On singularities in electrodynamics and gravitational theory

The singularity and particle problems in electrodynamics and gravitational theory are discussed. Comparing different modifications of MAXWELL 's electrodynamics and general theory of relativity, arguments are given which show possibilities of solving these problems by a modification that replaces EINSTEIN 's equations by those of the EINSTEIN -BACH -WEYL -type.     

Astronomische Längen-und Breitendifferenzen der Basisobservatorien Irkutsk,Potsdam und Simeiz (Mitteilungen des Zentralinstituts für Physik der Erde,Nr. 1180)

In 1980/1981 astronomical observations using a carried DANJON -astrolabe were made at Irkutsk, Potsdam and Simeiz stations in order to determine the longitude and latidute differences. — It is informed about the observations made and the analysis of the results obtained. The formulas required for the astronomical longitude and latitude determination are indicated. Subsequent calculation of the weighted mean serves to stepwise condence the values and, at the same time, to examine them for systematic groupe differences and personal errors. Finally the longitude and latitude differences are derived taking into account the observers' personal equations. Their accuracies range from ±0.0020 s to ±0.0028 s and from ±0.013”︁ to ±0.017”︁, respectively. Russian text ingnor     

Eddingtons Zahlen,Einsteins Kriterium und Rydbergs rationelles Dimensionssystem

The discussions about the meaning of the “hierarchy of interactions” and in connection with this about the role of Eddington's “cosmological number” imply the question of the “big numbers” in physics. According to Einstein's and Bridgman's criteria such “big numbers” are hints at unsolved problems in the foundations of physics. Eddington gives a theory of the big number like cosmological quantities. – A new point of view on this question may be to remember Rydberg's suggestion on independigly physical dimensions of lengths L, surfaces S, and volumina V, and to remember Dällenbach's suggestion to introduce a new universal constant α which describes the operational connections between the quardrate of lengths L² and the surface S in microphysics. Coulomb's and Nwton's laws have the same structure. But, the electrical forces are depending on L^-2 and the gravitational forces are depending on S^-1 ∼ (1/α) L^-2 because “gravitation is geometry”. In Planck's elementary units h, c and f Dällenbach's “surface-constant of the vacuum” α is a pure number α ≈ hc/fm², th. i. Eddington's cosmological number ω ∼ 10⁴⁰. However, Rydberg's physical dimensions in geometry and Dällenbach's constant suggest new formulations of the question of “geometrization of physics” and “physicallization of geometry” and the connections between cosmology and microphysics.     

Variable and broad iron lines around black holes

“Variable and Broad Iron Lines around Black Holes” was the topic of the first scientific workshop organized by the XMMNewton Science Operations Centre. This foreword gives a brief introduction to the history of black hole research, which motivated the workshop's scientific topic. The organizing committees are listed and the meeting is shortly outlined. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Helligkeitsschätzungen von 12 quasistellaren Objekten auf photographischen Himmelsaufnahmen

Twelve QSO's have been investigated for variability on plates of the “Sonneberger Himmelsüberwachung”. Besides for 3 C 273 and Ton 616 no variability exceeding the mean error (±0.08 mag for m < 17.0) was found. TON 616 shows variability of 0,4 mag on time scales from hours (1964 Apr. 15) to one year.     

Singularitäten in der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie

“Regular solutions of EINSTEIN 's equations” mean very different things. In the case of the empty-space equations, R_ik = 0, such solutions must be metrics g_ik(x^l) without additionaly singular “field sources” (EINSTEIN 's “Particle problem”). – However the “phenomenological matter” is defined by the EINSTEIN equations R_ik – 1/2g_ikR =–xT_ik itselves. Therefore if 10 regular functions g_ik(x^l) are given (which the inequalities of LORENTZ -signature fulfil) then these g_ik define 10 functions T_ik(x^l) without singularities. But, the matter-tensor T_ik must fulfil the two inequalities T ≥ 0, T ≥ 1/2 T only and therefore the EINSTEIN -equations with “phenomenological matter” mean the two inequalities R ≥ 0, R ≤ 0 which are incompatible with a permanently regular metric with LORENTZ -signature, generally.     

