Special Issue Devoted to Petroleum Geology in Marginal Sea Deepwater Settings—Take the South China Sea as an Example Preface

High‐resolution tomographic images of the belt crossing the Japan Trench‐Changbai Mountains‐Dong Ujimqin Qi are represented in this paper, revealing the shape of a subducted slab in the western Pacific region and characteristics of the lithospheric structures under the Changbai Mountains and the Da Hinggan Mountains. Studies of the spatial distribution, subduction time and the time‐lag between the subduction and magmatism, combined with petrology and isotope geochemistry of the Late Mesozoic volcano‐plutonic rocks from the Da Hinggan Mountains‐Yanshan Mountains have further proved the independence of magmatic activities from the subduction of the Pacific plate. The Mesozoic tectono‐thermal evolutionary history and structural characteristics of the lithosphere in the Da Hinggan Mountains and North China suggest that the formation and evolution of magma have probably a close relationship with the delamination and thinning of the continental lithosphere and the underplating resulting from the consequent upwelling of the asthenosphere. On the other hand, the large‐scale strike‐slip fault system, resulting from sinistral shearing of the Pacific plate relative to the Asian continent in the Mesozoic, is responsible for the formation and emplacement of magma on the continental margin. It was the intense crust‐mantle interaction, together with structural deformation at the shallower levels that led to the large tectono‐magmatic belt in the East Asian continental margin.     

内蒙古中心屯地区晚侏罗世火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其成因意义

中心屯地区位于大兴安岭火山岩带中南段,区内岩浆活动强烈,发育有中生代不同时期的基性-酸性火山岩。在野外地质调查的基础上,通过研究晚侏罗世火山岩岩石学特征及岩石化学数据,发现区内晚侏罗世火山岩主要为中性-酸性岩石,属于钙碱性系列;稀土元素大都具有铕负异常,配分曲右倾,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特点;微量元素的过渡元素Cr、Co、Ni含量较低,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K等,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,亏损Nb、Th、Ti、P等高场强元素。综合分析表明,晚侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源于地壳。其形成环境处于亚洲大陆边缘断陷带,受太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响。     

东北亚中生代洋陆过渡带的研究及启示

从中生代起,亚洲大陆作为一个统一的大陆岩石圈板块,开始了大陆边缘的组建和改造。本文采用构造地层-地体观点,依据生物地层学和碰撞造山带的不同特征,将东北亚洋陆过渡带从西到东分成了7个带:(1)受郯庐断裂系改造的华北克拉通东缘带;(2)以近陆缘物质为主的增生带I;(3)以异源混杂堆积为主的增生带II;(4)新西伯利亚-楚科奇-阿拉斯加陆缘增生带III;(5)陆缘火山-深成岩带;(6)科里亚克增生带IV;(7)堪察加-萨哈林-东北日本增生带V。其中自早白垩世末至古新世初形成的楚科奇海-东锡霍特阿林的火山-深成岩带作为太平洋板块开始正向俯冲并导致弧岩浆活动的重要标志。此前晚三叠世至早白垩世末,在转换大陆边缘活动背景下,大量低纬度的外来地体以左旋平移断裂作用向北迁移并斜拼贴在陆缘。时空格局的分带性和阶段性清晰地展示了东北亚大陆边缘洋陆演化的关系。作者基于上述研究,并结合其他学科近期研究成果,对中国东部中生代岩浆作用与太平洋板块俯冲作用的关系进行了讨论,认为中国东部晚侏罗世-早白垩世大规模岩浆活动的高峰期正值东北亚洋陆过渡带转换大陆边缘活动和地体拼贴增生的阶段。然而太平洋板块正向俯冲主要发生在早白垩世末-晚白垩世,此时我国东部的大规模岩浆活动业已结束。因此难以将中国东部的岩浆活动与太平洋板块的正向俯冲作用相联系。以年轻陆壳组成的大兴安岭为例,作者提出晚侏罗世-早白垩世不同深度的两种地质作用同时控制着中国东部岩浆活动的源区特征和侵位的空间:即深部软流圈底辟上涌与中-上部地壳受到的洋陆之间的剪切走滑作用形成的变形。     

