鱼类的耳石信息分析及生活史重建——理论、方法与应用

耳石(Otolith)是硬骨鱼类(Teleosts)在生长过程中沉积在内耳中的结石,主要矿物成分是CaCO3,起声音接收和平衡定向作用。其内部轮纹(日轮Daily ring或年轮Annulring)像在其他海洋动物特定钙化组织(如瓣鳃类外壳、珊瑚骨骼、多毛类颌骨、乌贼内壳、哺乳动物牙齿)中的轮纹一样随鱼     

盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响

盐度对鱼类生态生理学作用的直接效应是引起鱼体对渗透压的调节，间接影响则表现为对鱼体与环境间物质交换与能量流动的影响(De Silva et al.，1976)。自上世纪50年代末开始，盐度一直是鱼类生理学和实验生物学的重要指标。为此，众多专家就广盐性洄游种类鲑鱼生长与盐度的关系(Ott，1971; Shaw et al.，1975; Macleod，1977; Brett，1979; Mckay et al.，1985; Mccormick et al.，1989; Morgan et al.，1991) 、耐低盐洄游性种类对海洋环境的适应(Peters et al.，1972; Hettler, 1976; Gut，1985; Malloy et al.，1991)，以及狭盐性种类在变化盐度水域中生长率与死亡率等方面进行了大量的研究。已有的研究结果显示，盐度对鱼类生长的影响效果不尽一致，甚至发生冲突(Brett, 1979)，但有关盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响还未见综合比较分析报道。作者就盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响在前人的基础上作了进一步分析研究，为今后开展这方面的工作提供了科学依据。     

西北太平洋柔鱼角质颚微结构及其生长纹周期性研究

本文分析了采集于北太平洋海域的35尾柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)角质颚的微结构,并对其生长纹的周期性进行了验证。研究结果显示:上颚喙部截面由头盖和脊突两部分组成,周期性的生长带明显,每条生长带由明、暗相间的两条生长纹组成。头盖部的生长纹明显比脊突部的清晰,两者交汇于内轴成""形。喙部顶端以及后端常有明显的标记轮,其形成与个体发育期的特殊事件以及外界的突发事件有关。角质颚生长纹数目与耳石日龄相当(P0.05),证明柔鱼角质颚生长纹的沉积为"一日一纹"。根据角质颚生长纹估算柔鱼的生命周期小于1年,样本胴长、体重和角质颚喙长与日龄呈显著的逻辑斯蒂关系。研究结果不仅为柔鱼类年龄鉴定和生长估算提供新方法,而且为我国头足类学者开展相关研究提供重要基础。     

带鱼不同出生季节的鉴别

在带鱼Trichiurus haumela(Porsk(?)l)的年龄鉴定中,关于耳石第一个年轮问题,国内外尚存在着争论。三栖宽(1958)认为:带鱼出生后18个月耳石形成第一个轮纹,并推测在观察到的第一个轮纹前还存在一个理论轮,在计数年龄时还应加1岁。近年的研     

大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)耳石的轮纹形成周期及其年龄鉴定问题

为了满足渔业经济不断增长的需要,就必须对鱼类,特别是重要经济种类的生活习性进行系统的深入研究。因此,确定鱼类年龄鉴定的方法,从而依据年龄的鉴定,按不同生命阶段来研究鱼类的生活规律,就成为最基本的问题了。 关于大黄鱼的年龄鉴定问题,尚未见有专门进行研究的报导。在支献记载上,福建水产研究所和广东水产研究所曾先后用耳石和鳞片估计大黄鱼的年龄,但并未对年龄鉴定的依据与方法进行分析。Irie 则对黄花鱼属的耳石轮纹形成周期问题进行了一些观察。 为了探讨大黄鱼年龄鉴定的确切方法,自1958年秋季起,我们展开了这方面的工作,系统地逐月搜集了大黄鱼耳石、鳞片、脊椎骨等项可能供作鉴别年龄的材料。观察结果以耳石上显示的轮纹最为清晰而有规律,因此,我们选用耳石作为鉴定大黄鱼年龄的研究对象。本文着重以浙江舟山及其邻近海区的材料为主,对大黄鱼耳石轮纹形成周期、轮纹性状以及鉴别年轮的主要标志等加以分析与讨论。此外,对于春、秋宗幼鱼第一个年轮的形成时期与鉴定方法也进行了探讨。 在我们所研究的材料中,1957年5月份的部分耳石是浙江温州水产局供给的;1960年5-7月份的部分幼鱼耳石是浙江省渔业资源调查委员会所借给;未观察耳石年龄的幼鱼长度组成的季节变化资料则是沙学绅和杨纪明同志供给的。中国科学院地质古生物研究所曾协助我们设计了耳石磨片机,均此志谢。 除作者等外,全部耳石磨片工作是滕文法同志担任的,黄颂芳同志参加了资料的统计,林汝范同志协助了资料的搜集工作。 本文承张孝威教授热情指导,作者谨致谢忱。     