Die Asymmetrie der kosmischen Zeit und RIEMANNS Gravitationstheorie1)

RIEMANN himself has considered his formulation of the differential geometry of curved spaces as a first step to a unified geometrical theory of “one ether of gravity, electricity and magnetism”. RIEMANN has pointed out that a fundamental point in such a theory of gravitation has to be the asymmetry of its sources: only positive masses exist. – According to RIEMANN this asymmetry of sources to be coupled with an asymmetry of gravitation field equation against the time-reversion t → - t. Therefore, the gravitation field equation is of the type of a continuity-equation of a velocity field v_i˜g^ikθ _k Φ. RIEMANN 's ether is incompressible in empty space-domains: θ _k (g^1/2v^k) = o. But, in domains with a massdensity σ > o it is θg^1/2/θt = −2 kcσ = − 2 kcg^1/2σ₀ (with a universal constant kc). The matter-density defines depressions of the ether. In a general-relativistic approach RIEMANN 's ansatz means that in empty space-time domains the world-geometry is the purely metrical “RIEMANN ian” geometry. However, in domains with a non-vanishing matter-tensor T_μ^v ≠ o the geometry becomes “non-RIEMANN ian” affine connecting and is of the type of WEYL 's geometry or of the “EINSTEIN -CARTAN theories of gravitation”. Especially, RIEMANN 's field equation for the empty space θ _k ((g^1/2g^ikθ _k Φ) = o. is the EINSTEIN equation (-|g_μv|)^1/2 R₀⁰ = o with g₀₀ = - Φ²c^-4.     

Jupiter's ring system: New results on structure and particle properties

A reexamination of the Voyager images has yielded a refined understanding of Jupiter's diffuse ring system. The system is composed of a relatively bright narrow ring and inner toroidal halo, in addition to the exterior “gossamer” ring discussed elsewhere (Showalter et al., 1985, Nature 316, 526–528). The previously suspected inner disk is absent. The main ring is ∼7000 km wide and has an abrupt outer boundary at a radius of 129,130 ± 100 km. Visible in the ring are several narrow bright features, which may bear some relationship to Adrastea and Metis; these features appear to be narrower and relatively brighter in backscatter. The smallest ring particles obey a power law size distribution, and have an optical depth of 1–6 × 10⁻⁶ for grains up to 100 μm in radius. The largest bodies are dark, rough, and red, and of comparable total optical depth. The halo arises at the bright ring's inner boundary and rapidly expands inward to a ∼20,000-km full thickness, but remains symmetric about the ring plane. It disappears from sight at a radius of 90,000 km, roughly halfway between the main ring and the planet's cloudtops. The halo particles are not predominantly Rayleigh scatterers; they appear to obey a size distribution similar to that of the micron-sized population in the main ring, and comprise a similar optical depth.     

The Chinese comet observation in AD 773 January

The strong ¹⁴C increase in the year AD 774/5 detected in one German and two Japanese trees was recently suggested to have been caused by an impact of a comet onto Earth and a deposition of large amounts of ¹⁴C into the atmosphere (Liu et al. 2014). The authors supported their claim using a report of a historic Chinese observation of a comet ostensibly colliding with Earth's atmosphere in AD 773 January. We show here that the Chinese text presented by those authors is not an original historic text, but that it is comprised of several different sources. Moreover, the translation presented in Liu et al. is misleading and inaccurate. We give the exact Chinese wordings and our English translations. According to the original sources, the Chinese observed a comet in mid January 773, but they report neither a collision nor a large coma, just a long tail. Also, there is no report in any of the source texts about “dust rain in the daytime” as claimed by Liu et al. (2014), but simply a normal dust storm. Ho (1962) reports sightings of this comet in China on AD 773 Jan 15 and/or 17 and in Japan on AD 773 Jan 20 (Ho 1962). At the relevant historic time, the Chinese held that comets were produced within the Earth's atmosphere, so that it would have been impossible for them to report a “collision” of a comet with Earth's atmosphere. The translation and conclusions made by Liu et al. (2014) are not supported by the historical record. Therefore, postulating a sudden increase in ¹⁴C in corals off the Chinese coast precisely in mid January 773 (Liu et al. 2014) is not justified given just the ²³⁰Th dating for AD 783 ± 14. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Speckle interferometry of asteroids II. 532 Herculina

Speckle interferometry of 532 Herculina performed on January 17 and 18, 1982, yields triaxial ellipsoid dimensions of (263 ± 14) × (218 ± 12) × (215 ± 12) km, and a north pole for the asteroid within 7° of RA = 7^b47^m and DEC = ?39° (ecliptic coordinates γ = 132° β = ?59°). In addition, a “spot” some 75% brighter than the rest of the asteroid is inferred from both speckle observations and Herculina's lightcurve history. This bright complex, centered at asterocentric latitude ?35°, longitude 145–165°, extends over a diameter of 55° (115 km) of the asteroid's surface. No evidence for a satellite is found from the speckle observations, which leads to an upper limit of 50 km for the diameter of any satellite with an albedo the same as or higher than Herculina.     