松辽大型移置体和大兴安岭隆起机制探讨

地质、地球物理和钻探资料证明,松辽盆地为前寒武古板块。然而,在中生代早侏罗纪,大兴安岭东缘和松辽构造区还是西太平洋敞开着的深海沟环境〔6〕,怎么会出现前寒武古板块呢?显然,只有大规模的板块漂移活动,才能把松辽前寒武板块移置到中生代深海沟区。所以,松辽板块是大型移置体,而大兴安岭则是松辽板块与蒙古板块(兴蒙古生代褶皱系)挤压碰撞活动的产物。     

大兴安岭哈达陶勒盖组火山岩年龄、地球化学特征及其陆缘弧构造背景

根据野外调查,将大兴安岭北段新巴尔虎右旗地区的一套火山岩归属为哈达陶勒盖组。通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年,获得哈达陶勒盖组绿帘石化安山岩的年龄加权平均值为(254.3±7.9)Ma(MSWD=4.7),结合区域地层对比,将该组的形成时代置于早三叠世。根据元素地球化学分析,可将哈达陶勒盖组火山岩划分为中基性和酸性火山岩两类。其中,中基性火山岩岩浆可能来源于受俯冲作用影响的岩石圈地幔,并遭受到地壳物质的混染;而酸性火山岩岩浆则形成于地壳。结合区域地质特征,通过构造环境判别,该组火山岩的形成可能与蒙古—鄂霍茨克板块向南俯冲引起的陆缘弧背景密切相关。哈达陶勒盖组的厘定丰富了大兴安岭北段地层层序,也为大兴安岭地区区域构造演化和岩浆活动提供了证据。     

Cenozoic volcanism of the eastern Sikhote Alin: Petrological studies and outlooks

Based on geological and isotope geochemical data obtained during the past decade, the eastern Sikhote Alin volcanic belt can be considered as a polygenic structure with spatially superimposed magmatic complexes of different geodynamic stages. Only Late Cretaceous intermediate and silicic volcanics enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE can be interpreted as typical subduction complexes. Cenozoic lavas of mainly basic composition were formed after the termination of active subduction under complex dynamic conditions of the rearrangement of eastern Eurasia owing to the collision with the Indian plate. The eruption of Eocene-Oligocene-early Miocene basalts corresponded to the transform continental margin environment, rupture of an ancient subducted slab, and upwelling of hot depleted oceanic asthenosphere of the Pacific MORB-type into the Asian subcontinental lithosphere with EMII-like isotopic characteristics. The late Miocene-Pliocene magmatic activity of the eastern Sikhote Alin showed an intraplate character, but the composition of erupted magmas was strongly affected by previous tectonomagmatic events: subduction of different ages and opening of the Sea of Japan Basin. The distinct EMI isotopic signature of low-potassium plateau basalts, which is not observed in the lavas of earlier stages of volcanic belt evolution, suggests that the continental asthenosphere contributed to magma formation, and the direction of mantle flows changed owing to the formation of a new subduction zone.     

小兴安岭-张广才岭地区晚古生代至中生代花岗岩的成因及其地质意义

中国东北地区显生宙花岗岩的成因一直是中亚造山带东段研究的热点之一,尤其是小兴安岭-张广才岭地区的花岗岩其成因及形成的大地构造背景一直存在较大争议。本文新获得小兴安岭-张广才岭铁力和依兰地区的二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为188±1 Ma和257±3 Ma。地球化学数据显示,两地区的二长花岗岩均为Ⅰ型花岗岩并且富集大离子亲石元素(Th和U等)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta等)和重稀土元素具有弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。锆石Hf同位素数据显示,铁力地区二长花岗岩的岩浆源区可能来自于中新元古代的下地壳部分熔融。综合前人在小兴安岭-张广才岭地区已发表的花岗岩类岩石的地质年代学和地球化学数据,初步推测小兴安岭-张广才岭地区在晚古生代至中生代期间处于活动大陆边缘环境。同时,小兴安岭-张广才岭地区晚古生代至中生代的岩浆岩具有自东向西形成时代逐渐变年轻的趋势,这可能是由于东侧的牡丹江洋在晚古生代至中生代期间俯冲角度逐渐变缓造成的。     

