贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳主元素、微量元素及稀土元素的地球化学特征

选取贵州高原喀斯特地区的典型碳酸盐岩原生风化剖面为研究对象,研究主元素、微量元素及稀土元素在风化壳的迁移转化及其分布规律特征,为解释碳酸盐岩风化壳元素的地球化学变化提供依据。结果显示,从上陆壳标准化蛛网图可知,Pb、Co在剖面富集,而Na、K、Cr、Rb、Sr和Ba则亏损。风化壳∑REE的变化范围为167.4~1814.2μg/g,稀土元素从剖面下部往上逐渐减少,剖面中上部LREE比HREE淋滤程度大。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化后Ce正负异常,Eu轻微负异常。以风化前缘为分界,在风化前缘以下的土层,Ce负异常,风化前缘以上的土层,Ce正异常。此外,在风化壳岩土界面附近存在一个明显且突变的碱性障,岩土界面土样的元素含量较岩粉平均增加了21倍。我们的研究显示,风化剖面主元素和微量元素的变化波动特征较为一致,说明主元素和微量元素在风化过程中的地球化学行为较为一致。铁壳层中稀土元素的含量最低,与上陆壳稀土元素十分相近,为研究上陆壳与碳酸盐岩铁壳层之间的相互联系起到了一定的借鉴作用。     

贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床矿区土壤稀土元素分布特征

稀土元素分析结果表明,贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床矿区上层土壤中普遍富集稀土元素．其∑REE较高,但比含稀土磷块岩低．表明磷块岩在风化过程中已有部分稀土元素流失。轻稀土元素La、Ce及Y大量集中,LREE／HREE比值较高,说明岩石在风化过程中形成的粘土矿物对稀土元素有一定的吸附作用。但是粘土矿物对稀土元素的吸附量小于REE易溶配合物的流失量。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式曲线及Ce异常等特征表明,织金新华含稀土磷矿床矿区土壤中稀土元素分配模式继承了原岩特征。     

孙吴-嘉荫盆地早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其构造环境意义

孙吴-嘉荫盆地早白垩世发育一套中酸性火山岩建造,主要为安山岩、流纹岩、英安岩,同时含有少量玄武安山岩,基本属于钙碱性系列。对样品的地球化学特征分析表明,K₂O ( 1. 3% ～ 5. 27%) 含量较高,全碱K₂O + Na₂O ( 43. 45% ～ 9. 97%) 含量中等,TiO₂ ( 0. 26% ～ 1. 3%) 含量较低,稀土元素总量ΣREE ( 81. 68 × 10-6 ～ 172. 89 × 10-6 ) 含量中等。球粒陨石标准化的REE 配分曲线表现为轻稀土( LREE) 相对于重稀土( HREE) 富集,其中( La /Yb) N 变化范围为5. 37 ～ 11. 73,轻重稀土分馏明显,全部样品的Eu 和大部分样品的Ce 表现为弱的负异常。大离子亲石元素( LILE) Rb、Ba、K 富集,Pb 强烈富集,高场强元素( HFSE) Nb、Ti、Ta 亏损。火山岩样品构造环境判别图解表明,孙吴-嘉荫盆地早白垩世火山岩具有活动大陆边缘特征。板块俯冲作用形成的弧后伸展环境是火山岩的形成背景。     

北山北带北亚带西缘奥陶纪火山岩地球化学特征

分布于甘肃北山北亚带的奥陶纪火山岩是一套由浅变质的富碱玄武安山岩、粗面英安岩以及少量钾玄岩岩石组合。岩石稀土总量偏低,属轻稀土富集型,稀土分布模式为右倾曲线;微量元素的球粒陨石标准化配分模式显示岩石富集K、Rb、Th等元素,而亏损Nb、Ti,表明火山岩形成与板块俯冲作用有关。综合分析火山岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征,并结合区域构造背景,认为该套火山岩产于活动大陆边缘岛弧带环境,为俯冲造山带的构造背景。     

