Three-dimensional time-harmonic Green's functions of saturated soil under buried loading

Three-dimensional time-harmonic response of a poroelastic half space subjected to an arbitrary buried loading is investigated. The analysis starts with the field equations in cylindrical coordinates based on Biot's general theory of poroelasticity. General solutions for the displacements are first derived using the Fourier expansions and Hankel integral transform with respect to the circumferential and radial coordinates, respectively. The transformed-domain solutions are obtained in explicit form. The physical-domain displacements and stress components are then obtained numerically by inverse integral transform. Comparisons illustrating the accuracy of the developed approach are made with existing solutions for an elastic half space, which is reduced directly from the general solution developed in the paper. Numerical results are presented for the displacements of a saturated soil subjected to a horizontal internal excitation.     

A review of the response of buried pipelines under seismic excitations

Modern cities depend heavily on utility systems for their day-to-day operation and earthquake threats to utility systems become increasingly important in proportion with the level of urbanization. Due to the great potential for destruction, damage and disruption, the seismic problems of utility systems have recently attracted researchers. It became apparent that the seismic behaviour of buried pipeline systems is quite different than that of above-ground structures. In this paper, an updated and detailed review of the earthquake response and seismic-resistant design of underground piping systems is presented.     

Behavior of braced wall embedded in saturated liquefiable sand under seismic loading

It is well known that the generation of excess pore water pressure and/or liquefaction in foundation soils during an earthquake often cause structural failures.This paper describes the behavior of a small-scale braced wall embedded in saturated liquefiable sand under dynamic condition.Shake table tests are performed in the laboratory on embedded retaining walls with single bracing.The tests are conducted for different excavation depths and base motions.The influences of the peak magnitude of the ground motions and the excavation depth on the axial forces in the bracing,the lateral displacement and the bending moments in the braced walls are studied.The shake table tests are simulated numerically using FLAC 2D and the results are compared with the corresponding experimental results.The pore water pressures developed in the soil are found to influence the behavior of the braced wall structures during a dynamic event.It is found that the excess pore water pressure development in the soil below the excavation is higher compared to the soil beside the walls.Thus,the soil below the excavation level is more susceptible to the liquefaction compared to the soil beside the walls.     

横向非一致地震激励下埋地管道的动力响应分析

为研究埋地管道在地震激励时管-土相互作用的动力响应问题,研发双向层状剪切连续体模型土箱,建立管G土相互作用有限元分析模型,对横向非一致地震激励下埋地管道地震响应进行数值模拟分析,并与试验结果进行对比.结果表明:数值模拟和振动台试验结果中的管道应变峰值均呈现出沿管道中间大两端小的现象,管道中间应变峰值最小达到两端的1．6倍左右;管道加速度、 土体加速度峰值均随着加载等级的提高而增大,涨幅愈加明显,多峰频率由0~10Hz逐渐向10~ 20Hz频域扩散,管道运动更为自由;土体位移随着加载等级的提高呈现逐级增大的现象,在加载等级增加到0．4g 时位移曲线斜率减小,土体非线性表现明显.数值模拟和振动台试验对比分析的结论表明数值模拟分析的合理性和试验结果的可靠性,为研究横向非一致激励对埋地管道地震响应的影响提供了依据.     

循环荷载下饱和砂孔压发展模型研究

以武汉地铁四号线二期工程中饱和砂为研究对象,通过室内动三轴试验,研究饱和砂在不同干密度、固结比及动剪应力比下的孔隙水压力发展规律。研究表明,武汉饱和砂的孔压增长可以用一个负指数模型进行描述,模型拟合结果与试验数据的一致性好,说明该模型具有一定的实用性。     

Factors influencing the behavior of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake faulting

Seismic ground faulting is a severe hazard for continuous buried pipelines. Over the years, researchers have attempted to understand pipe behavior, most frequently via numerical modeling and simulation. However, there has been little, if any, physical modeling and tests to verify the numerical modeling approaches and assumptions. This paper presents results of five pairs of centrifuge tests designed to investigate the influence of various factors on the behavior of buried high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipelines subjected to strike-slip faulting. Parameters considered are the soil moisture content, fault offset rate, relative burial depth (H/D), and pipe diameter. The centrifuge test results show that pipe behavior, specifically pipe strain, is nominally not affected by the soil moisture content and fault offset rate when the pipe is subjected to strike-slip faulting. On the other hand, the burial depth ratio (H/D) and pipe diameter influence peak pipe strain, and in some cases, the ground soil failure pattern.     

