基于CA-Markov模型的土地利用格局变化研究

以广州市1990年、2000年TM影像为数据源,通过分析斑块和景观两个层次的格局指数变化,研究了20世纪90年代广州市土地利用格局的时空特征。利用马尔柯夫模型和元胞自动机模型,对广州市2010年土地利用空间格局进行了预测。     

高分辨率遥感影像分割的城市绿地提取研究

林地是国家重要的自然资源和经济资源,掌握林地分布状况对林地资源调查管理具有重要意义。针对传统林地提取方法精度较低且边界不规则的问题,设计了一种联合多尺度注意力机制与边缘约束的林地提取方法。首先,构建一种端到端的多尺度注意力神经网络模型,充分提取影像中林地的上下文特征,对不同尺度下的林地进行语义描述,实现高精度的林地像素级表达;其次,构建边缘约束规则,对提取结果进行边界优化,提高林地提取结果的可读性。为证明方法的有效性,以中国四川省绵阳市三台县作为实验区,建立数据集并进行林地提取实验,结果显示,所提方法提取的精确度为81.9%,召回率为75.6%,F1分数为78.1%,交并比为64.2%。结果证明,所提方法在遥感影像林地提取应用上效果良好。

     

基于GIS的岳阳县土地利用变化研究

本文利用遥感和GIS技术,分析了岳阳县1993年～2002年土地利用变化及其空间分异特征。研究表明,9年间岳阳县农用地、水域呈减少趋势,建设用地、林地呈增加趋势,其中农用地的减少和林地的增加十分显著;主要转移方向包括农用地向建设用地、林地转移,水域向林地转移等;各类土地利用变化在空间上呈现明显的区域分异;城市化的迅速发展,旅游业的繁荣以及人类生态意识的提高是研究时段内土地利用变化的主要影响因子。     

Predicting the spatial distribution of hunted and non-hunted Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger) using remotely sensed woody cover in a Southern African savanna

From remotely sensed woody cover, we tested whether sables under hunting pressure preferred closed woodland habitats and whether those not under hunting preferred more open woodland habitats. We applied a two factorial logistic regression analysis to model the probability of occurrence of sable antelope in hunted and non-hunted areas of northwest Zimbabwe as a function of vegetation cover density (estimated by a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)). We validated the results by high-spatial resolution imagery derived tree canopy area. We subsequently compared the predictions from the two models in order to compare sable cover selection between hunted and non-hunted areas. Our results suggest that hunted sables are likely to select closed woodland, while non-hunted ones would prefer more open woodland habitats. We also established a significant positive relationship between NDVI and tree canopy cover, thus emphasizing the importance of remote sensing in studies that measure the impact of hunting on habitat selection of targeted species.     

面向对象的图像分类方法与彩色扫描地形图林地层的自动提取

提出了一种基于面向对象分类方法的彩色扫描地形图林地层自动识别方法，简要阐述了这种方法的基本概念和原理，分析和讨论了该方法的优越性和林地层提取效果，为基于地形图计算林地面积，找林地动态变化或土地利用类型变化的研究提供了方法参考。     

Studying Changes in Land Use Within the Poyang Lake Region

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. Because the lake is faced with a series of ecological and environmental problems, it is important and necessary to study the land use changes in the Poyang Lake region. In this study, Landsat images from 1976, 1989, 1999 and 2009, were used along with other evaluation methods (quantitative analysis of changes in land use, land use dynamic, degree and transfer matrix analyses) to investigate the changes in land use within the Poyang Lake region from 1976 to 2009. Land use was classified into seven types: cropland, woodland, grassland, the water body, construction land, bottomland and unused land. Areas of cropland, bottomland and the water body were decreasing although the area of the water body decreased relatively slowly. However, areas of construction land, grassland, woodland and unused land increased to a certain extent, with unused land increasing the most rapidly given its smaller proportion compared to the other types. All land types in the study region had different levels of conversion between other types of land. As a whole, the decrease in cropland and the increase in construction land, woodland and grassland were caused by human activities and the conservation policies such as Grain-for-Green and “returning farm to lake”. However, the decrease in the water body area was mainly influenced by natural factors and human activities. Changes in the area of bottomland were mainly influenced by water levels and human farming activities.     