梭鱼仔鱼耳石日轮形成及自然种群日龄的鉴定

梭鱼实验种群样本,系于1987年5月,从山东大沽河口搜集的亲鱼经人工授精后孵出的仔鱼在实验室培育取得;自然种群样本,于同年同地区采集。对于实验种群耳石生长轮形成的周期性进行了研究。结果表明,实验种群培育天数(D)与耳石生长轮数(N)之间的关系以回归式N=D-1.89表达之;根据实验种群耳石轮纹形成的周期性规律,鉴定了自然种群的日龄,表明二者具相似的周期性规律;协方差分析表明,梭鱼早期阶段的生长,自然种群比实验种群快。     

渤海南部海域柱状沉积物中磷与硅的形态特征

磷与硅作为重要的生源要素，其生物地球化学循环直接与海洋资源的可持续利用及全球变化密切相关。大量的研究表明，隣、硅等生源要素某一项的缺乏，都可限制该海域生物的繁殖生长，而成为生物生长繁殖的限制性因素(宋金明，1997; Conley et al., 1992; Riebesell et al.，1993; Thompson et al.，1996)；而某一生源要素的大量过剩，又可引起严重的富营养化，赤潮就是其典型的结果之一(齐雨藻等，1994; Eigenher et al.，1996)。所以研究海洋环境中磷、硅等生源要素的来源、转化和循环规律具有重意义。     

冲绳海槽末次冰期以来千年尺度古海洋演化的沉积记录

格陵兰冰芯的δ18O记录表明，末次冰期的气候发生了一系列快速的冷暖交替过程，即所谓的Dansgaard-Oeschgerk旋回(Dansgaard et al.,1995；Stuiver et al.,1995；Grootes et al.,1997)。在北大西洋区域，海洋的沉积记录也清楚地再现了在总的冰期背景下代表强烈冰川漂移事件的6次变冷事件,即所谓的Heinrich事件(Bond et al.,1992，1993；Rasmussen et al.,1997；Andrews,1998)。通过对比发现Dansgaand-Oeschger旋回和Heinrich事件并非两个孤立的气候演变过程,Heinrich事件(H)发生在Dansgaard Oeshger旋回的最冷期，几次大的Heinrich事件使格陵兰的大气温度在冰期的气候条件下又降低3-6℃(Mayewski et al.，1997)。随后，越来越多的研究成果表明，这些气候事件的发生，尤其冷事件并不仅限于格陵兰和北大西洋等北半球的高纬度地区，几乎在全球各大区域均找到了它们的印记。 冲绳海槽作为西太平洋的一个弧后盆地，其较高的沉积速率和对全球气候变化的“放大效应”，为我们识别过去地质历史时期气候演化事件并进行全球对比提供了可靠的保证。本文作者对取自冲绳海槽北部的CSH1孔的孢粉组合和中部DGKS9603孔的浮游有孔虫动物群进行了分析，以期获得有关北半球高纬度地区记录的末次冰期气候突变事件具有全球意义的新证据。     

青岛近海欧氏六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii J & S)年龄和生长的研究

利用耳石作为欧氏六线鱼年龄鉴定材料,结果表明耳石上的轮纹每年形成一次,即年轮。主要形成期是10月至翌年2月。提出耳石径与体长的关系式、体长和体重的关系式。指出相对增长率和生长指标反映了生长各阶段的特点。并给出生长参数。     

三苯基氯化锡对等鞭金藻生理功能的影响

有机锡化合物是迄今为止人为引入海洋环境中的毒性最大的物质之一。自本世纪60年代开始有机锡被大量用作海洋防污涂料的活性成分,它的广泛使用给世界各国沿海地区带来了一系列的生态灾难(周名江等,1994)。国外关于有机锡对海洋动物的毒性影响已有大量的报道( Bryan & Gibbs,1986; Wade et al,1988; Axiak et al,1995),而有机锡对海洋浮游植物的毒性研究则相对较少,主要集中于有机锡对藻类生长、初级生产力(Callow & Evans,1981; Wong et al,1983)等方面的影响。本文以等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为实验生物,系统研究了有机锡对等鞭金藻生长、光合、呼吸、细胞色素含量以及细胞C,N,P含量的影响,为评价有机锡对海洋浮游植物的毒性效应提供了基础资料。     