跨越断层埋地管线地震反应数值分析

跨越断层埋地管线在地震中的破坏是非常严重的,地震本身和管土相互作用体系中都存在很多不确定性因素,所以管线在断层运动过程中反应比较复杂。本文利用有限元理论和数值模拟手段,建立了管土作用模型,采用非线性接触问题研究方法详细地分析了管线由断层运动而产生的反应,对影响管线的各种因素进行了分析,包括位错量、跨越角度、断层运动形式、埋设深度、初始轴向力、断层裂缝宽度、填覆土质和管径。通过研究,得到一些初步结论。     

地震荷载下饱和砂土孔压增长时程计算方法

本文采用逐波累计方法,依据适于不同固结条件的孔压增量模型,计算每一应力循环的孔压变化,可给出非均等固结复杂情况下孔压实时增长过程。采用不同固结比两种砂进行若干典型地震荷载动三轴液化试验,试验结果与所提方法的计算结果有良好对应关系,表明本文方法可有效地描述地震荷载作用下非均等固结饱和砂土孔压增长过程。     

Intensity measures for the seismic response evaluation of buried steel pipelines under near-field pulse-like ground motions

Ground-motion Intensity Measures (IMs) are used to quantify the strength of ground motions and evaluate the response of structures. IMs act as a link between seismic demand and seismic hazard analysis and therefore, have a key role in performance-based earthquake engineering. Many studies have been carried out on the determination of suitable IMs in terms of efficiency, sufficiency and scaling robustness. The majority of these investigations focused on ordinary structures such as buildings and bridges, and only a few were about buried pipelines. In the current study, the optimal IMs for predicting the seismic demand of continuous buried steel pipelines under near-field pulse-like ground motion records is investigated. Incremental dynamic analysis is performed using twenty ground motion records. Using the results of the regression analysis, the optimality of 23 potential IMs are studied. It is concluded that specific energy density (SED) followed by \(\sqrt {VSI[{\omega _1}(PGD + RM{S_d})]} \) are the optimal IMs based on efficiency, sufficiency and scaling robustness for seismic response evaluation of buried pipelines under near-field ground motions.

     

地震作用下可液化场地管道上浮动力响应及影响因素分析

地震作用下土体发生液化之后,由于超静孔隙水压力的产生和土体抗剪强度的降低,管道易发生上浮破坏。为研究管道上浮动力反应的影响因素,基于OpenSees有限元软件,通过目标反应谱和谱匹配等方法选取地震波,考虑不同管土特性和地震动特性,对地震作用下管道上浮动力反应进行了二维数值模拟。结果表明:土体相对密度、管径和管道埋深对管道上浮反应的影响较大,分别给出了土体相对密度、管径、管道埋深对管道上浮位移的影响规律及对应拟合公式;长持时地震动作用下,超静孔隙水压力消散较慢,管道上浮位移可达短持时地震动作用下管道上浮位移的2倍左右;近断层脉冲地震动作用下,管道上浮破坏和横向破坏两种破坏模式同时存在,且由于速度脉冲效应,管道横向破坏风险大于上浮破坏风险。     

复杂应力条件下饱和松砂孔隙水压力增长特性的试验研究

针对福建标准砂D1=30％,在三向非均等固结条件下,利用新研制的土工静力一动力液压三轴一扭转多功能剪切仪针对多种不同初始主应力变化方式进行了循环扭剪试验,讨论了初始主应力方向变化等初始固结条件对饱和松砂不排水条件下孔隙水压力变化规律的影响,对循环扭剪过程中主应力方向与中主应力系数的变化进行了分析,给出了孔隙水压力随循环次数的变化规律。结果表明：分别以最大孔隙水压力和液化破坏时循环次数归一化后的孔隙水压力比和循环次数比之间的关系依赖于循环剪应力幅值和初始主应力方向。而归一化后的孔隙水压力比与广义剪应变之间的关系和循环剪应力幅值、初始主应力方向无关,可以统一地采用双曲线模式表达,其中的两个待定参数依赖于初始主应力方向。     

地震波作用下的埋地燃气管道动力响应研究

埋地管道是现代城市的重要生命线工程,因其埋于地下,一旦遭遇地震,管道就有可能发生破坏,导致燃气泄露,可能引发火灾、爆炸等次生灾害,对人们的生命和财产造成严重威胁,因此,如何提高埋地燃气管道的抗震性能,是当前需要迫切解决的问题.认为在管道轴向上和横向上均与土体之间存在相对位移,结合拟静力法进行了地震波作用下埋地管道的动力...     