行星(月球)自转监测望远镜的原理样机地面验证实验

类地行星(月球)自转监测望远镜的科学目标是在行星(月球)表面现场测量行星(月球)自转并研究其内部结构和物理性质.为了验证全新的观测原理和资料处理方法,项目团队设计制造了一套原理样机,在一台商用天文望远镜的光路前端增加3面反射镜组,使其具有同时观测3个视场的能力.自2017年起在地面上开展了观测实验,获得了混合有3视场星象的图像.通过计算星象在前后图像上的位移实现了归属视场识别,使得观测效果与分视场独立观测等同,证明了用一台设备同时观测多视场的可行性.处理图像并通过3个视场中心的指向变化归算地球自转轴的空间指向,与理论值比较偏差平均约1′′,证明了观测原理和数据处理方法有效.对各种观测误差来源进行了分析,包含大气折射、仪器热稳定性和光学分辨能力的影响等,指出采用更长焦距的望远镜可以提高空间分辨率,优化形变控制可以提高观测稳定性.改进多视场同时观测中的光学设计也有助于精度的提高.     

The planforms of low‐angle impact craters in the northern hemisphere of Mars

Abstract— We have surveyed Martian impact craters greater than 5 km in diameter using Viking and thermal emission imaging system (THEMIS) imagery to evaluate how the planform of the rim and ejecta changes with decreasing impact angle. We infer the impact angles at which the changes occur by assuming a sin²θ dependence for the cumulative fraction of craters forming below angle θ. At impact angles less than ?40° from horizontal, the ejecta become offset downrange relative to the crater rim. As the impact angle decreases to less than ?20°, the ejecta begin to concentrate in the cross‐range direction and a “forbidden zone” that is void of ejecta develops in the uprange direction. At angles less than ?10°, a “butterfly” ejecta pattern is generated by the presence of downrange and uprange forbidden zones, and the rim planform becomes elliptical with the major axis oriented along the projectile's direction of travel. The uprange forbidden zone appears as a “V” curving outward from the rim, but the downrange forbidden zone is a straight‐edged wedge. Although fresh Martian craters greater than 5 km in diameter have ramparts indicative of surface ejecta flow, the ejecta planforms and the angles at which they occur are very similar to those for lunar craters and laboratory impacts conducted in a dry vacuum. The planforms are different from those for Venusian craters and experimental impacts in a dense atmosphere. We interpret our results to indicate that Martian ejecta are first emplaced predominantly ballistically and then experience modest surface flow.     

Strong gravity effects in the temperature profile of accretion disks

The temperature profile of accretion disks moving axially symmetric in the static, spherically symmetric field of a compact, massive object is calculated without specifiing the gravitational theory. Using the covariantly written viscous, fluiddynamical equations of motion, the α viscosity law and free-free radiation of a cooling region is obtained under very general assumptions about the behaviour of the external gravitational field. The used gravitational theory is reflected by inner boundary processes taking place in the region of strong gravity; the cooling region could give a significant „bremsstrahlung”︁ correction to the ”︁cool'' part of the spectrum radiated away from the outer, weak gravity region of the disk.     

Hansen系数及其导数的直接计算方法

回顾总结了7种Hansen系数及其导数的直接计算方法,比较分析了这些方法的计算效率和计算稳定性.研究表明:Hansen系数的递推关系可以用来判别计算结果的稳定性.最后指出, Wnuk方法(双精度计算)和McClain方法(4精度计算)是稳定的,可以用来计算人造卫星轨道摄动.由于大多数人造卫星采用小偏心率轨道,需要计算无奇点摄动,推荐使用McClain方法1 (4精度计算).     

