鳑鲏对“蚌-草”关系的影响

重建沉水植物群落是修复浅水富营养化湖泊的关键.河蚌可改善水下光照条件、促进沉水植物生长,因此放养河蚌常被用于沉水植物群落恢复的并行手段.河蚌是鳑鲏产卵的重要基质,因此河蚌可能促进鳑鲏种群发展,而鳑鲏对水生态系统的影响还尚不清楚.本研究以密刺苦草、大鳍鱊和背角无齿蚌为研究对象,通过中宇宙试验研究河蚌和鳑鲏对附着藻的影响,以及鳑鲏对水质和沉水植物生长的影响及机理.结果发现：鳑鲏显著增加了水体总磷、总溶解性磷、总悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度,而对总氮和总溶解性氮浓度的影响不显著.河蚌对苦草的相对生长率、总株数、根冠比及苦草最大叶长均无显著影响,而显著增加了苦草的单株平均生物量,这可能与河蚌组较高的附着藻生物量有关.鳑鲏未显著影响河蚌与苦草间的关系,但鳑鲏的出现显著增加了附着藻类生物量;此外,鳑鲏还降低了苦草的根冠比,而增加了苦草的最大叶长,这可能与鳑鲏引起的营养盐和叶绿素a浓度升高,以及植物表面附着藻生物量显著升高有关.鳑鲏属于小型杂食性鱼类,在长江中下游地区分布广泛,与沉水植物关系密切,且易在修复后的湖泊中形成优势鱼类,因此在湖泊修复和管理中应加强此类小型杂食性鱼类的监测与管理.     

Mixed heavy metals tolerance and radial oxygen loss in mangrove seedlings

The effects of a mixture of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) on growth, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and the spatial pattern of ROL were investigated in mangrove seedlings of three species: Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Heavy metals inhibited the growth of seedlings and led to decreased ROL and changes in the “tight” barrier spatial pattern of ROL. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of ROL from the roots of seedlings and metal tolerance. The species with the highest ROL amount, B. gymnorrhiza, were also the most tolerant to heavy metals. The “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern was also related to metal tolerance in the seedlings. Therefore, we conclude that both ROL amount and “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern in the roots of the mangrove seedlings play an important role in resistance to heavy metal toxicity.     

光照对海菜花(Ottelia acuminata)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响

为研究滇池海菜花衰退消亡的原因,探讨其恢复的可能性,通过模拟实验研究了光照对海菜花种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理的影响.结果表明光照强度对海菜花种子萌发的影响不显著;光照强度显著影响海菜花幼苗的生长,其中71.8%和91.5%遮光条件下海菜花的平均叶片长度、叶片宽度和株高均显著高于无遮光和97.6%遮光条件下其平均叶片长度、叶片宽度和株高,平均生物量显著高于97.6%遮光条件下其平均生物量;实验中期不同光照条件下,海菜花叶片叶绿素a含量差异显著,其中71.8%遮光条件下海菜花叶片叶绿素a含量显著高于无遮光和97.6%遮光条件下其含量;光照强度对海菜花叶片过氧化物酶活性影响不显著.富营养化导致的水体透明度低、光照强度弱不影响海菜花种子萌发,但影响了海菜花的生长发育和生理特性,进而可能影响了海菜花的繁殖,这可能是滇池海菜花消亡的原因之一.因此恢复海菜花必须提高水体透明度,改善光照强度.     