Finite element analysis of buried steel pipelines under strike-slip fault displacements

The present paper investigates the mechanical behavior of buried steel pipelines, crossing an active strike-slip tectonic fault. The fault is normal to the pipeline direction and moves in the horizontal direction, causing stress and deformation in the pipeline. The interacting soil–pipeline system is modelled rigorously through finite elements, which account for large strains and displacements, nonlinear material behavior and special conditions of contact and friction on the soil–pipe interface. Considering steel pipelines of various diameter-to-thickness ratios, and typical steel material for pipeline applications (API 5L grades X65 and X80), the paper focuses on the effects of various soil and pipeline parameters on the structural response of the pipe, with particular emphasis on identifying pipeline failure (pipe wall wrinkling/local buckling or rupture). The effects of shear soil strength, soil stiffness, horizontal fault displacement, width of the fault slip zone are investigated. Furthermore, the influence of internal pressure on the structural response is examined. The results from the present investigation are aimed at determining the fault displacement at which the pipeline fails and can be used for pipeline design purposes. The results are presented in diagram form, which depicts the critical fault displacement, and the corresponding critical strain versus the pipe diameter-to-thickness ratio. A simplified analytical model is also developed to illustrate the counteracting effects of bending and axial stretching. The numerical results for the critical strain are also compared with the recent provisions of EN 1998-4 and ASCE MOP 119.     

场地沉陷作用下埋地管道屈曲反应分析

土体沉陷是引起埋地管道破坏的重要原因之一,它会引起穿越该沉陷区域的大口径地下管道屈曲失稳,使管道在没有达到拉伸或剪切强度前便退出工作.将管道与周围土体从半无限土体介质中共同取出,建立沉陷作用下的管土相互作用模型.管道以薄壳单元模拟,土体采用实体单元进行离散,采用特征值屈曲分析方法对沉陷区域埋地管道的屈曲稳定性进行了分析,给出了管道发生屈曲时的屈曲模态及对应的沉降量.研究沉陷区长度、管道埋深、管径、壁厚及场地条件等对管道屈曲反应的影响.在文中所用模型与假设条件下发现地下管线埋深较浅时更易发生屈曲失稳,管道径厚比越大管道越易发生屈曲,场地土体越硬管道越易发生屈曲失稳等结论.     

城镇埋地管网震害特征与破坏机理

本文从地震过程中埋地管网的破坏特征出发，在分析埋地管网震害与地震动特性、土质条件、地理环境、地质环境和管道自身特征等因素之间的关系基础上，探讨了城镇埋地管网震害特征与相应的破坏机理，探讨了运用地理信息系统建立城镇埋地管网的监测系统的思路。     

场地土液化引起的地下管道上浮反应研究

本文利用虚功原理,建立了场地土液化引起的地下管道的上浮反应分析模型,用弹性地基梁来模拟地下管道,并考虑了土的非线性约束作用、管道的初始变形、液化区长度、管道的初始轴力等的影响。采用非线性增量有限元法,对场地土液化引起的地下管道的上浮反应进行了研究,给出了部分计算结果。     

Cavitation in fluid-structure response (with particular reference to dams under earthquake loading)

The paper presents a general procedure for dealing with coupled fluid-structure interaction under dynamic load. This incorporates a facility for dealing with a cavitating fluid and is based on the Newton displacement potential. Several solutions are obtained for two-dimensional gravity dam problems illustrating the effects of cavitation on earthquake response and blast loading.     

不均匀场地土液化引起的地下管道上浮反应研究

本文采用非线性增量有限元迭代法,对不均匀场地土液化引起的地下管道的上浮反应进行了研究,考虑了液化土3种不均匀的情况,给出了一些计算结果。     

Micro- and macro-observations of liquefaction of saturated sand around buried structures in centrifuge shaking table tests

A novel experimental method was designed to study the micro-behavior of saturated sand around a buried structure in centrifuge shaking table tests under strong simulated earthquake loading, in addition to the traditional macro-measurements. One free field test was first carried out as a reference, followed by one test with a deep buried structure and one with a shallowly buried structure. During the tests with the buried structure, high quality pictures of moving sand around the structure were recorded by a newly developed image acquisition system. By analyzing the interesting pictures at reasonable intervals using an image analysis software, the evolutions of microstructural features were obtained such as the orientations of the long axes of particles, the orientations of contact normals between particles and the average contact number of the interesting group of particles. The results showed that the evolutions of the micro-features were consistent with those of the macro-measurements such as excess pore pressures and accelerations, which help illuminate the mechanism of sand liquefaction.     

Seismic response of natural gas and water pipelines in the Ji-Ji earthquake

In order to study the damage patterns of natural gas and water pipelines in the Ji-Ji earthquake, a GIS database and analysis procedures were established. Repair statistics was obtained from major natural gas companies and the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation (TWSC), and entered into the system. Then, repair rates (RR) were calculated. Previously, damage was analyzed without considering the corresponding pipeline material and diameters. In this study, new attempts were made to collect more data including those related to the composition of pipelines to provide a more detailed analysis of the relationship between earthquake forces and the resulting damage. Statistical analysis was also conducted to understand the correlation between RR and seismic parameters such as the peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and spectrum intensity.