Gravitation und weitreichende schwache Wechselwirkungen bei Neutrino-Feldern Gedanken zu einer Theorie der solaren Neutrinos

The strange non-evidence of the solar-neutrino current by the experiments of DAVIS et al. postulates a fundamental revision of the theory of weak interactions and of its relations to gravitation theory. (We assume that the astrophysical stellar models are not completely wrong.) – Our paper is based on PAULI 's grand hypothesis about the connection between weak and gravitational interactions. According to PAULI and BLACKETT the (dimensionless) gravitation constant is the square of the (dimensionless) FERMI -interaction constant and according to the hypotheses of PAULI, DE BROGLIE , and JORDAN the RIEMANN -EINSTEIN gravitational metric g_ik is fusioned by the four independent WEYL ian neutrino fields (β-neutrinos and β-antineutrinos, μ-neutrinos and μ-antineutrinos). This fusion gives four reference tetrads h_i^A(x^l) as neutrino-current vectors, firstly. Then, the metric g_ik is defined by the equation g_ik = η_AB h_i^Ah_η^B according to EINSTEIN 's theory of tele-parallelism in RIEMANN ian space-times. The relation of the gravitation field theory to FERMI 's theory of weak interactions becomes evident in our reference-tetrads theory of gravitation (TREDER 1967, 1971). – According to this theory the coupling of the gravitation potential h_i^A with the matter T_ιⁱ is given by a potential-like (FERMI -like) interaction term. In this interaction term two WEYL spinor-fields are operating on the matter-tensor, simultanously. Therefore, the gravitation coupling constant is PAULI 's square of the FERMI -constant. Besides of the fusion of the RIEMANN -EINSTEIN metric g_ik by four WEYL spinors we are able to construct a conformal flat metric ĝ_ik = ϕ²η_ik by fusion from each two WEYL spinors. (This hypothesis is in connection with our interpretation of EINSTEIN 's hermitian field theory as a unified field-theory of the gravitational metric g_ik and a WEYL spinor field [TREDER 1972].) Moreover, from the reference-tetrads theory is resulting that the WEYL spinors in the “new metric” ĝ_ik are interacting with the DIRAC matter current by a FERMI -like interaction term and that these WEYL spinors fulfil a wave equation in the vacuum. Therefore, we have a long-range interaction with the radiced gravitational constant \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt {\frac{{tm^2 }}{{hc}}} $\end{document} as a coupling constant. That means, we have a long-range interaction which is 10¹⁸ times stronger than the gravitation interaction. – However, according to the algebraic structure of the conform-flat this long-range interaction is effective for the neutrino currents, only. And for these neutrinos the interaction is giving an EINSTEIN -like redshift of its frequences. The characteristic quantity of this “EINSTEIN shift” is a second gravitation radius â of each body: N = number of baryons, m = mass of a baryon.) This radius â is 10¹⁸ times larger than the EINSTEIN -SCHWARZSCHILD gravitation radius a = fM/c²: But, this big “weak radius” â has a meaning for the neutrinos, only.–The determination of the exterior and of the interior “metrics” ĝ_ik is given by an “ansatz” which is analogous to the ansatz for determination of strong gravitational fields in our tetrads theory. That is by an ansatz which includes the “self-absorption” of the field by the matter. For all celestial bodies the “weak radius” â is much greater than its geometrical dimension. Therefore, a total EINSTEIN redshift of the neutrino frequences v is resulting according to the geometrical meaning of our long-range weak interaction potential ĝ_ik = ϕ²η_ik. That means, the cosmic neutrino radiation becomes very weak and unable for nuclear reactions. Theoretically, our hypothesis means an ansatz for unitary theory of gravitation and of weak interaction. This unitary field theory is firstly based on EINSTEIN 's hermitian field theory and secondly based on our reference-tetrads theory of gravitation.     

Noble gases in presolar diamonds I: Three distinct components and their implications for diamond origins

Abstract— High-purity separates of presolar diamond were prepared from 14 primitive chondrites from 7 compositional groups. Their noble gases were measured using stepped pyrolysis. Three distinct noble gas components are present in diamonds, HL, P3, and P6, each of which is found to consist of five noble gases. P3 , released between 200 °C and 900 °C, has a “planetary” elemental abundance pattern and roughly “normal” isotopic ratios. HL , consisting of isotopically anomalous Xe-HL and Kr-H, Ar with high ³⁸Ar/³⁶Ar, and most of the gas making up Ne-A2 and He-A, is released between 1100 °C and 1600 °C. HL has “planetary” elemental ratios, except that it has much more He and Ne than other known “planetary” components. HL gases are carried in the bulk diamonds, not in some trace phase. P6 has a slightly higher median release temperature than HL and is not cleanly separated from HL by stepped pyrolysis. Our data suggest that P6 has roughly “normal” isotopic compositions and “planetary” elemental ratios. Both P3 and P6 seem to be isotopically distinct from P1, the dominant “planetary” noble-gas component in primitive chondrites. Release characteristics suggest that HL and P6 are sited in different carriers within the diamond fractions, while P3 may be sited near the surfaces of the diamonds. We find no evidence of separability of Xe-H and Xe-L or other isotopic variations in the HL component. However, because ～10¹⁰ diamonds are required to measure a Xe composition, a lack of isotopic variability does not constrain diamonds to come from a single source. In fact, the high abundance of diamonds in primitive chondrites and the presence of at least three distinct noble-gas components strongly suggest that diamonds originated in many sources. Relative abundances of noble-gas components in diamonds correlate with degree of thermal processing (see companion paper), indicating that all meteorites sampled essentially the same mixture of diamonds. That mixture was probably inherited from the Sun's parent molecular cloud.     