金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)调控浮游植物捕获磷与生长的策略

水体浮游植物具有捕获利用磷的能力以及沉水植物能够显著抑制水体中藻类生长已得到国内外广泛共识,但相应的潜在机制尚缺乏深入了解.本研究选取金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)为研究对象,基于室内模拟实验,探讨了沉水植物调控浮游植物捕获磷与过度生长的机制.结果显示,尽管未种植金鱼藻的对照组上覆水中总磷、总溶解态磷和可溶性活性磷的平均浓度均显著高于种植金鱼藻的实验组(约4倍),但是两个系统中这3种磷浓度随时间的变化趋势均符合S形的对数曲线.实验组藻类密度、有效光量子产量、总碱性磷酸酶活性(TAPA)以及细颗粒碱性磷酸酶活性(细颗粒APA)也远低于对照组.此外,对照组中粗颗粒碱性磷酸酶活性(粗颗粒APA)占TAPA的44.7%,显著高于细颗粒APA.结构方程模型结果表明,对照组水体藻类密度对TAPA具有直接的正向作用,而金鱼藻的生长显著弱化了不同形态磷与APA、藻类密度、细菌动力以及光量子产量之间的相互作用.这说明沉水植物对水体浮游植物生长的调控具有多种策略.     

新10井水位对九寨沟M_S7.0、精河M_S6.6地震同震响应

基于新10井水位对九寨沟M_S7.0、精河M_S6.6地震的同震响应特征,分别利用水震波和潮汐分析法,反演得到了新10井水位在地震波作用期间和地震波作用前后含水层参数特征,探讨了2次地震引起的新10井同震响应变化机理。结果表明,新10井水位对九寨沟地震和精河地震具有不同的同震响应形态,利用水平流模型反演所得的新10井含水层渗透系数,在九寨沟地震时为61m/d,而在精河地震时为147m/d,表明地震波作用导致水平向的渗透性增强;利用垂向流模型反演得到的新10井含水层渗透系数,在2次地震之前约为49×10~(-5)m/d,而在地震之后约为18×10~(-5)m/d,表明地震波作用导致垂直向的渗透性减弱。因此,新10井水位的同震响应变化与地震波引起的含水层渗透率的改变有关。     

中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)幼苗对秋、冬季淹水的生长及生理响应

为阐明三峡库区岸生植物中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)幼苗对水淹的耐淹机理,通过设置对照组(CK)、半淹组(PF)、全淹组(CF)3个水淹处理,模拟库区消落带秋、冬季淹水情况,研究中华蚊母树幼苗在不同水淹时间和深度下的生长及生理生化特性.结果表明,淹水显著影响中华蚊母树幼苗的生物量,水淹150 d后,PF组植株和CF组植株根、茎、叶生物量均呈显著降低趋势,同时受水淹影响,植株根冠比也显著降低;中华蚊母树幼苗在水淹前90 d 2组水淹处理植株叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均与CK组植株差异不显著,水淹120 d后,中华蚊母树幼苗叶片MDA含量显著增加,且随着水淹深度的增加而逐渐升高;可溶性蛋白在各水淹处理中的变化有所差异,水淹前60 d,淹水并没有影响CF组植株可溶性蛋白含量,但从水淹90 d开始,CF组植株可溶性蛋白含量有所上升,而PF组植株可溶性蛋白含量在整个淹水期间均与CK组植株差异不显著;2组水淹处理植株脯氨酸在水淹前期均显著上升,但自水淹90 d后逐渐下降至CK组水平;与MDA对水淹的响应一致,水淹前期PF组和CF组植株抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶)均没有出现明显影响,但水淹后期2组水淹处理植株抗氧化酶活性均显著升高;可溶性糖含量在不同水淹处理下有所差异,PF组植株叶片可溶性糖含量在整个淹水期间均与CK组植株差异不显著;而CF组植株叶片可溶性糖含量随着水淹时间的延长逐渐降低.研究证明,中华蚊母树幼苗生长及生理特性对秋、冬季水淹环境具有一定的调节能力,是中华蚊母树幼苗能够在库区消落带存活生长的一个重要原因.     

鳑鲏与河蚌交互作用对浮游生物和底栖生物的影响分析

放养河蚌,提高水体透明度以促进沉水植物生长,是湖泊生态修复中的常用手段之一.而小型杂食性鱼类鳑鲏依赖河蚌繁殖,河蚌放养可能会促进鳑鲏种群的发展;而鳑鲏与河蚌交互作用对水生态系统的影响仍研究较少.于2018年11-12月通过原位受控实验,设置对照组、河蚌组、鳑鲏组和河蚌+鳑鲏组,研究了鳑鲏(大鳍鱊Acheilognath...     