1990—2019年石漠化区耕地时空特征及成因分析——以富源县为例

针对石漠化区耕地变化研究存在时间、空间尺度有限的问题,本文以富源县为例,基于1990、2000、2010和2019年4期的Landsat遥感数据,应用多特征与随机森林相结合的分类方法提取耕地,运用耕地覆盖度、耕地类型转化、坡度分区统计分析了近30年(1990—2019年)耕地时空变化特征,并讨论了耕地变化的原因。结果表明,1990—2019年富源县耕地面积呈先增加(1990—2010年)后减少(2010—2019年)的态势;耕地面积主要来源和转化类型均以林地和草地为主,林地最多;主要分布在北部5个石漠化面积较少的乡镇,以缓坡区为主;耕地覆盖度呈现低-高-低的过程,陡坡区耕地变化率在不同时段差异明显。近30年富源县耕地变化是在石漠化独特的地理环境下,由人口、经济、政策、交通等因素共同作用而形成的。本文的结论可为评估石漠化区域生态安全和粮食安全提供数据支撑。     

松嫩平原生态脆弱区生态系统服务功能价值变化

在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,以1986～2000年的1∶100000LandsatTM图像解译数据为基础,全面分析了1986～2000年该区土地利用/覆被的动态变化特征,运用Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的计算方法,对松嫩平原西部生态脆弱区土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)引起的生态环境质量变化进行了评估。计算结果表明:在1986～2000年间,由于土地利用面积的变化而使该地区的生态系统的生态价值减少,松嫩平原西部耕地和城乡建设用地有所增加,其他林地、草地、水域和未利用地的面积均减少。耕地面积增加的比例为9.80%、城乡建设用地增加0.66%;林地、草地、水域和未利用地面积减少的比例分别为1.10%、6.80%、1.20%和1.20%,15年的时间里松嫩平原西部生态脆弱区生态系统总价值减少7000.15×104美元,使生态系统服务价值损失9.74%。     

Satellite-based damage mapping following the 2006 Indonesia earthquake—How accurate was it?

The Yogyakarta area in Indonesia suffered a devastating earthquake on 27 May 2006. There was an immediate international response, and the International Charter “Space and Major Disasters” was activated, leading to a rapid production of image-based damage maps and other assistance. Most of the acquired images were processed by UNOSAT and DLR-ZKI, while substantial damage mapping also occurred on the ground. This paper assesses the accuracy and completeness of the damage maps produced based on Charter data, using ground damage information collected during an extensive survey by Yogyakarta's Gadjah Mada University in the weeks following the earthquake and that has recently become available. More than 54,000 buildings or their remains were surveyed, resulting in an exceptional validation database. The UNOSAT damage maps outlining clusters of severe damage are very accurate, while earlier, more detailed results underestimated damage and missed larger areas. Damage maps produced by DLR-ZKI, using a damage-grid approach, were found to underestimate the extent and severity of the devastation. Both mapping results also suffer from limited image coverage and extensive cloud contamination. The ground mapping gives a more accurate picture of the extent of the damage, but also illustrates the challenge of mapping a vast area. The paper concludes with a discussion on ways to improve Charter-based damage maps by integration of local knowledge, and to create a wider impact through generation of customised mapping products using web map services.     

基于地面高光谱数据的东亚飞蝗危害程度监测

20世纪80年代以来东亚飞蝗在中国再度猖獗,及时、准确地监测东亚飞蝗的危害程度,对于东亚飞蝗的有效防治有重要意义。本研究以河北省黄骅市为研究区,利用地面高光谱数据,分析和比较了正常生长芦苇和受蝗虫危害芦苇的冠层反射光谱和高光谱特征参数的差异,并建立了高光谱特征参数与芦苇叶面积指数（LAI）的关系模型。结果表明,其中的虫害光谱指数（DSI）最适用于反映研究区芦苇受蝗虫危害的程度。在此基础上,利用DSI对研究区蝗虫的危害程度进行了划分,即：DSI〉62.856未受危害;41.254≤DSI≤59.496轻度危害;DSI〈41.254严重危害。     

岳池县土地利用景观格局动态变化分析

在ERDAS IMAGINE 9.0和ArcGIS 9.3软件平台下,以岳池县1993年、2001年和2007年的TM遥感影像为基础数据源,采用监督分类方法以及景观指数分析法,对岳池县景观格局的变化进行了分析。结果表明：岳池县近15年来旱地、林地、建筑用地和水体面积呈增加趋势,其中旱地和建筑用地增幅最大,分别增加了11...     

