Hydrothermal alteration and zeolitization of the Fohberg phonolite,Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex,Germany

The subvolcanic Fohberg phonolite (Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex, Germany) is an economic zeolite deposit, formed by hydrothermal alteration of primary magmatic minerals. It is mined due to the high (>40 wt%) zeolite content, which accounts for the remarkable zeolitic physicochemical properties of the ground rock. New mineralogical and geochemical studies are carried out (a) to evaluate the manifestation of hydrothermal alteration, and (b) to constrain the physical and chemical properties of the fluids, which promoted hydrothermal replacement. The alkaline intrusion is characterized by the primary mineralogy: feldspathoid minerals, K-feldspar, aegirine–augite, wollastonite, and andradite. The rare-earth elements-phase götzenite is formed during the late-stage magmatic crystallization. Fluid-induced re-equilibration of feldspathoid minerals and wollastonite caused breakdown to a set of secondary phases. Feldspathoid minerals are totally replaced by various zeolite species, calcite, and barite. Wollastonite breakdown results in the formation of various zeolites, calcite, pectolite, sepiolite, and quartz. Zeolites are formed during subsolidus hydrothermal alteration (<150 °C) under alkaline conditions. A sequence of Ca–Na-dominated zeolite species (gonnardite, thomsonite, mesolite) is followed by natrolite. The sequence reflects an increase in \(\log [(a_{{{\text{Na}}^{ + } }} )/(a_{{{\text{H}}^{ + } }} )]\) and decrease in \(\log [(a_{{{\text{Ca}}^{2 + } }} )/(a_{{{\text{H}}^{ + } }}^{2} )]\) of the precipitating fluid. Low radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values indicate a local origin of the elements necessary for secondary mineral formation from primary igneous phases. In addition, fractures cut the intrusive body, which contain zeolites, followed by calcite and a variety of other silicates, carbonates, and sulfates as younger generations. Stable isotope analysis of late-fracture calcite indicates very late circulation of meteoric fluids and mobilization of organic matter from surrounding sedimentary units.     

Minerals of the viridine hornfels from Darmstadt,Germany

Viridine containing the highest amounts of Mn₂O₃ detected thus far (up to 20.5 mol % “Mn₂SiO₅”) coexists in a metasedimentary hornfels with spessartine, Mn-phlogopite (mangan-ophyllite), Mn-phengite (alurgite), hematite, quartz and probably some primary braunite. In layers poorer in viridine spessartine is absent but piemontite appears as an additional phase. Microprobe analyses of all these phases are presented which indicate very strong fractionation of Mg and Mn in coexisting phlogopite and garnet, and of Fe and Mn in coexisting hematite and braunite. Sericitic aggregates consisting of phengitic muscovite and braunite are interpreted as retrograde alteration products of viridine, but might partly be pinitic alterations of a former Mg-rich cordierite. Due to the occurrence of the assemblage spessartine-viridine-quartz Mn-cordierite cannot have been a stable phase prior to retrograde alterations. In general the stability field of viridine is extended towards higher temperatures as compared to that of pure andalusite, Al₂SiO₅. Due to the coexistence of phlogopite and muscovite (phengite) the temperature of contact metamorphism cannot have exceeded some 550°–650° C depending on the prevailing water pressure.     

盈江县超上地区橄榄辉石岩脉地球化学特征、岩石成因及其构造环境

盈江县超上地区橄榄辉石岩脉的全岩地球化学特征表明:岩脉具有高Al、低Ti、贫P2O5和低碱的特点,属于低钾拉斑系列。另外具有与橄榄岩平衡的原生岩浆相一致的Mg#值为(70.89~72.18)、略微的Eu正异常(δEu=1.16~1.40),轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对平缓;微量元素蛛网图上岩脉富集大离子亲石元素U、Th、Pb等,强烈亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf、P、Ti等。通过综合分析,认为岩脉岩浆源区为被俯冲板片流体改造过的亏损地幔,由其形成的母岩浆在演化过程中遭受了不同程度的下地壳物质的同化混染作用和有限的结晶分异作用,并可能经历了辉石的堆晶作用。结合区域资料,认为盈江县超上橄榄辉石岩脉形成于岛弧环境,超上地区可能在侏罗纪时期经历了中特提斯洋的俯冲消减。     