Validation of growth zone deposition rate in otoliths and scales of flathead mullet Mugil cephalus and freshwater mullet Myxus capensis from fish of known age

Flathead mullet Mugil cephalus and freshwater mullet Myxus capensis are important components in South African estuarine fish communities and fisheries, but there is little information on their age and growth or age validation. This study validated the periodicity of growth zone formation in sectioned sagittal otoliths and scales of fish of known age that had been at liberty for 10 years. For both M. cephalus and M. capensis, the number of growth zones counted on otolith sections did not differ significantly from the known age of the fish. There were significantly fewer growth zones on scales than the known age of both M. cephalus and M. capensis. Growth zone deposition rate could therefore be validated as annual for otoliths but not for scales of the two species. It is recommended that future ageing studies focus on otoliths rather than scales.     

Environmental risk assessment of alkylphenols from offshore produced water on fish reproduction

Concern has been raised over whether environmental release of alkylphenols (AP) in produced water (PW) discharges from the offshore oil industry could impose a risk to the reproduction of fish stocks in the North Sea. An environmental risk assessment (ERA) was performed to determine if environmental exposure to PW APs in North Sea fish populations is likely to be high enough to give effects on reproduction endpoints. The DREAM (Dose related Risk and Effect Assessment Model) software was used in the study and the inputs to the ERA model included PW discharge data, fate information of PW plumes, fish distribution information, as well as uptake and elimination information of PW APs. Toxicodynamic data from effect studies with Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to APs were used to establish a conservative environmental risk threshold value for AP concentration in seawater. By using the DREAM software to 1) identify the areas of highest potential risk and 2) integrate fish movement and uptake/elimination rates of APs for the chosen areas we found that the environmental exposure of fish to APs from PW is most likely too low to affect reproduction in wild populations of fish in the North Sea. The implications related to risk management of offshore PW and uncertainties in the risk assessment performed are discussed.     

海州湾秋季鱼类β多样性组分分析及其与环境因子的关系

由于过度捕捞等人类活动的胁迫,近年来海州湾渔业资源严重衰退.为了解海州湾鱼类β多样性的变化特征及其影响因素,本研究根据2013?2017年秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,采用S?renson相异性指数等方法计算了调查站位间以及海州湾海域整体的鱼类β多样性,并将β多样性分解为周转和嵌套两个组分,分析...     

Climate variability and its effects on major fisheries in Korea

Understanding in climate effects on marine ecosystem is essential to utilize, predict, and conserve marine living resources in the 21s t century. In this review paper, we summariz ed t h e past history and current status of Korean fisheries as well as the changes in climate and oceanographic phenomena since the 1960s. Ocean ecosystems in Korean waters can be divided into three, based on the marine commercial fish catches; the demersal ecosystem in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, the pelagic ecosystem in the Tsushima Warm Current from the East China Sea to the East/Japan Sea, and the demersal ecosystem in the northern part of the East/Japan Sea. Through the interdisciplinary retrospective analysis using available fisheries, oceanographic, and meteorological information in three important fish communities, the trend patterns in major commercial catches and the relationship between climate/ environmental variability and responses of fish populations were identified. Much evidence revealed that marine ecosystems, including the fish community in Korean waters, has been seriously affected by oceanographic changes, and each species has responded differently. In general, species diversity is lessening, and mean trophic level of each ecosystem has decreased during the last 3~4 decades. Future changes in fisheries due to global warming are also considered for major fisheries and aquaculture in Korean waters.     

International workshop on advancing methods to overcome challenges associated with life history and stock assessments of data-poor deep-water snappers and groupers

Most fisheries for deep-water snappers, groupers and other demersal fishes in many countries and territories throughout the Indo-Pacific are data-poor and/or resource-poor. Current and emerging methods for obtaining important information on life history, ecological assessments, and stock assessments for these deep-water species were discussed at an international workshop in Perth, Western Australia in July 2016. The key issues raised included: (i) the ongoing need to adopt nascent methods for otolith sectioning and interpretation; (ii) the need for standardised international ageing protocols to be documented; (iii) the benefits of investigating otolith chronologies both for age validation and the influence of climate variability on fish populations; (iv) a need to investigate the ecological niches and requirements for deep-water fishes; (v) improved understanding of genetic stock structure/connectivity, diet and gene flow across a range of spatial scales; (vi) the need for an improved understanding of the performance and uncertainty associated with length- and age-based catch curves and spawning potential ratio stock assessments; and (vii) the issues and challenges in developing harvest strategies for deep-water data, and/or resource poor resources. Many new or refined strategic directions for further investigation were identified to resolve uncertainty in monitoring and assessment approaches to contribute toward more rigorous fisheries management arrangements.     