西昆仑造山带东段中新元古代洋内弧火山岩地球化学特征

分布于新疆西昆仑东段北缘(策勒—于田—民丰一线以南)的中新元古代火山岩主要为一套浅变质的(玄武)安山岩,夹有极少量的流纹岩。安山岩的SiO2在52.36%～58.30%之间,平均为54.55%,TiO2均低于0.3%,平均为0.22%。Na2O+K2O为1.70%～3.75%,Na2O均高于K2O,Na2O/K2O在2.44～4.61之间,M/F为0.62～0.78,MgO/(MgO+TFe)在0.36～0.45之间。岩石硅碱成分显示以钙碱性为主。稀土元素研究表明,安山岩的稀土总量低,在15.52×10-6～17.92×10-6之间,接近大洋拉斑玄武岩。安山岩的(La/Yb)N为0.69～1.33,(Ce/Yb)N为0.75～1.17,轻重稀土分异不明显。除1028-I3号样的δEu为0.6之外,其余样品的δEu在0.91～1.13之间,基本没有Eu异常。在稀土元素的球粒陨石配分曲线上,所有安山岩形成一个群体,稀土配分模式接近大洋拉斑玄武岩。岩石的微量元素安山岩的Th/Yb为0.04～0.10,Th/Ta=5.92～11.22,Zr/Hf=20.46～29.40,Th/Y之比为0.04～0.08。微量元素的N—MORB配分模式显示岩石富集Sr、Ba、Rb、K、Th等大离子亲石元素,Cr亏损,与拉斑质的火山弧玄武岩相似。综合分析火山岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征,结合区域构造背景,认为该套火山岩产于洋内弧环境。     

昆明石林碳酸盐岩红色风化壳元素地球化学特征

以昆明石林两个典型红土剖面为研究对象,探讨了主量元素及稀土元素在化学风化作用下的迁移特征及分布规律,为进一步认识碳酸盐岩风化剖面的演化过程以及红土剖面的物质来源提供地球化学依据。两个红土剖面的研究结果显示:(1)SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3~T是两个剖面红土样品的主要成分,三者占到总量的80%以上,其中又以SiO_2的含量最高;(2)化学蚀变指数CIA(90以上)较高,硅铝系数和硅铁铝系数较低,显示出两个红土剖面经历了较强的风化淋溶作用,体现出研究区亚热带高原气候,温暖湿润的化学风化环境;(3)两个剖面稀土元素含量较高,范围分别在211.51×10~(-6)~416.40×10~(-6)和290.67×10~(-6)~626.89×10~(-6)之间,其稀土配分曲线均具有Eu亏损的轻稀土显著富集型特征,两个剖面都表现出轻稀土元素间分异较大而重稀土元素间分异较小的特征,这主要与剖面风化成土过程中的三价氧化物的强烈固定作用有关,且KP剖面的轻稀土元素分异更明显;(4)两个剖面经历了相似的风化迁移过程,结合元素对Al_2O_3-TiO_2、Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3~T、Y-Yb相关性分析以及SiO_2/Al_2O_3-Na_2O/Al_2O_3相关图解可以得出,KP和CH剖面是由于下伏基岩风化而来。     

贵州平坝县白云岩风化壳中稀土元素分布特征之初步研究

本文报道了平坝白云岩风化剖面风化前缘稀土元素超常规富集(总量达3%以上)现象及其特征,并通过主元素、稀土元素的测定,结合白云岩中“酸不溶物”的提取和代表性样品的化学淋溶实验研究,讨论了白云岩风化壳剖面稀土元素的分异特征,认为风化前缘稀土元素的富集是由3方面的因素共同作用造成的:1)对白云岩风化残积的继承;2)剖面上部一部分轻稀土淋滤聚积;3)碳酸盐岩中非均匀分布的原生含磷矿物风化产生的稀土磷酸盐矿物的聚集,后者是最重要的原因。     

吉林省桦甸油页岩中稀土元素和微量元素的研究

对桦甸油页岩及其灰渣的矿物成分、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素含量进行测定。结果表明：油页岩中稀土元素含量低于北美页岩(NASC)中的平均含量,REE球粒陨石标准化的分布模式曲线表现为负斜率,(La/Yb)_N的平均值大于1,属于轻稀土富集型;REE北美页岩标准化的分布模式曲线较平缓,（La/Yb）_S的平均值接近于1,轻重稀土分馏不明显。与球粒陨石和北美页岩相比,Eu有较严重的正异常。油页岩中的微量元素与北美页岩和地壳的平均值相比较,Sb、Nb、Cs、Zn、Bi、W等元素具有较高的富集度。油页岩灰渣中稀土元素和微量元素富集度均高于油页岩。     

