基于GIS的广西北海海岸带地质环境监测数据管理与服务系统的设计与实现

针对近年来广西北海市海岸带出现的地质环境问题，基于GIS技术在空间数据管理和综合分析方面的优势，开发设计了海岸带地质环境监测数据管理与服务系统。实现了北海市海岸带侵蚀淤积数据、海水入侵数据及生态地球化学数据的在线监测、综合管理和动态模拟。该系统在北海市取得了良好的应用，为北海市海岸带地质环境问题的治理提供了有效决策支持，为其他海岸带地质环境数据管理系统提供了参考。     

沿海城市海水入侵问题研究

近年来，沿海城市的海水入侵问题逐渐成为人们关心的焦点之一。文章通过资料搜集与整理，对沿海城市的海水入侵状况作了全面描述与分析。系统地总结了海水入侵的若干特点及海水入侵的成因分析与规律，较为详细的分析了海水入侵的基本事实、基本矛盾和各发展阶段的发展原因，在此基础上总结了海水入侵的基本理论。为进一步的研究打下良好的基础。     

大连市海水入侵灾害危险性评价

依据海水入侵的成因及影响因素,选取一定的自然和人为因子作为评价指标,在GIS技术的支持下,以千米网格为评价单元,基于海水入侵危险性指数SIHI的计算,主要对大连市海水入侵灾害危险性及空间分异特征进行综合评价。结果表明,大连市SIHI≥0.4、具有海水入侵灾害危险性的区域总面积为1437.16km2,占大连市总面积的10.0%。其中,海水入侵灾害高危险区、危险性较大区和危险性较小区面积比例分别为64.4%、14.8%和20.8%。大连市海水入侵灾害高危险区基本呈带状分布在渤海岸的金州湾和普兰店湾一带,在甘井子—金州沿海地带贯通黄渤海岸,在长兴岛也有一定面积分布。     

莱州湾南岸海水入侵类型及其分区

渤海莱州湾南岸，是我国海水入侵灾害最严重的岸段。依据入侵物源可将广义海水入侵划分为两种基本类型：来源于现代海水的狭义海水入侵和物源于浅层第四纪沉积层中古海水（包括一般地下咸水及地下卤水）的地下咸水入侵。它们的成因、机理和危害差异明显；地下卤水入侵是一种特殊类型，造灾程度最高。海岸地貌和第四纪水文地质环境，是控制海水入侵类型区划的主导因素。莱州湾南岸不同岸段海岸环境差异，形成了海水入侵区、地下咸水入侵区和海、咸水混合入侵区３种类型区，可具体区划为：莱州市北部海岸海水入侵区，胶莱河－沙河河口平源海、咸水混合入侵区，昌邑北部潍河河口平原海、咸水混合入侵区，寿光北部平原地下咸水入侵区等４个区。类型区划分将有助于海水入侵灾害防治工程。     

基于GIS的海水入侵可视化系统的设计与开发--以秦皇岛选定地区为例

秦皇岛地区由于海水入侵引起了区域环境的严重破坏。文章提出了建立基于G IS的海水入侵过程可视化系统,通过调用M ATLAB实现数学模型的数值解及其在G IS平台上的显示,实现了地下水位二维等值线、三维等势面以及标示性离子浓度场的动态显示,为海水入侵的研究提供了新方法、新思路。     

莱州湾南岸海水入侵类型及其分区

渤海莱州湾南岸，是我国海水入侵灾害最严重的岸段。依据入侵物源可将广义海水侵划分为两种基本类型：来源于现代海水的狭义海水入侵和物源于浅层第四沉积层中古海水的地下咸水入侵，它们的成因，机理和危害差异明显；地下卤水入侵是一种特殊类型，造灾程度最高。海岸地貌和第四纪水文地质环境，是控制海水入侵类型区划的主导因素。莱州湾南岸不同岸段海岸环境差异，形成了海水入侵区，地下咸水入侵区和海、咸水混合入侵区３种类型区     

大连市长兴岛临港工业区生态脆弱性现状分析

基于GIS技术的支持,以公里网格为评价单元,采用土壤流失USLE方程和海水入侵灾害危险性评价的数学模型,从土壤侵蚀强度和海水入侵危险性角度来分析大连市长兴岛临港工业区生态脆弱性现状。结果表明:研究区86.28%的土地面积发生土壤侵蚀,侵蚀级别属微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,平均土壤侵蚀模数为355.96t/(km2.a);114.84km2的区域面积发生海水入侵,占总面积的32.86%,其中海水入侵高度危险区占60.13%,主要分布在长兴岛中部地区。     

莱州湾地区海水入侵与地貌的关系

于１９９３－１９９５年，通过野外实地考察，以及应用卫星影像解译，水文地质及第四纪地质钻孔资料分析等多种方法，综合研究莱州湾沿岸地区海水入侵与地貌关系，研究表明，莱州湾南岸与东岸地貌条件不同，海水入侵类型不同，南岸以古海水即咸（卤）水入侵主。东岸以现代海水入侵为主；海岸地貌以及滨海平原区古河道，古湖沼洼地地影响海水入侵的重要地貌因素，古河道带上；海水以层状入侵和越流入侵为主，平原洼地中，海水以垂向和     

辽宁沿海地区海水入侵现状及减灾对策

本文介绍了宁的大连，锦州沿海地区海水入侵日趋严重，令人担忧。阐述了海水入侵形成原因，特点、入侵范围及规模，危害。并提出减灾对策和建议。     

海水入侵基本理论研究进展（一）

海水入侵已严重地威胁到沿海国家和地区的社会经济发展，加强海水入侵理论的研究刻不容缓，我国拥有狭长的海岸带。海水入侵也成为沿海地区的威胁之一。特别是在山东省的莱州湾地区，已造成了一定的损失。从3个阶段即静力学研究阶段、渗流阶段、动力学研究阶段探讨了海水入侵理论的研究状况。在对研究现状进行分析的基础上，对海水入侵理论的研究进行了展望，认为过渡带模型研究是今后研究的重点，实际工作中应侧重于边界条件的研究和参数的计算以及选取，此外还要注重预报模型的研究。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.