High resolution micromill sampling for analysis of fish otoliths by ICP-MS: effects of sampling and specimen preparation on trace element fingerprints

Otoliths are calcified structures in the head of fish that record environmental information about fish's life history. Gathering the elemental information from the core of an otolith corresponding to the juvenile period of fish's life is critical to discriminate the adult fish to their natal habitats reliably. A high resolution micromill has been used to isolate the otolith core from a whole otolith for elemental analysis. The effects of micromilling procedures (e.g., sectioning, embedding and drilling) on contamination to otolith trace element levels were examined using paired blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) otoliths. Otoliths were decontaminated by dilute hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid throughout to remove surface contamination. A preconcentration procedure was used to determine the trace elements from the small core material by ICP-MS. It was found that micromilling procedures introduce significant contamination to otoliths, especially for Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sectioning procedure caused significant contamination for Co and Cu, while the embedding procedure resulted in contamination for nearly all trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn). The combined sectioning, embedding and drilling procedure also resulted in contamination for most trace elements. Despite the contamination across all procedural steps, the decontamination procedure effectively removed the surface contamination with the exception of Pb and Zn. Bias (e.g., residual contamination) on Pb was small in comparison to overall concentration of Pb expected to occur in fish otoliths, therefore, its effect may be minor in discriminating individuals. Bias on Zn was larger that could limit its application in discriminating individuals.     

捕捞和气候变化在南海北部湾口鱼类长期种类演替和种群动态的作用

捕捞压力在改变南海鱼类种类演替和生物量波动方面所起的作用大于气候和环境因素是一个普遍的、有争议的假设。根据1959~2010年南海北部北部湾口底拖网的调查数据,报告了该海域鱼类种类组成、优势类群的丰度比例、生物量的季节和年际变化。建立了鱼类生物量与捕捞压力和气候变化外部因素之间的广义加性模型。结果表明,捕捞压力驱动底层渔业资源急剧下降的主要因素,并随着时间的推移,高值鱼类被低值鱼类所取代。1993年和1998年期间鱼类生物量的突然减少与同期厄尔尼诺事件相对应,气候变化可能是渔业拖网捕捞中中上层鱼类比例变化的主要驱动因素。为了更好地了解鱼类群落动态,需要区分捕捞压力和环境驱动因素对不同生活史策略鱼类物种的影响。     

Otolith microchemical evidence revealing multiple spawning site origination of the anadromous tapertail anchovy (Coilia nasus) in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary

The estuarine tapertail anchovy(Coilia nasus) is a high-value commercial fish. Estimating the spawning site or hatchery origin and habitat is essential for its conservation. This study aimed to determine the habitat use and life history characteristics of C. nasus from the Changjiang River Estuary. We investigated the environmental signatures of strontium(Sr) and calcium(Ca) in the otoliths of the collected specimens using electron probe microanalysis; additionally, we examined their gonadal mat...     

Conservation Priority Index for Estuarine Fish (COPIEF)

Public awareness regarding environmental issues has increased in recent decades. The increasing number of impact assessment studies, management and conservation plans, as well as ecological monitoring studies, demand new and more efficient techniques. Indices are an important tool to aid biologists in these studies and should allow an easier comprehension of the data by managers, decision-makers and the general public. This study presents the first multi-metrical index able to establish a hierarchical ordination of the conservation priority of the estuarine fish species using 72 species from 16 estuarine systems (W and S coasts of Portugal). The index is composed of 10 metrics, comprising species life traits, distribution and population trends. The information needed to score each metric was gathered from the published literature and the index validation was done by external means. This methodology allowed the definition of those fish species most in need of conservation planning, and those less prone to extinction in Portuguese estuarine systems. The proposed index fills a gap in our knowledge and provides a useful tool to the scientific community and to the decision-makers, being a breakthrough in the field of conservation planning of estuarine fish species.