大兴安岭—燕山晚中生代岩浆活动与俯冲作用关系

本文通过对华北的大兴安岭－燕山地区晚中生代火山－深成岩岩石化学、同位素地质学的分析，认为该地区岩浆的形成和演化与板内伸展环境下的底侵作用有关，而与太平洋板块俯冲无直接的成因联系。本文展示了较高分辨率的日本海沟－长白山－蒙古额尔德尼查干的地震层析图像，揭示了太平洋俯冲板片的形态特征；再结合对俯冲时间及俯冲作用与岩浆作用时差的研究，进一步证明板块俯冲与研究区的岩浆活动无直接关系。最后通过底侵作用年代学的研究，将大兴安岭－燕山中生代岩浆活动与层析图象显示的大陆板内软流圈上涌体联系起来。     

大兴安岭中生代火山活动构造背景

大兴安岭中生代火山岩主要为高钾粗面质火山岩, 属于一套碱质含量比较高的钙碱性火山岩系, 随时间从酸性向中基性方向演化。其元素地球化学特征和Sr、 Nd 同位素组成揭示火山岩具有壳源和幔源两部分源区特点, 玄武质岩石来源于相对未亏损的地幔, 中酸性火山岩则成因于地壳物质的混染或下地壳的重熔作用, 暗示火山岩的形成与陆内深部软流体上涌引起的壳幔相互作用有关。 此外, 本文还从火山活动中心的迁移,以及东邻洋陆板块之间的相互运动角度,阐述了大兴安岭中生代火山活动与大洋板块的俯冲作用无直接联系。     

东北亚晚古生代—中生代岩浆时空演化:多重板块构造体制范围及叠合的鉴别证据

东北亚大地构造发展经历了古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋的俯冲-碰撞作用。如何鉴别和厘定这三种构造体制的时空影响范围和叠合过程一直是一个难题。本文通过巨型岩浆岩带的建库编图,揭示了该地区晚古生代—中生代岩浆岩的时空迁移规律;据此,探讨和厘定了这三大板块构造体制的时空分布范围和构造叠合过程。二叠纪到三叠纪早期间,古亚洲洋体制经历了俯冲到碰撞,主要作用于阿拉善—华北北缘—大兴安岭一带;期间,鄂霍茨克洋主要为陆缘环境,影响范围限于中北部蒙古—外贝加尔一带,并在侏罗纪逐渐向蒙古—鄂霍茨克主缝合带迁移,到白垩纪,其造山带伸展垮塌阶段,影响范围增大,远程效应波及阿拉善—华北北缘—大兴安岭一带,叠加于古亚洲洋体制产物之上。古太平洋构造体制主要发育于三叠纪—侏罗纪时期,其平板俯冲影响范围抵达大兴安岭—太行山,在白垩纪,俯冲板片后撤,影响范围迁移至东亚大陆最东缘。这些作用叠加于古亚洲洋体制产物之上;并与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋体制同时叠合于大兴安岭一带。     