混合矿物组合光谱在蚀变矿物填图中的应用—以云南香格里拉地区Hyperion 数据蚀变矿物填图为例勘察新技术的应用

[摘要]由于自然界中矿物的共生组合具有一定的规律性,因此,在地质找矿和蚀变矿物填图中, 蚀变矿物组合和分带往往比单一的蚀变矿物更具有指导和决策意义。根据矿物在岩石、矿石或蚀变带 中的共生和伴生组合规律及工作的地质目标,将某些不易区分且又不必要区分的矿物作为一个矿物组 合进行识别,在混合光谱分解中亦作为一个端元进行计算,是解决矿物混合光谱的另一种有效途径。本 文使用云南香格里拉地区的hyperion 高光谱数据,以提取褐铁矿+绢云母的识别矿物组合作为矿物填图 研究的组合端元矿物目标,对云南高海拔地区的岩石蚀变信息进行了提取和分析,制作了遥感蚀变异常 图,并在图中蚀变提取异常的研究区实地考察并与提取信息作了比较。识别结果表明:研究区山头海拔 高度基本都在4000 m 以上,原始植被较少,岩石露头较多,虽然受各种干扰较大,但提取出了比较满意 的效果,进而可以其它知识的辅助下,可以实现对成矿远景区以及靶区的圈定。     

The Petrology of Moroto Mountain, Eastern Uganda, and the Origin of Nephelinites

Moroto Mountain is one of the Tertiary alkaline volcanoes ofeastern Uganda. Two differentiated series of alkaline undersaturatedrocks occur in the volcano: a nephelinite series which is commonto all the volcanoes of the province, and an alkaline olivinebasalt series which occurs only at Moroto. It is proposed that the nephelinite series derives from theincongruent melting of pargasite. Since pargasite occurs inhydrated ultrabasic rocks, it is also suggested that the twoseries are formed from the partial melting of hydrated peridotite:the nephelinites from the homblendic portions and the alkalineolivine basalts from the less volatile-rich portions. The two series of the Moroto volcano typify the two major associationsof East African alkaline vulcanicity and, spatially, the volcanolies between regions each characterized by one of these twomajor associations. It may be that the volcano lies above azone of transition in the upper mantle between a relativelyanhydrous, volatile-poor portion and a hydrated, volatile-richportion where hornblendites are developed.     

Clay Minerals in Bottom Sediments of the Medvezhii Island Region,Norwegian Sea

Integrated geological and geophysical investigation of bottom sediments in the Medvezhii Island region, southwestern margin of the Barents Sea, has made it possible to characterize sediments of diverse types related to the action of hydrocarbon fluids, hemipelagic sedimentation, slope phenomena, and combined influence of all these factors. Relatively homogeneous (in terms of mechanical composition) sediments are subdivided into several lithogenetic types based on the grain size distribution. Relationships of clay minerals, as well as their morphological and structural peculiarities, are described for each type. It is demonstrated that sediments formed under the substantial influence of hydrocarbon fluid fluxes are characterized by a high (relative to hemipelagic sediments) content of smectites and mixed-layer clay minerals of the illite–smectite series. It is assumed that these minerals are authigenic formations in mud volcanic rocks and diapir material. Based on the comparison of clay minerals contents primary source of the material for redeposited sediments has been reconstructed.     

四川红层区应用地源热泵技术地质适宜性初探

四川红层区是全省人口最为集中、经济较发达的地区之一。随着国家"节能减排"政策的落实,如何在该区运用先进的地源热泵技术、合理开发利用浅层地温能,已成为地质工作者的一项重要研究任务。通过在典型地区开展的地源热泵工程试验入手,着重对红层区的地质、水文地质条件进行论述,并对在该区开展地源热泵的适宜性进行了初步分析。     

Suevite of the ries crater,Germany: Source rocks and implications for cratering mechanics

