbonate ions in pyrite oxidation in aqueous systems

The mechanism of pyrite oxidation in carbonate-containing alkaline solutions at 80 °C was investigated with the help of rate experiments, thermodynamic modeling and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Pyrite oxidation rate increased with pH and was enhanced by addition of bicarbonate/carbonate ions. The carbonate effect was found to be limited to moderately alkaline conditions (pH 8-11). Metastable Eh-pH diagrams, at 25 °C, indicate that soluble iron-carbonate complexes (FeHCO₃⁻, FeCO₃⁰, Fe(CO₃)(OH)⁻ and FeCO₃²⁻) may coexist with pyrite in the pH range of 6-12.5. Above pH 11 and 13, the Fe(II) and Fe(III) hydroxocomplexes, respectively, become stable, even in the presence of carbonate/bicarbonate ions. Surface-bound carbonate complexes on iron were also identified with DRIFTS as products of pyrite oxidation in addition to iron oxyhydroxides and soluble sulfate species. The conditions under which thermodynamic and DRIFTS analyses indicate the presence of carbonate compounds also correspond to those in which the fastest rate of pyrite oxidation in carbonate solutions was observed. Following the Singer-Stumm model for pyrite oxidation in acidic solutions, it is assumed that Fe(III) is the preferred pyrite oxidant under alkaline conditions. We propose that carbonate ions facilitate the electron transfer from soluble iron(II)-carbonate to O₂, increase the iron solubility, and provide buffered, favorable alkaline conditions at the reaction front, which in turn favors the overall kinetics of pyrite oxidation. Therefore, the electron transfer from sulfur atoms to O₂ is facilitated by the formation of the cycle of Fe(II)-pyrite/Fe(III)-carbonate redox couple at the pyrite surface.     

Verwitterungsversuche mit organischen Säuren an einigen schwerlöslichen Fe-Pb-Zn und Cu Erzmineralen,angewendet auf die Genese des Kupferschiefers

The 1–2 mm fraction of FeS₂, Fe₃O₄, PbS, PbSO₄, ZnS, ZnCO₃, Cu₂S and Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃ was dissolved in water, dilute HCl and 0.01 m organic acids (tannin, salicylic acid and citric acid) at 1 atm and 20° C. Duplicate samples of one gram each were placed in 50 ml of solvent with shaking once each day for one month at pH's of 2, 4 and 6. The pH of all the solutions was maintained by periodic addition of either HCl or NaOH. Comparing the results at pH 6, a value observed under surface conditions, the organic acids had a higher metal ion concentration because of their complexing ability. Results at pH 6 in ppm of the metal ions are shown below: For example the Fe concentration dissolved from pyrite in water was 0.02 ppm but 2.3–4.3 in the organic acids. From malachite 0.2 ppm Cu were dissolved by water but 25–1550 ppm by the organic acids. In general Cu minerals seem to be more soluble in organic acids than the Pb, Zn and Fe minerals. The different solution power of the organic acids within the experiments seems not to be caused by the crystallography of the minerals tested. Further there apparently is no preferential complexing of an organic acid with respect to a distinct anion or cation of the minerals. The experiments therefore show, that it is difficult to predict exactly which organic acid is most effective in dissolving minerals. However the experiments should apply to natural weathering conditions of ore minerals and may aid in understanding metal ion transport. For example the origin of the high Cu concentration in the sedimentary “Kupferschiefer” are more easily explained by weathering and transport of Cu in the form of organo-metallic complexes than by reaction with only water. The Cu content in organic acids is much higher than in water and the Cu concentration in the solutions now is not so strongly controlled by the solubility of Cu-cabonates and phosphates.     

A critical comparison of the measured solubilities of ferrous sulphide in natural waters

A critical review of activity coefficients and calculation procedures appropriate to the numerical definition of the solubility of ferrous sulfide is presented. Past difficulties encountered when comparing results from waters of different ionic strengths are discussed and a new operational solubility product, which overcomes some of these problems, is defined. The available data for known anoxic basins are re-calculated and presented in this revised form. Analysis of the data suggests that the residence time in the water body of the particulate ferrous sulfide phase may influence the solubility. In a deep basin, such as the Black Sea, there may be a long residence time which allows the particulate matter to age and become less soluble. Very shallow basins do not allow substantial ageing to occur. It is probable that the anoxic waters of Lake Nitinat and the Cariaco Trench are not saturated with respect to ferrous sulfide. The inadequacy of using filtration for distinguishing soluble and hence ferrous iron is highlighted and polarographic or well defined colorimetric procedures are recommended for future work so that results may be unambiguously interpreted.     

莺歌海盆地高温高压气藏水溶气释放对气水界面的影响

莺歌海盆地X区属于高温高压气藏,水溶气含量大,水溶气释放对气水界面及水侵规律的影响不明.通过PVT物性分析仪,采用复配的天然气和地层水测试了X区不同区块水溶气溶解度变化规律.设计可视化填砂管实验,探索了水溶气释放对气水界面的影响规律.研究表明:水溶气溶解度受温度、压力、地层水矿化度和天然气组分的影响,随压力的增大逐渐增大,随温度的增大先减小后增大,拐点温度为80~90℃,地层温压条件下（145℃,54 MPa）X-1区块水溶气含量为22.5 m3/m3,X-2区块为8.7 m3/m3.可视化填砂管实验研究表明:衰竭开采过程中,水溶气不断释放且携带地层水运移,同时在地层水自身泄压及毛管力作用下,气水界面明显上升.在此基础上,数值模拟气藏衰竭开采表明:水溶气溶解度越大气水界面上升越快,气井见水越早.预测期10 a中,考虑水溶气时,X-1区要早800 d见水,平面上推进快800 m,纵向上推进快7.3 m;X-2要早300 d见水,平面上推进快近500 m,纵向上推进快7.0 m.