苏皖地区2次中强地震前地下流体异常及其形成机理分析

归纳总结了安庆M_S4.8地震、高邮-宝应M_S4.9地震前出现的地下流体异常,并对其形成机理作了初步讨论。结果显示,这2次地震前地下流体异常特征比较相似。在时间进程上,都表现出中期趋势背景异常与短临异常的配套性特征。在空间分布上,中期趋势背景阶段,水位异常均表现为震中附近流体井水位呈趋势性转折上升,而震中外围流体井水位呈趋势性转折下降的特点。且转折上升的流体井在空间上的分布方位与地震的发震断层走向一致。在短临阶段,异常均表现为先向外迁移继而向震中靠拢的特点。水位在空间上的规律性分布可能受区域应力场作用以及区域构造格局所控制。     

Bio-dependent bed parameters as a proxy tool for sediment stability in mixed habitat intertidal areas

The stability of cohesive and non-cohesive sediments in a mixed intertidal habitat within the Ria Formosa tidal lagoon, Portugal, was examined during two field campaigns as part of the EU F-ECTS project. The cohesive strength meter Mk III was used to determine critical erosion shear stress (τ_c) within a variety of different intertidal habitats and substrata, including Spartina maritima fields and Zostera noltii beds. The best predictor(s) for τ_c were derived from a range of properties measured for the surface sediments (chlorophyll a, colloidal carbohydrate, water, organic content, % fraction <63 μm, and seabed elevation). Pigment biomarkers were used to identify the dominant algal groups within the surface phytobenthic assemblage.Strong, seasonally dependent relationships were found between τ_c and habitat type, chl a, colloidal carbohydrate and bed elevation. Typically, critical erosion thresholds decreased seawards, reflecting a change from biostabilisation by cyanobacteria in the upper intertidal areas, to biostabilisation by diatoms on the bare substrata of the channel edges. In the late summer/early autumn, cyanobacteria were the main sediment stabilisers, and colloidal carbohydrate was the best bio-dependent predictor of τ_c across the entire field area. In the late winter/early spring, cyanobacterial activity was lower, and sediment stabilisation by Enteromorpha clathrata was important; the best predictor of τ_c was bed elevation. The implications and use of proxies for sediment stability are discussed in terms of feedback and sedimentation processes operating across the intertidal area.     

轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对沉积物-水界面微观剖面理化参数的影响

水生植物是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,沉积物-水界面是湖泊生态系统中营养盐循环的重要界面,因而研究水生植物对沉积物-水界面微观剖面的影响具有重要意义.本文利用轮叶黑藻作为研究对象,研究了来自于香溪河、太湖和东湖3个样点的沉积物及上覆水中N、P等理化性质,并利用微电极研究轮叶黑藻对3种沉积物-水界面微观剖面是否有影响.实验结果表明:轮叶黑藻生长迅速.增长率因沉积物不同而不同,有一定的耐污能力;轮叶黑藻使水体和沉积物中总氮、总磷含量减少,对水体和底泥有一定的净化作用;轮叶黑藻可使水体溶解氧升高,并使沉积物有氧层厚度增加,改变沉积物的氧化还原电位;轮叶黑藻可能改变了根际微环境中微生物的数量和种类,而使沉积物和上覆水中的pH、N₂O和H2S等发生变化.     