Suevites are impact breccias with a montmorillonitic matrix that contains shocked and unshocked mineral and rock fragments from the crystalline basement, glass inclusions and a small amount of sedimentary clasts. Data are given of the modal composition of fall-out suevites (deposited at isolated points around the crater) and crater suevite (forming a layer below post-impact lake sediments in the crater cavity). Fall-out suevites contain aerodynamically shaped bombs which are absent in crater suevite. Taking into account not only large glass fragments and bombs, but also the finer fractions, the glass content of fall-out and crater suevites amounts to 47 and 29 vol%, respectively. Crystalline clasts in suevites consist of all igneous and metamorphic rock types that constitute the local basement which consists of an upper layer of igneous rocks (mainly granites) and a lower series of gneisses and amphibolite. Based on a collection of 1 200 clasts from 13 suevite occurrences the average crystalline clast population of suevites was determined. Suevites contain on the average 46 % igneous and 54 % metamorphic clasts. In constrast, weakly shocked and unshocked crystalline ejecta of the Ries structure consist of 82 % igneous and 18 % metamorphic rocks. From 138 analyses of crystalline rock samples average compositions of the major rock types were calculated. Comparison of these averages with the average glass composition leads to the conclusion that suevite glasses were formed by shock melting of gneisses in deeper levels of the basement. Suevite matrices consist in most cases of 80 to 90 % montmorillonite, in special cases of celadonite. Chemical analyses are given of some matrices and montmorillonite formulas calculated. It is supposed that montmorillonite was formed by early hydrothermal alteration of rock flour or fine glass particles. In the latter case the original glass content of suevites was higher than at present. Of all ejecta from the Ries crater only crystalline rocks contained in suevites occur in all stages of shock metamorphism up to complete fusion. The overwhelming majority of the ejecta from the sedimentary sequence (about 580 m) show no indications of shock pressures above 10 GPa. The same holds true for crystalline megablocks and breccias around the crater which consist mainly of granites from upper levels of the basement. We assume that the Ries impact can be approximated by a deep-burst model: The projectile penetrated through the sedimentary cover into the basement in such a way that the highest pressures and temperatures developed within the gneiss complex below the upper, predominately granitic layer and that rocks of the sedimentary sequence experienced weak shock compression. Numerical data are given for such a model of the Ries impact on transient crater geometry and volumes of vaporized, melted, shocked and excavated rocks. Fall-out suevites are supposed to have been lifted from the central zone by an expanding plume of vaporized rocks and deposited as fluidized turbulent masses outside the crater whereas the main mass of crater suevite was not removed from the crater cavity.     

Petrogenesis of Tertiary Continental Intra-plate Lavas from the Westerwald Region, Germany

Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Westerwald region range frombasanites and alkali basalts to trachytes, whereas lavas fromthe margin of the Vogelsberg volcanic field consist of morealkaline basanites and alkali basalts. Heavy rare earth elementfractionation indicates that the primitive Westerwald magmasprobably represent melts of garnet peridotite. The Vogelsbergmelts formed in the spinel–garnet peridotite transitionregion with residual amphibole for some magmas suggesting meltingof relatively cold mantle. Assimilation of lower-crustal rocksand fractional crystallization altered the composition of lavasfrom the Westerwald and Vogelsberg region significantly. Thecontaminating lower crust beneath the Rhenish Massif has a differentisotopic composition from the lower continental crust beneaththe Hessian Depression and Vogelsberg, implying a compositionalboundary between the two crustal domains. The mantle sourceof the lavas from the Rhenish Massif has higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pband ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr than the mantle source beneath the Vogelsbergand Hessian Depression. The 30–20 Ma volcanism of theWesterwald apparently had the same mantle source as the QuaternaryEifel lavas, suggesting that the magmas probably formed in apulsing mantle plume with a maximum excess temperature of 100°Cbeneath the Rhenish Massif. The relatively shallow melting ofamphibole-bearing peridotite beneath the Vogelsberg and HessianDepression may indicate an origin from a metasomatized portionof the thermal boundary layer. KEY WORDS: continental rift volcanism; basanites; trachytes; assimilation; fractional crystallization; partial melting     