基于GIS的岷江上游流域土地利用／覆被变化研究

以岷江上游流域为对象,选取3期9景TM/+ETM遥感影像,通过多步骤最大似然监督分类、变化检测,结合空间动态分析测算模型,分析近20年土地利用/覆被变化情况。结果表明:从整个流域分析,林地面积减少,主要转化为未利用地、建设用地和耕地;未利用地在前8年以每年3.7%、后8年以每年0.4%的速度增加;建设用地在1994—2002年以每年34%的速度增加,到2002—2010年增长速度减缓;耕地总面积减少54 431hm2;从县域分析,1994—2002年间,松潘和黑水县大面积林地转为未利用地;2002—2010年间,松潘县未利用地转为林地和建设用地,茂县和汶川县未利用地面积大幅增加。该研究结论不仅为国土资源管理部门优化土地利用结构提供依据,亦为当地政府实现生态资源可持续发展提供数据支撑。     

Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005: Land use/land cover,vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data

The eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in China has received much attention due to the construction of the Three Gorges Hydropower Station. Land use/land cover changes (LUCC) are a major cause of ecological environmental changes. In this paper, the spatial landscape dynamics from 1978 to 2005 in this area are monitored and recent changes are analyzed, using the Landsat TM (MSS) images of 1978, 1988, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Vegetation cover fractions for a vegetation cover analysis are retrieved from MODIS/Terra imagery from 2000 to 2006, being the period before and after the rising water level of the reservoir. Several analytical indices have been used to analyze spatial and temporal changes. Results indicate that cropland, woodland, and grassland areas reduced continuously over the past 30 years, while river and built-up area increased by 2.79% and 4.45% from 2000 to 2005, respectively. The built-up area increased at the cost of decreased cropland, woodland and grassland. The vegetation cover fraction increased slightly. We conclude that significant changes in land use/land cover have occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The main cause is a continuous economic and urban/rural development, followed by environmental management policies after construction of the Three Gorges Dam.     

Mapping the understorey of deciduous woodland from leaf-on and leaf-off airborne LiDAR data: A case study in lowland Britain

This study examines the understorey information present in discrete-return LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data acquired for temperate deciduous woodland in mid summer (leaf-on) and in early spring when the understorey had mostly leafed out, but the overstorey had only just begun budburst (referred to here as leaf-off). The woodland is ancient, semi-natural broadleaf and has a heterogeneous structure with a mostly closed canopy overstorey and a patchy understorey layer. In this study, the understorey was defined as suppressed trees and shrubs growing beneath an overstorey canopy. Forest mensuration data for the study site were examined to identify thresholds (taking the 95th percentile) for crown depth as a percentage of crown top height for the six overstorey tree species present. These data were used in association with a digital tree species map and leaf-on first return LiDAR data, to identify the possible depth of space available below the overstorey canopy in which an understorey layer could exist. The leaf-off last return LiDAR data were then examined to identify whether they contained information on where this space was occupied by suppressed trees or shrubs forming an understorey. Thus, understorey was mapped from the leaf-off last return data where the height was below the predicted crown depth. A height threshold of 1 m was applied to separate the ground vegetation layer from the understorey. The derived understorey model formed a discontinuous layer covering 46.4 ha (or 31% of the study site), with an average height of 2.64 m and a 77% correspondence with field data on the presence/absence of suppressed trees and shrubs (kappa 0.53). Because the first return data in leaf-on and leaf-off conditions were very similar (differing by an average of just 0.87 m), it was also possible to map the understorey layer using leaf-off data alone. The resultant understorey model covered 39.4 ha (or 26% of the study site), and had a 72% correspondence with field data on the presence/absence of suppressed trees and shrubs (kappa 0.45). This moderate reduction in the area of understorey mapped and associated accuracy came with a saving of half of all data acquisition and pre-processing costs. Whilst the understorey modelling presented here undoubtedly benefited from the specific timing of LiDAR data acquisition and from ancillary data available for the study site, the conclusions have resonance beyond this case study. Given that the understorey and overstorey canopies in lowland broadleaf woodland can merge into one another, the modelling of understorey information from discrete-return LiDAR data must consider overstorey canopy characteristics and laser penetration through the overstorey. It is not adequate in such circumstances to apply simple height thresholds to LiDAR height frequency distributions, as this is unlikely to distinguish whether a return has backscattered from the lower parts of the overstorey canopy or from near the surface of the understorey canopy.     