Hydrothermal dynamics in a CM‐based model of Ceres

A 2‐D numerical study of the evolution of Ceres from a “frozen mudball” to the present era emphasizes the importance of hydrothermal processes. Particulates released as the “frozen mudball” thaws settle to form a roughly 290 km radius core. Hydrothermal flow is driven by radiogenic heating and serpentinization. Both salt‐free and brine fluids are considered. Our modeling suggests that Ceres’s core has been warm over most of its history and is still above freezing, and convective processes are active in core and mantle to the present. The addition of low eutectic solutes greatly expands the region of active convection. A global muddy ocean persists for the first 3 Gyr, and at present, there may be several regional mud seas buried under a frozen crust. Transport of interior material to the near surface occurs throughout our model's history. Eutectic brines drive convective flow to near the surface, even breaching the surface in isolated regions, on the order of 30 km in width, similar in size to some mounds detected using the Dawn visible imaging camera (Sizemore et al. 2015). Surface features such as the bright spot in Occator crater and Ahuna Mons could be the result of eutectic plumes. The CM‐based model density profile is within 10% of Ermakov et al.'s ( 2017 ) results. The model mud mantle has a roughly 42:58 volumetric partitioning of H₂O to rock. Our mud model is consistent with the absence of large craters (Marchi et al. 2016 ) and an internal viscosity decreasing with depth (Fu et al. 2017 ).     

矮行星Haumea系统定心算法的探究

受地球大气影响, 使用地基光学望远镜观测角距离较小的双星系统或主卫星系统时往往会出现星象不可分辨的情况. 因此, 系统光心位置与系统质心位置可能存在一定的偏差. 准确地测量太阳系天体系统质心位置可以改进其轨道参数, 有助于揭示太阳系的形成与演化. 以矮行星Haumea及其亮卫星Hiíaka的运动为例, 仿真系统光心围绕质心扰动的过程, 探究视宁度(用星象的半高全宽表示)变化对准确测量光心位置的影响. 仿真结果表明, 使用二维高斯定心算法测定的系统光心位置随视宁度变化, 而修正矩定心算法的定心结果不受视宁度的影响. 根据仿真结果, 研究能够有效减少视宁度变化对光心位置准确测量影响的定心算法十分必要; 同时, 新的定心算法还需考虑主星光度变化的影响. 使用云南天文台2.4m望远镜, 1m望远镜以及紫金山天文台姚安观测站0.8m望远镜从2022年2月7日至2022年5月25日观测矮行星Haumea系统, 得到29晚共463幅CCD图像. 新定心算法确定的光心位置与使用二维高斯定心算法的结果相比具有更好的位置拟合效果. 此外, 还发现亮卫星Hiíaka在Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)历表与Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des ''Ephémérides (IMCCE)历表中的位置存在较大偏差.     

Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements Between Hibonite and Melt and Implications for Nebular Condensation of the Rare Earth Elements

Abstract— The partitioning of the rare earth elements (REE) between hibonite and silicate melt has been investigated at 1470 °C in the system calcium tschermak's molecule-diopside. Oxygen fugacity was varied between air and the iron-wustite buffer using conventional gas mixing, and to “infinitely reducing” using Sr²⁺ as a surrogate for Eu²⁺. The partition coefficient (D) pattern is light REE enriched with D(La) = 7.15 and D(Yb) = 0.1. D(Eu) varied from about 2 in air to about 0.55 in an “infinitely reducing” atmosphere. Experiments were reversed for Eu and, by implication, a close approach to equilibrium was achieved for other elements. Absolute activity coefficients for REE in hibonite were estimated, yielding γ_La = 330, γ_Eu3+ = 1200, and γ_Yb = 24 000. These results suggest that unless the principal phase(s) into which a trace element is dissolving and the activity—composition relationships for that trace element in that phase(s) are known, condensation temperatures based on assumed ideal solution behavior will generally be in error.