江苏栖霞山矿床铜的来源探讨

江苏栖霞山铅锌银多金属矿床是目前华东地区规模最大的铅锌银多金属矿床,位于长江下游沿江断褶带的宁镇断褶束西端,走向长约8 km,面积约25 km2。矿区自西向东包括西库、甘家巷、北象山、虎爪山、平山头、三茅宫等六个矿段,目前正处于开采阶段的为虎爪山矿段。矿体主要沿纵向断裂带（F2）、不整合面、北西向横断裂、层间错动和层间裂隙、古岩溶构造等呈似层状和不规则状（囊状、脉状和层状）分布。赋矿地层为上泥盆统至下二叠统,其中石炭系黄龙组（C2h）碳酸盐岩地层为最主要的赋矿层位。其矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铁矿,次为菱锰矿、黄铜矿、磁铁矿等。自实施危机矿山接替资源找矿和老矿山找矿工作以来,矿山找矿效果明显,新增资源量达到中型以上规模,除主攻矿种铅锌矿以外,新发现矿体伴生的有益组分Au、Ag和Cu含量较高,伴生Cu金属量达到1.53万吨,且向深部有明显升高的趋势。在找矿勘查布设的42勘探线和46勘探线可独立圈出1层Au矿体、2层Cu-Ag矿体、3层Ag矿体和1层Cu矿体,Au品位普遍在0.2 g以上,Ag品位多大于10 g/t,Cu品位多大于0.2%。因此,矿区深部具有寻找铜、金、银的前景。本文通过搜集前人研究的基础资料和矿区钻孔取样分析数据,对铜的来源作初步的分析,试图厘清栖霞山矿床铜的物质来源,对于指导深部Cu等伴生有益组分的进一步找矿提供一些科学的依据。     

新疆麻扎尔塔格地区铁富集型高镁岩浆的源区

麻扎尔塔格地区位于塔里木板块西缘 ,巴楚县东部。该区有密集的二叠纪脉岩群产出 ,侵入于志留系、泥盆系、石炭系和下二叠统 ,主要岩石类型是辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩、暗色橄榄辉长岩、煌斑岩等。其中 ,暗色橄榄辉长岩的 Fe2 O3 Fe O=14 .4 0 %～ 16 .88% ,Mg O=17.2 1%～ 18.5 9% ,属铁富集型高镁岩浆岩。它们的 Mg#=6 7～ 6 8,Fe Ot/Mg O <1,Ni=4 6 9× 10 - 6 ～ 6 35× 10 - 6 ,大体上代表了原生岩浆。而辉绿玢岩和辉绿岩的 Mg#、Fe Ot/Mg O和 Ni丰度则证明它们属适度演化的岩浆。岩相学与岩石化学证明 ,橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用是岩浆演化的主要机制。各种脉岩均具有板内拉张环境下玄武岩的稀土元素和微量元素地球化学特征。这些岩石具有相同的 Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成 ,1 43Nd/1 44 Nd=0 .5 12 5 0 8～ 0 .5 12 786 ,87Sr/86 Sr=0 .70 4 2 4 6～ 0 .70 6 4 4 4 ,2 0 6 Pb/2 0 4 Pb=18.17～ 19.2 4 ,2 0 7Pb/2 0 4 Pb=15 .4 7～ 15 .71,2 0 8Pb/2 0 4 Pb=38.6 3～ 39.32。由此证明 ,这些脉岩具有原始地幔的 Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成 ,它们的岩浆源区应该位于下地幔。     

Cenozoic Mineralization in China, as a Key to Past Mineralization and a Clue to Future Prospecting

Many Cenozoic metal deposits have been found during the past decade. Among them, the Fuwan Ag deposit in Guangdong is the largest Ag deposit in China. Besides, the largest Cu deposit of China in Yulong, Tibet, the largest Pb-Zn deposit of China in Jinding, Yunnan, and the largest Au deposit of China in Jinguashi,Taiwan, were also formed in the Cenozoic. Why so many important "present" deposits formed during such a short period of geological history is the key problem. The major reason is that different tectonic settings control different kinds of magmatic activity and mineralization at the same time. In southwestern China, porphyry-type Cu deposits such as Yulong were formed during the early stage of the Himalayan orogeny, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits such as Jinding were formed within intermontane basins related to deep faults, and carbonatite-related deposits such as the Maoniuping REE deposit and alkalic magmatic rock-related deposits such as the Beiya Au deposit originated from the mantle source.     