Optimization of Land Use Structure Based on Ecological GREEN Equivalent

Optimization of land use structure consists of economic and social and ecological optimization.Applying the minds of system engineering and principles of ecology,this paper presents such thoughts:the optimal forest-coverage rate calculated according to the reality of a district is set as main standard of ecological rationality in the district;through considering the value of ecosystem services of the land with GREEN equivalent(mainly cultivated land and grassland)and based on the rule GREEN equivalent,this paper introduces the area conversion between woodland and cultivated land ,also between woodland and grassland;this paper establishes a multi-dimension controlling model of optimization of land use structure,In addition,a multiobjective linear programming model for optimization of land use structure is designed.In the end,this paper tests and verifies this theory of ecological optimization,taking Qionghai city in Hainan Province as an example.     

Mapping Wildfire Burn Severity in Southern California Forests and Shrublands Using Enhanced Thematic Mapper Imagery

Abstract

Wildfire is a major disturbance agent in Mediterranean Type Ecosystems (MTEs). Providing reliable, quantitative information on the area of burns and the level of damage caused is therefore important both for guiding resource management and global change monitoring. Previous studies have successfully mapped burn severity using remote sensing, but reliable accuracy has yet to be gained using standard methods over different vegetation types. The objective of this research was to classify burn severity across several vegetation types using Landsat ETM imagery in two areas affected by wildfire in southern California in June 1999. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) using four reference endmembers (vegetation, soil, shade, non‐photosynthetic vegetation) and a single (charcoal‐ash) image endmember were used to enhance imagery prior to burn severity classification using decision trees. SMA provided a robust technique for enhancing fire‐affected areas due to its ability to extract sub‐pixel information and minimize the effects of topography on single date satellite data. Overall kappa classification accuracy results were high (0.71 and 0.85, respectively) for the burned areas, using five canopy consumption classes. Individual severity class accuracies ranged from 0.5 to 0.94.     

Optimization of land use structure based on ecological GREEN equivalent

Optimization of land use structure consists of economic and social and ecological optimization. Applying the minds of system engineering and principles of ecology, this paper presents such thoughts: the optimal forest-coverage rate calculated according to the reality of a district is set as main standard of ecological rationality in the district; through considering the value of ecosystem services of the land with GREEN equivalent (mainly cultivated land and grassland) and based on the rule, GREEN equivalent, this paper introduces the area conversion between woodland and cultivated land, also between woodland and grassland; this paper establishes a multi-dimension controlling model of optimization of land use structure. In addition, a multi-objective linear programming model for optimization of land use structure is designed. In the end, this paper tests and verifies this theory of ecological optimization, taking Qionghai city in Hainan Province as an example.     

利用遥感影像进行植被分布分析

植被是生态环境的重要组成要素,它与一定的地形条件相适应。本文以吴起县遥感影像及地形数据为基础,集成使用RS,GPS及GIS技术,以NDVI植被指数计算为核心完成了植被覆盖度的动态监测及分析,植被群落已基本恢复成能与环境相适应的稳定群落,封禁效果基本稳定,林地面积、植被覆盖度等指标明显上升。植被覆盖度面积逐年增加,部分地区还出现了较为明显的逆转现象,整个研究区的生态环境呈现良性发展态势。     

基于土地覆盖分类的植被覆盖率估算亚像元模型与应用

如何利用遥感资料估算植被覆盖率已成为建立全球及区域气候、生态模型的基础工作之一。重点探讨了利用TM资料从植被指数（NDVI）中提取植被覆盖率的方法。根据TM像元为非均一混合像元的特点,提出了基于土地覆盖分类的综合运用“等密度模型”和“非密度模型”计算植被覆盖率的方法,通过对北京市海淀市区的植被覆盖率计算表明,该方法的估算精度可达75.4%,比单纯使用等密度亚像元模型在估算精度上可提高5.8%。可以认为,该方法为大面积植被覆盖率估算提供了一种有效的途径。     

陕北干旱区景观生态风险空间分异特征及驱动因素分析

陕北黄土高原属于生态脆弱区,是国家生态修复重点项目区。本文以陕北榆林市2000—2020年3期土地利用数据为数据源,用网格法构建基于景观格局的综合生态风险指数模型,定量分析了榆林市景观生态风险时空分布,并采用地理探测器、R和Origin软件等工具定量分析了土地利用与生态风险的耦合关系。结果表明:2000—2020年该地区生态风险整体趋于下降,低生态风险区面积增加、高生态风险区面积逐渐较少且向西北方向偏移;中风险区域面积逐年增加,该区域仍存在较强潜在生态风险;在人类活动影响下的林地、草地面积变化,以及自然胁迫是驱动景观生态风险变化的主要因素。