Using Airgun Source Signals to Study Regional Wave Velocity Changes before and after the Yunlong MS5.0 and Yangbi MS5.1 Earthquakes

On the basis of the airgun source signals recorded by the stations from January, 2016 to June, 2017, we use cross-correlation detection technology to obtain the characteristics of the stable phase travel time change of each station. We used the Yunlong M_S5.0 and Yangbi M_S5.1 earthquakes as samples. According to regional characteristics, 13 stations with high signal-to-noise ratios and complete data were selected (including 3 fixed stations and 10 active source stations). They are divided into four regions, and on the basis of the GNSS baseline data, the characteristics of regional wave velocity changes before and after the earthquake are analyzed. The results show that the station phase travel time change and the regional stress characteristics represented by the GNSS baseline data have good correlation in the short-term. Due to different degrees of regional stress, there are differences in the travel time changes of different stations in the four regions. Before the Yunlong M_S5.0 and Yangbi M_S5.1 earthquakes, with regional stress adjustment, there is an upward trend in the travel time changes of related stations in the adjacent areas of up to 0.02s. The difference is that there are differences in the time nodes and duration of the travel time anomalies, and there is a reverse descent process after the Yangbi M_S5.1 earthquake. There are different degrees of travel time fluctuations in the relevant stations before and after the two earthquakes, but the fluctuation range before and after the earthquake was small. Compared with the water level change of the reservoir, the adjustment of the regional stress is more likely to have a substantial impact on the travel time changes of the relevant stations.     

利用real-time RT-PCR研究大型蚤对铜绿微囊藻毒素合成基因转录水平影响

近年来关于浮游动物与微囊藻相互作用的研究逐渐被关注.其中有的研究认为浮游动物能够诱导产毒细胞毒素含量的变化.微囊藻毒素是由微囊藻毒素合成基因编码翻译的,目前关于浮游动物对微囊藻毒素合成基因相对表达的影响并无报道,本文首次通过实时定量逆转录PCR方法研究铜绿微囊藻PCC7806产毒相关基因mcyB和mcyD在大型蚤胁迫下...     

Is a type of low frequency ULF magnetic disturbance a kind of earthquake precursors?

A type of relatively low frequency ULF magnetic disturbance has been generally observed by the magnetic induction-meter since it’s operation at Baijiatuan observatory in Beijing. As the amplitudes and frequencies of such disturbance signals change with time and are different from the disturbances produced by some man-made magnetic sources, therefore they are usually taken as a kind of earthquake precursors for ULF electro-magnetic emission. However, a comparative analysis with magnetic storms on the magnetogram obtained by variometerat the same station indicates that such signals always occur in the period of magnetic storm occurrence and so far we have not found the cases where such signals occur with no magnetic storms, therefore this kind of ULF magnetic disturbances should not be taken as a ULF earthquake precursors of the electromagnetic emission at present. The main features of such signals are as follows: the signals occur discontinuously during storms and the duration of each time section with such signals and the occurrence rates of the sections and the disturbance amplitudes are usually related to the types and intensities of storms. The wave form characteristics of the ULF disturbance are also related to the types of storms. Generally, the amplitudes and durations for SC storms are stronger and longer respectively than those for GC stroms, and if a storm is with largerK index, then relatively large amplitudes and higher rates and longer durations as well as variable frequencies will be observed andvice versa. Most of the start time and the time section with strongest disturbance recorded by the ULF unit and by the variometer are not consistent with each other, and the same one is only about 44%. The periods and intensities of such disturbance signals are in the ranges of few to several seconds and 0.04–8 nT respectively. The predominant frequency is about 0.06 Hz and certain energies are also distributed on the harmonic frequencies. Contribution No. 95A0063, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China.     

2017年新疆精河MS6.6地震遥感大气温度变化特征分析

在中国地震台网中心2016年底利用热红外遥感技术预测2017年新疆西部地区为潜在M_S 6.6±0.2地震危险区的基础上,分析2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震临震时段引潮力变化,并选用18时（UTC）中国大陆近地表50m高度处的遥感大气温度数据,以震前引潮力值最高点时刻（8月1日）为时间背景,获取地震前后（8月2~13日）连续的大气温度日增量分布图像,跟踪分析精河M_S6.6地震短临大气温度变化。结果显示：地震发生在天体引潮力由高峰—低谷连续周期变化的低谷时段,而大气温度变化过程显示,在全国大范围内,仅震中附近大气温度升高明显,其异常演化经历了起始—加强—高峰—衰减—再增强—发震—平静的动态过程。增温过程与潮汐变化具有同步性,这表明引潮力对本次地震具有触诱发的作用,而大气温度变化反映了本次地震地应力的变化过程,也说明在地震预测实践中,从中、短临多时间尺度综合分析遥感大气温度和引潮力变化,将有助于提高地震预测能力。     