"深部地质作用及战略性关键矿产"专辑特邀主编寄语 ——深部过程与地表响应

"向地球深部进军是我们必须解决的战略科学问题"是习近平总书记提出的重要论断,也是国家对地学工作者提出的新要求.深部地质作用地球行星作为载体在太阳恒星系统及其更大尺度空间综合作用的结果.从短周期的月球-地球作用的潮汐,到地球-太阳作用的四季更替,再到较大尺度的冰期-间冰期更替,乃至更大周期,无一不影响到地球自身,诸如膨胀-收缩,海平面升降,活火山爆发与宁静,成灾-成矿/成藏,生存环境的毁灭与再造,深刻地影响着我们地球家园的生态环境.战略性关键矿产多受控于深部地质作用.金刚石产在金伯利岩-钾镁煌斑岩-橄榄玄武岩中,新能源矿产铀矿产于深源断裂控制的火山岩或砂岩中,锂-铷-铯和铌-钽-锆-铪等稀有金属多产于深源流体控制的伟晶岩中,金、银、铂族元素、钴、铼等稀贵金属多受控于深源流体,稀土元素多产于深源的碳酸岩-碱性杂岩中.这些矿产大多数对于新兴产业是必不可少的原料.同时,深部地质作用及其浅部产物是人类认识地核-地幔物质组成的窗口.战略性关键矿产历史性地将深部地质作用研究的重任交给地学工作者.近年来,多家科研单位、高等院校和地勘单位对深部地质作用及相关的战略性关键矿产开展了地质调查和科学研究,在金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、玄武岩等深部地质作用和金刚石、贵金属、铀矿、稀土稀有稀散矿产等成矿作用等方面取得了一系列新进展.为了更好地推动深部地质作用和战略性关键矿产相关的学术研究和应用转化应用,服务国家需求,《地球学报》组织了"深部地质作用及战略性关键矿产"专辑,服务于深部探测和战略性关键矿产(金刚石、铀矿、稀土-稀有-稀散-稀贵金属)相关研究和勘查工作的专家、学者.     

长江源区冰川对气候变化的响应

长江源区是青藏高原冰川分布集中的地区之一,冰川总面积达1276.02km².研究表明,该区属于青藏高原升温幅度最大的地区之一,到2050年气温将比1961—1990年平均气温高出2.3~2.7℃,降水增加1%~33%.基于冰川编目资料,采用有关对长江源区未来50a内的气温和降水预测数据,应用冰川系统对气候响应的模型,对该区未来50a内冰川变化趋势进行预测.结果表明:到2010年、2030年、2050年该区冰川面积平均将减少3.2%、6.9%和11.6%;冰川径流平均将增加20.4%、26%和28.5%;零平衡线上升值为14m、30m和50m左右.最后,针对气候变化的不确定性,对预测结果的不确定性进行了探讨.     

The Petrology of the Tholeiites through Melilite Nephelinites on Gran Canaria, Canary Islands: Crystal Fractionation, Accumulation, and Depths of Melting

We report major and trace element X-ray fluorescence (XRF) datafor mafic volcanics covering the 15-Ma evolution of Gran Canaria,Canary Islands. The Miocene (12–15 Ma) and Pliocene-Quaternary(0–6 Ma) mafic volcanics on Gran Canaria include picrites,tholeiites, alkali basalts, basanites, nephelinites, and melilitenephelinites. Olivineclinopyroxene are the major fractionatingor accumulating phases in the basalts. Plagioclase, Fe–Tioxide, and apatite fractionation or accumulation may play aminor role in the derivation of the most evolved mafic volcanics.The crystallization of clinopyroxene after olivine and the absenceof phenocrystic plagioclase in the Miocene tholeiites and inthe Pliocene and Quaternary alkali basalts and basanites withMgO>6 suggests that fractionation occurred at moderate pressure,probably within the upper mantle. The presence of plagioclasephenocrysts and chemical evidence for plagioclase fractionationin the Miocene basalts with MgO<6 and in the Pliocene tholeiitesis consistent with cooling and fractionation at shallow depth,probably during storage in lower-crustal reservoirs. Magma generationat pressures in excess of 3•0–3•5 GPa is suggestedby (a) the inferred presence of residual garnet and phlogopiteand (b) comparison of FeO¹ cation mole percentages and the CIPWnormative compositions of the mafic volcanics with results fromhigh-pressure melting experiments. The Gran Canaria mafic magmaswere probably formed by decompression melting in an upwellingcolumn of asthenospheric material, which encountered a mechanicalboundary layer at {small tilde}100-km depth.     