白云鄂博洋板块地质与成矿作用初探

提出全球规模最大的白云鄂博稀土矿受亚洲洋向华北克拉通北缘俯冲的洋板块地质演化控制.探讨了白云鄂博地区亚洲洋洋板块地质构造发育过程、亚洲洋向华北克拉通北缘俯冲过程中相继发育的新元古代,早、晚古生代俯冲增生杂岩带的地质构造特征.探讨了白云鄂博稀土矿成因,认为稀土矿成矿碳酸岩岩浆产在华北克拉通北缘的所谓特殊的远端弧后构造环境（far backarc settings）,也有人称为远离弧后背景或者变形的大陆边缘环境（deformed continental margins）,不在大洋俯冲过程中发育的岩浆弧环境中.相对于大陆边缘弧,远端弧后构造环境位于向克拉通或向弧后更远的位置,它是控制白云鄂博深部成矿物质向浅部地表运移聚集成大型矿床、矿集区的关键储运空间.远端弧后构造环境远离大洋汇聚带或俯冲带向大陆或向弧后位置的克拉通边缘上,即在华北克拉通北缘岩石圈与亚洲洋造山带的岩石圈分界上的伸展构造中,受大规模岩石圈不连续系统或深切岩石圈的断裂带系统控制.成矿碳酸岩岩浆可能来自携带大量铁与REE的亚洲洋洋壳沉积物,于晚元古-早古生代向华北克拉通俯冲消减到华北克拉通陆下岩石圈地幔SCLM深循环过程中,在深切华北克拉通边缘的岩石圈的不连续构造系统中出溶形成岩浆碳酸岩及其携带的REE矿床.      

松辽盆地成因演化与软流圈对流模式

松辽盆地位于中国东北,是晚中生代在活动大陆边缘上发育的裂谷-坳陷盆地。松辽盆地有两个特点:一是裂谷期前火山岩分布以盆地西部的大兴安岭厚度大、面积大,盆地东部靠近俯冲边缘火山岩分布厚度、面积变小;二是裂谷期主要发育东倾控坳断层。由此推测在板块俯冲牵引作用下,在楔形区产生单向环流。单向环流在大兴安岭一带上升,在地表形成强烈的火山作用,然后沿岩石圈底部向东运动,并逐渐转变为下降流,火山作用也逐渐减弱。单向环流由上升流逐渐转入近平流后,对岩石圈底面施加单向剪切牵引作用,岩石圈伸展在脆性上地壳形成主要东倾控坳断层。单向环流可以源源不断地从深部将热能和动能带到浅部,满足岩石圈减薄和伸展的需要。而且用单向环流解释活动大陆边缘和弧后区火山岩的成分极性可能更趋于实际。     

Gravity models of two-level collision of lithospheric plates in northeastern Asia

Structural forms of emplacement of crustal and mantle rigid sheets in collision zones of lithospheric plates in northeastern Asia are analyzed using formalized gravity models reflecting the rheological properties of geological media. Splitting of the lithosphere of moving plates into crustal and mantle constituents is the main feature of collision zones, which is repeated in the structural units irrespective of their location, rank, and age. Formal signs of crustal sheet thrusting over convergent plate boundaries and subduction of the lithospheric mantle beneath these boundaries have been revealed. The deep boundaries and thickness of lithospheric plates and asthenospheric lenses have been traced. A similarity in the deep structure of collision zones of second-order marginal-sea buffer plates differing in age is displayed at the boundaries with the Eurasian, North American, and Pacific plates of the first order. Collision of oceanic crustal segments with the Mesozoic continental margin in the Sikhote-Alin is characterized, as well as collision of the oceanic lithosphere with the Kamchatka composite island arc. A spatiotemporal series of deep-seated Middle Mesozoic, Late Mesosoic, and Cenozoic collision tectonic units having similar structure is displayed in the transitional zone from the Asian continent to the Pacific plate.     

内蒙古甲乌拉铅锌银矿绢云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古甲乌拉大型铅锌银矿位于大兴安岭成矿带北段,为一与火山-次火山作用有关的浅成低温热液型矿床。该矿床绢云母的矿物学特征方面研究程度较低,绢云母的年龄还未见报道。本次研究拟从绢云母入手,利用电子探针和~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素年龄测定,研究其矿物学特征,测定其年龄,进一步探究该矿区热液事件的发生和地球动力学背景,增进对该矿床成矿机制的理解。甲乌拉矿床绢云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄为133. 27±0. 66 Ma,等时线年龄为131. 88±0. 83 Ma。研究认为,甲乌拉矿床绢云母可能代表了发生于矿化后的另外一期热液事件。该热液事件发生于古太平洋板块俯冲方向改变之后,可能与碰撞后的伸展背景有关。     