不同时期菰(Zizania latifolia)幼苗对短期淹没的形态学响应

菰(Zizania latifolia)是长江中下游流域常见的挺水植物.为了解菰在野外的扩张和退化机制,本研究通过模拟实验分析了不同时期菰幼苗对短期淹没的形态学响应.实验共选择株高36和70 cm两种幼苗,设计不淹没、50%淹没和100%淹没3个处理.研究结果表明:两组菰幼苗地上部分的形态学响应有一定差异.在100%淹没处理下,36 cm幼苗组株高最低,茎粗和最大叶宽均显著低于其他两个处理;而70 cm幼苗组在不淹没处理下株高最低,茎粗和最大叶宽在50%和100%淹没处理下均无显著差异.两组菰幼苗根系的形态学响应也不一致.36 cm幼苗组,100%淹没处理组的所有6个根系指标均与其他两种处理有显著差异;70 cm幼苗组,不淹没处理组的6个根系指标均与其他两种处理有显著差异.随着淹没深度的增加,两组菰幼苗总生物量和根茎比均逐渐下降;但36 cm幼苗组在100%淹没处理下总生物量和根茎比均显著低于其他两个处理,而70 cm幼苗组在50%和100%淹没处理下却无显著差异.综合以上分析,本研究结果表明随着菰幼苗的生长,其对淹没的形态学响应能力增强.本研究结果对长江中下游湖泊菰的生态调控具有重要意义.     

The Co-seismic Response of Underground Fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake

In this paper, statistics are taken on the co-seismic response of underground fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake, and the co-seismic response characteristics of the water level and water temperature are analyzed and summarized with the digital data. The results show that the Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake had greater impact on the Yunnan region, and the macro and micro dynamics of fluids showed significant co-seismic response. The earthquake recording capacity of water level and temperature measurement is significantly higher than that of water radon and water quality to this large earthquake; the maximum amplitude and duration of co-seismic response of water level and water temperature vary greatly in different wells. The changing forms are dominated by fluctuation and step rise in water level, and a rising or falling restoration in water temperature. From the records of the main shock and the maximum strong aftershock,we can see that the greater magnitude of earthquake, the higher ratio of the occurrence of co-seismic response, and in the same well, the larger the response amplitude, as well as the longer the duration. The amplitude and duration of co-seismic response recorded by different instruments in a same well are different.Water temperature co-seismic response almost occurred in wells with water level response, indicating that the well water level and water temperature are closely related in co-seismic response, and the well water temperature seismic response was caused mainly by well water level seismic response.     

不同碳磷比的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响

食物质量会影响浮游动物的生长和繁殖,表征食物质量的指标包括食物大小、元素比、生物化学组成和毒性有无等.用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的碳磷比(C/P)表征食物质量,分析不同C/P斜生栅藻对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响.研究中4个处理组斜生栅藻C/P分别为881.8、512.3、124.3和42.4.培养9 d后不同处理组同型溞的生长速率分别为0.15、0.27、0.47和0.44 d-1.C/P比为881.8的处理组同型溞在整个培养过程中没有产仔,其余3个处理组的同型溞第1成龄期的产仔量分别为1.2±1.3、9.8±2.3和9.5±2.5 ind./female.结果表明,与斜生栅藻C/P为124.3处理条件相比,斜生栅藻C/P过高(512.3和881.8)及C/P过低(42.4)处理条件下同型溞生长速率和产仔量均降低.本研究表明食物C/P的高低会影响溞的生长和繁殖,从而影响其在湖泊中的生存.     