Introduction to the Study of Minerals

(1)共矿物性质部(“Part I”)之形态一章内着重於对稱方向,创设APn,CAn等符号,以直线投影法求定晶带符号,明释晶带式样与晶系之关系,偏重于直射投影及球体赤道平面投影并晶体之书法,皆可为此书之优点。惟球顶平面投影图,各种晶面之数学关系——即面角,轴角,轴率之计算法——皆付阙如。此诸事,固较难,然为诱导学者计,何妨少举数例,以示其梗概。     

The Subsolidus History of the Artfj?llet Gabbro: a TEM Study of Olivine, Augite and Orthopyroxene

A transmission electron microscope study of the microstructuresof olivine, augite and ortho-pyroxene in the Artfj?llet gabbroshows that the gabbro has been affected by two phases of deformation,exsolution and alteration. During the first phase, deformationand annealing of olivine led to the formation of elongated subgrains,with (100) subgrain boundaries consisting of regularly spacededge dislocations with [100] Burgers vectors. Localized strongerdeformation resulted in the development of mosaic subgrainswith (100) and (001) boundaries. Exsolution produced blebs and(100) lamellae of orthopyroxene in augite. Two types of blebsoccur, referred to as symplectitic augite and blebby augite.Symplectitic augite formed through discontinuous precipitation.The blebs in blebby augite are considered to have nucleatedat subgrain boundaries or dislocations in the augite. Blebs,melon pips and (100) lamellae of augite formed in orthopyroxene.These blebs and melon pips are thought to be due to nucleationat dislocations or to thickening of (100) lamellae at dislocations.Brown hornblende formed as blebs in augite and to a lesser extentorthopyroxene. This first event took place while the gabbrowas at a temperature of c. 900-1000 ?C and is thought to berelated to D_2b, a regional flattening and thrusting event. Renewed exsolution in the pyroxenes occurred later, probablybefore the second subsolidus phase, -but its timing is poorlyconstrained. "100" lamellae of low-Ca clinopyroxene formed inaugite at an estimated temperature of c. 600 ?C. Thin (100)lamellae and Guinier-Preston zones were developed in orthopyroxene. During the second phase, deformation resulted mainly in cracks,along which hydrous fluids entered the gabbro, causing a variabledegree of metamorphism at a temperature of c. 500-550 ?C. Inolivine irregular dislocations of mixed edge-screw characterformed. Cr-spinel with an unknown phase, or magnetite with diopsideprecipitated in the olivine. Oxide minerals formed in the pyroxenesand brown hornblende: Cr-spinel in Cr-rich augite; rutile andilmenite in other augite, orthopyroxene and brown hornblende.The formation of these oxide minerals is thought to be due toexsolution of cations such as Ti and Cr, which these mineralsdo not tolerate in their structures at low temperatures, combinedwith oxidation in the case of magnetite in olivine. Alterationresulted in thin amphibole lamellae parallel to (010) in augite.This second subsolidus phase is correlated with the D₃ regionaldeformation phase and the concomitant retrograde metamorphism.     

Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi-S Minerals Newly Discovered from the Ohori Base Metal Deposit, Yamagata Prefecture, NE Japan: Implications for Bi-metallogenesis in the Green-Tuff Region

The Ohori deposit, one of the base metal deposits in the Green-Tuff region, NE Japan, is composed of two types of mineralization; a skarn-type (Kaninomata orebody) made by the replacement of the Miocene calcareous layer, and a vein-type (Nakanomata orebody). While the ore mineral assemblage of the deposit (chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena) has been known for being rather simple, some Pb-Bi-S minerals have been discovered for the first time in the present study. The minerals mainly occur in the chalcopyrite-rich ores of both orebodies. They essentially belong to the Pb-Bi-S system and contain Cu and Ag in minor amounts, which correspond to the lillianite–gustavite solid solution series (phases Z and X), cosalite, neyite, felbertalite, krupkaite and Bi-bearing galena. The chalcopyrite-rich (Bi-bearing) ores from both orebodies are richer in chalcopyrite, pyrite and chlorite, and have higher homogenization temperatures (>300°C) of fluid inclusions, and higher FeS contents in sphalerite compared to the Bi-free ores. In the Green-Tuff region, Bi-minerals have been reported from many base metal deposits. Most of these Bi-bearing ore deposits are referred to as xenothermal-type deposits, and are characterized by the following common features; composite mineralization of high- and low-temperatures in the shallower environments, and close relationships with the Tertiary granitic rocks. The whole mineralization at the Ohori deposit also has a similar xenothermal character because of the coexistence of high-temperature chalcopyrite-rich ores with Pb-Bi-S minerals, which were formed by the influence of the Tertiary granitic rocks at a shallow depth.     