山西省中生代侵入岩新认识

根据区域地质调查资料,对山西省中生代侵入岩进行分析研究,将其划分为3个岩浆系列: 碱性偏碱性系列、亚碱性(基性)中性—中酸性系列和A型花岗岩(酸性)系列。碱性偏碱性岩系列形成于后碰撞构造环境,亚碱性(基性)中性—中酸性岩系列为大陆边缘弧和大陆岛弧及后造山构造环境,A型花岗岩系列为板内大陆裂谷或与地幔热点(地幔羽)有关的构造环境,板块俯冲作用为其提供了热能和含水溶液。大地构造分区划分为华北陆块区构造岩浆省(Ⅰ级),其中包括3个岩浆带(Ⅱ级): 南兴蒙岩浆带、北秦岭岩浆带和华北东部岩浆带,每个岩浆带又可划分为2个岩浆亚带(2期岩浆作用)(Ⅲ级),各个岩浆亚带均具有板块俯冲造山带火成岩的特征和发育演化极性。该成果为解决板块构造登陆问题提供了借鉴。     

Sources of the Late Mesozoic magmatic associations in the northeastern part of the Amurian microcontinent

Based on generalization of available geochronological data, Late Mesozoic magmatic associations in the northeastern part of the Amurian microcontinent are divided into three groups: 142–125, 124–115, and <110 Ma. The age of these associations decreases with approaching the Pacific margin of Asia. In the same direction, they show a change in sources of their parental melts: continental crust (142–125 Ma) → continental crust + PREMA (DM) (124–115 Ma) → continental crust + PREMA (DM) + EMII (<110 Ma). Isotope-geochemical (Sr-Nd) study indicates that intrusive and volcanic rocks of the Late Mesozoic magmatic associations in the northeastern part of the Amurian microcontinent were originated in geodynamic settings that provided access of enriched mantle sources to magma formation. The most probable of these settings are as follows: (1) plate sliding accompanying by the formation of slab window beneath continental margin; (2) passage of the Asian margin over the East Asian mantle hot field in the Late Mesozoic; (3) asthenospheric upwelling due to delamination of the lower crust during closure of the Mongolian-Okhotsk ocean caused by collision between the Amurian microcontinent, Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy, and Selenga-Stanovoy superterranes in the Central Asian fold belt.     

中-新生代东北和华北的洋陆转换作用

本文对西太平洋的洋-陆转换作用进行探讨。西太平洋洋-陆转换带在中国东部可分为华南、华北-黄海和东北3个区段。东北地区中-新生代洋-陆转换作用涉及古今太平洋板块和蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋板块两方面俯冲作用的影响,产生大面积中基性岩浆和火山活动,从侏罗纪一直延伸到现在。不同于东北和华南地区,华北-黄海有克拉通型的岩石圈,在晚侏罗世—新近纪因为太平洋板块的大角度旋转造成软流圈低黏度物质上涌,和地壳拉张与幔源岩浆的底侵,造成上地壳裂谷型沉积盆地。燕山地区在侏罗纪与东北地区类似,有强烈的软流圈上涌和岩石圈岩石部分熔融,产生强烈岩浆活动。在白垩纪到新生代,因为蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合和太平洋板块大角度旋转,发生沿蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋的转换断层的拉张,产生从南蒙古过锡林浩特的NW向玄武质岩浆和火山带。洋-陆转换带不同区段有不同的动力学作用演化过程,与先期岩石圈的性质、大洋板块俯冲带的分布、方向变化和俯冲持续时间、以及后期俯冲带后撤作用都有密切关系。洋-陆转换作用的统一后果是大陆的增生,但是不同区段大陆增生和物质运动的模式是不一样的。     

DEEP TECTONOTHERMAL MECHANISM FOR THE TECTONIC EXTENSION OF THE EASTERN ASIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN

The continental marginal extension concept developed by Chinese geologists recently may be applied to the explanation about the Cenozoic extension and divergent movement of the Eastern Asian continental margin. From the viewpoint of continental marginal extension, this paper discusses the deep tectonothermal mechanism of the tectonic extension of the Eastern Asian continental margin. The Eastern Asian continental margin is an extensional belt with intensive magmatism and structural deformation, geophysically characterized by continual earthquakes and obvious geothermal anomaly. Seismic tomographical results about the Eastern Asian continental margin imply that the Pacific Plate is subducted toward the Eurasian Plate at a low angle and the diving Pacific Plate lies on the surface of the 670-km phase transitional zone. We interpret this feature to be resulted from retrogressive subduction followed by continental marginal extension. Our thermal modeling and geodynamical computation results suggest that the retrogressive subduction occurred at about 76Ma and the withdrawal of the trench served to supply the volume for the continental growth, which led to the formation of the growing front of the Eastern Asian continental margin. The growth width of the Eastern Asian continental margin is about 700 km.     

太平洋板块俯冲与中国东部中生代地质事件

中国东部至少自侏罗纪开始就一直处于俯冲大洋板块之上,但是有关俯冲板块对其影响程度一直有不同的认识。最近的研究表明,太平洋海山岛链的时空分布显示太平洋板块的漂移方向曾发生多次转折,这些转折与白垩纪中国东部的构造演化和岩浆事件有着密切的时空耦合关系。从时代和力学性质上看,太平洋板块俯冲方向的改变在很大程度上控制着中国东部中生代的盆地演化和郯庐断裂活动等重要地质事件。这些认识为理解中国东部构造演化提供了新的视角,包括岩石圈减薄的机制、郯庐断裂的演化,以及燕山期大规模岩浆活动等。本文重点分析了太平洋板块俯冲与中国东部中生代岩浆活动的对应关系。在125～140Ma太平洋板块向南西方向俯冲,造成中国东部岩石圈减薄,软流圈卸载上涌,发生减压部分熔融;约125Ma,太平洋板块漂移方向发生了大幅度转折,形成安第斯式的俯冲挤压,岩石圈停止减薄和减压部分熔融,出现岩浆宁静期。随着俯冲的深入,到110Ma前后俯冲板块后撤,形成弧后拉张,岩浆活动又重新开始。     

大陆弧岩浆幕式作用与地壳加厚:以藏南冈底斯弧为例

大陆弧岩浆带位于汇聚板块的前缘,记录了洋陆俯冲过程和大陆地壳生长过程,是研究壳幔相互作用的天然实验室。越来越多的研究发现,大陆弧岩浆的生长与侵位并不是均一的、连续的过程,而是呈现阶段性、峰期性特征,即幕式岩浆作用。弧岩浆峰期与岩浆平静期相比,岩浆增生速率显著增强,易于发生岩浆聚集,继而形成大的岩基,如北美西部科迪勒拉造山带内华达岩基、半岛岩基等。藏南冈底斯岩浆带位于拉萨地体南缘,属于印度-亚洲碰撞带的上盘,其南侧与喜马拉雅地体以雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带为界。冈底斯弧岩浆形成时代集中在240～50 Ma期间,其形成与演化与新特提斯洋壳岩石圈板片俯冲到拉萨地体之下密切相关。因此,对冈底斯弧型岩浆作用的研究,将很好地揭示大陆型弧岩浆的演化过程,继而反演洋-陆俯冲过程,以及壳幔相互作用过程。通过对冈底斯岩浆带岩浆岩锆石U-Pb及Lu-Hf同位素,以及弧前和前陆盆地碎屑锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素的收集和整理,结合已经发表的区域地质资料的总结,我们发现冈底斯弧型岩浆演化具有如下特点:1幕式侵位,岩浆峰期为100～80 Ma和65～40 Ma,中间为岩浆平静期;2峰期阶段岩浆聚集,形成巨大岩基;岩石同位...