P-T-t path of metamorphism for the Julin Group and its geodynamical implications in Yuanmou, Yunnan

The metamorphic complex of the Julin Group occurs in the Yuanmou area of Yunnan Province on the western margin of the Yangtze Platform, and connects with the Kangdian metamorphic complex to the north. Based on the detailed petrographic observations and studies of garnet growth zoning, aP-T-t path has been reconstructed for the staurolite-kyanite zone in the Julin Group. This path is characterized by (1) a counter-clockwise evolutional trend, (2) a quicker increase of temperature than that of pressure in the initial prograde metamorphism, but slower near the peak, then temperature and pressure simultaneously reaching the peak metamorphic conditions, and (3) a slow near-isobaric cooling during the retrograde process. TheP-T-t path for prograde metamorphism is closely related to magmatic accretion in the arc setting. The magmatic accretion model, metamorphism type and tectonic setting may be compared with the global Grenville tectono-metamorphic events, and related to the assembly of the Rodinia at the late Mesoproterozoic-early Neoproterozoic (∼1.0 Ga). The retrogradeP-T-t path shows a slow near-isobaric cooling, indicating sustained heat supplies from the upper mantle and no rapid erosion. This heat source may be originated from the Neoproterozoic (∼0.82 Ga) breakup of the Rodinia.     

Self-diffusion studies of pore fluids in unconsolidated sediments by PFG NMR

The self-diffusion of water and hexadecane in medium and coarse sands from glacial sand deposits in central Germany were investigated by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR). Due to the restriction of the diffusion path at the pore/grain interface, the measured apparent self-diffusion coefficients (D(Δ)) in the pore space depend on the observation time (Δ) in the PFG NMR experiment. Although the bulk self-diffusion coefficients of water and hexadecane differ by about one order of magnitude, the apparent self-diffusion coefficients in the pore space obey the same characteristic time-behaviour, which depends only on geometrical properties of the pore system. Using the “short-time diffusion” model, surface-to-volume (S/V) ratios and inherent self-diffusion coefficients (D₀) of the pore fluids were extracted from these diffusion measurements. The S/V ratios obtained are independent of the pore fluid used and agree with known geometrical properties of the sand grains. Moreover, the D₀ values are consistent with the corresponding bulk self-diffusion coefficients measured separately. In contrast to these results of PFG NMR, simultaneous investigations of longitudinal (T₁) nuclear magnetic relaxation reveal that the relaxation time of the pore fluid is a less suitable parameter for a quantitative estimation of geometrical properties of the pore/grain interface in these unconsolidated sediments since it depends on chemical properties of the fluid/grain interface.     

太湖长孢藻属(Dolichospermum)生物量长期动态变化及驱动因子

针对近年来太湖水体中长孢藻（Dolichospermum,曾用名鱼腥藻Anabaena）比例增加的趋势,本文研究了2005—2019年太湖春季不同湖区长孢藻生物量的长期变化趋势和空间差异,探究了冬、春季气象条件（气温、日照时长、风速、降雨量）和营养盐（总氮、总磷）水平对其的影响.结果表明,2005—2019年太湖监测数据显示春季长孢藻生物量有比较明显的升高现象,主要发生在竺山湖富营养程度较高的区域,其次是湖心区、梅梁湾和南部湖区.偏最小二乘路径建模（PLS-PM）结果表明,不同湖区长孢藻生物量变化的主要驱动因素存在差异.在湖心区,春季长孢藻的生物量主要受冬季气候条件（气温、风速、日照时长）的影响,其次受春季营养盐和春季气候条件的影响.在梅梁湾、竺山湖和南部湖区,春季长孢藻的生物量主要受春季气候条件的影响.在梅梁湾和竺山湖,春季风速、日照时长是春季长孢藻生物量的显著影响因子;在南部湖区,春季长孢藻生物量的主要驱动因素是春季的日照时长和春季气温.本研究从长时间序列角度,对太湖固氮蓝藻的时空分布特征和影响因素开展了研究,为太湖不同湖区开展针对性的藻类水华防控和富营养化治理提供理论基础.