Olivine Tholeiites from Krafla, Iceland: Evidence for Variations in Melt Fraction within a Plume

Olivine tholeiites (8–10 wt. % MgO) from Krafla show significantcorrelations between major elements (notably Fe) and incompatibletrace elements. In particular, the samples with the highestFe contents are the most enriched in elements such as K, Ti,and light rare earth elements (LREE_s). The observed trends cannotbe explained by fractional crystallization of olivine, plagioclase,or clinopyrox-ene from a single primary magma, nor are theylikely to result from crustal contamination. The simplest explanationfor the compositional variations is that they result from imperfectmixing of primary melts, produced at different levels in theupwelling asthenosphere, which later underwent olivine fractionation.Nd and Sr isotopic data hint at the possibility that some mixingbetween two (plume and non-plume) mantle sources may also berequired. The average olivine tholeiite composition is comparedwith the average compositions of melts, predicted from parameterizationsof melting experiments, produced from mantle with differentpotential temperatures. The predicted compositions were correctedfor fractional crystallization before the comparison was made.The data compare well with the predicted average compositionof melt from mantle with a potential temperature of {small tilde}1580C. Differences between the observed and predicted compositions(notably higher Fe and lower Na in the Krafla basalts) are ascribedeither to errors related to the modelling or to the effect oftemperature- and velocity-structure of the mantle plume beneathIceland. The average REE composition of the olivine tholeiiteswas then inverted to obtain the variation of melt fraction withdepth. The predicted melt fraction rises from 00 at a depthof {small tilde} 140 km (consistent with a potential temperatureclose to 1580 C) to a maximum value of {small tilde} 03 atthe surface. The predicted melt thickness ({small tilde}22 kmwhen corrected for fractional crystallization) is consistentwith geophysical estimates of crustal thickness.     

Olivine in the Udachnaya-East Kimberlite (Yakutia, Russia): Types, Compositions and Origins

Olivine is the principal mineral of kimberlite magmas, and isthe main contributor to the ultramafic composition of kimberliterocks. Olivine is partly or completely altered in common kimberlites,and thus unavailable for studies of the origin and evolutionof kimberlite magmas. The masking effects of alteration, commonin kimberlites worldwide, are overcome in this study of theexceptionally fresh diamondiferous kimberlites of the Udachnaya-Eastpipe from the Daldyn–Alakit province, Yakutia, northernSiberia. These serpentine-free kimberlites contain large amountsof olivine (50 vol.%) in a chloride–carbonate groundmass.Olivine is represented by two populations (olivine-I and groundmassolivine-II) differing in morphology, colour and grain size,and trapped mineral and melt inclusions. The large fragmentalolivine-I is compositionally variable in terms of major (Fo_85–94)and trace element concentrations, including H₂O content (10–136ppm). Multiple sources of olivine-I, such as convecting andlithospheric mantle, are suggested. The groundmass olivine-IIis recognized by smaller grain sizes and perfect crystallographicshapes that indicate crystallization during magma ascent andemplacement. However, a simple crystallization history for olivine-IIis complicated by complex zoning in terms of Fo values and traceelement contents. The cores of olivine-II are compositionallysimilar to olivine-I, which suggests a genetic link betweenthese two types of olivine. Olivine-I and olivine-II have oxygenisotope values (+ 5·6 ± 0·1 VSMOW, 1 SD)that are indistinguishable from one another, but higher thanvalues (+ 5·18 ± 0·28) in ‘typical’mantle olivine. These elevated values probably reflect equilibriumwith the Udachnaya carbonate melt at low temperatures and ¹⁸O-enrichedmantle source. The volumetrically significant rims of olivine-IIhave constant Fo values (89·0 ± 0·2 mol%),but variable trace element compositions. The uniform Fo compositionsof the rims imply an absence of fractionation of the melt'sFe²⁺/Mg, which is possible in the carbonatite melt–olivinesystem. The kimberlite melt is argued to have originated inthe mantle as a chloride–carbonate liquid, devoid of ‘ultramafic’or ‘basaltic’ aluminosilicate components, but becameolivine-laden and olivine-saturated by scavenging olivine crystalsfrom the pathway rocks and dissolving them en route to the surface.During emplacement the kimberlite magma changed progressivelytowards an original alkali-rich chloride–carbonate meltby extensively crystallizing groundmass olivine and gravitationalseparation of solids in the pipe. KEY WORDS: kimberlite; olivine; partial melting; carbonatitic melt; oxygen isotopes; H₂O