黔中九架炉组富锂黏土岩系的风化成因及锂的富集规律

为厘清黔中地区下石炭统九架炉组铝质黏土岩系中锂的超常富集机制(Li2O平均含量0.21%,最高达0.74%),为寻找锂资源提供新的途径,对黔中地区4个典型剖面进行了富锂黏土岩的主量、微量及稀土元素在剖面上的分布规律研究。结果表明,下石炭统九架炉组与下伏寒武系娄山关群白云岩的不活动元素比值相同,且其稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式相似,都以轻稀土富集的平缓右倾型为特征,暗示九架炉组的形成可能与下伏娄山关群白云岩的风化和酸不溶物的积累有关。元素相关性分析和风化作用强度指标研究发现,锂含量与CIA和Si/Al值皆呈负相关的关系。初步推测,泥质白云岩的风化分解,主量元素的大幅度流失,是造成锂超常富集的重要机制。     

东昆仑巴颜喀拉浊积盆地二叠纪火山岩

东昆仑巴颜喀拉浊积盆地内沿扎拉依-哥琼尼洼断裂带及约古宗列断裂带的断夹块内出露有一套二叠纪马尔争组火山岩, 火山岩呈构造岩片形式产出, 扎拉依-哥琼尼洼断裂带火山岩岩石组合主要为玄武岩、玄武安山岩, 少量玄武岩具枕状构造, 岩石SiO₂含量均匀, TiO₂的含量较高, ALK的含量较低, 为拉斑系列的玄武岩, 玄武岩稀土总量较高, 稀土配分曲线为轻稀土富集型, 与洋岛型火山岩的稀土配分曲线相一致, 火山岩大离子亲石元素较富集, 高场强元素及重稀土元素较平坦, 稀土、微量元素特征及构造环境判别显示其形成于较富集的洋岛环境, 少数为洋中脊的构造环境.约古宗列断裂带火山岩岩石组合为玄武岩、玄武安山岩, 岩石SiO₂含量较高, TiO₂含量较低, 均 < 1%, 为钙碱性系列火山岩, 玄武安山岩的稀土配分曲线与扎拉依-哥琼尼洼断裂带一致, 而英安岩的轻稀土富集程度高, 与岛弧高钾安山岩的稀土配分曲线相吻合, 构造环境判别显示其形成于岛弧构造环境.根据扎拉依-哥琼尼洼断裂带两侧火山岩成分的差异以及断裂带两侧巴颜喀拉群碎屑物成分的差异, 可以把巴颜喀拉山三叠纪浊积盆地进一步划分为北亚带和南亚带.      

Geochemistry of trace and rare earth elements during weathering of black shale profiles in Northeast Chongqing,Southwestern China: Their mobilization,redistribution, and fractionation

In this study, the mobilization, redistribution, and fractionation of trace and rare earth elements (REE) during chemical weathering in mid-ridge (A), near mountaintop (B), and valley (C) profiles (weak, weak to moderate, and moderate to intense chemical weathering stage, respectively), are characterized. Among the trace elements, U and V were depleted in the regolith in all three profiles, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf displayed slight gains or losses, and Th, Rb, Cs, and Sc remained immobile. Mn, Ba, Zn, Cu, and Cr were enriched at the regolith in profiles A and B, but depleted in profile C. Mn, Pb, and Co were also depleted in the saprock and fractured shale zones in profiles A and B and enriched in profile C. REEs were enriched in the regolith and depleted at the saprock zone in profiles A and B and depleted along profile C. Mobility of trace and REEs increased with increasing weathering intensity. Normalized REE patterns based on the parent shale revealed light REE (LREE) enrichment, middle REE (MREE), and heavy REE (HREE) depletion patterns. LREEs were less mobile compared with MREEs and HREEs, and this differentiation increased with increasing weathering degree. Positive Ce anomalies were higher in profile C than in profiles A and B. The Ce fractionated from other REE showed that Ce changed from trivalent to tetravalent (as CeO₂) under oxidizing conditions. Minimal REE fractionation was observed in the saprock zone in profiles A and B. In contrast, more intense weathering in profile C resulted in preferential retention of LREE (especially Ce), leading to considerable LREE/MREE and LREE/HREE fractionation. (La/Yb)_N and (La/Sm)_N ratios displayed maximum values in the saprock zone within low pH values. Findings demonstrate that acidic solutions can mobilize REEs and result in leaching of REEs out of the highly acidic portions of the saprock material and transport downward into fractured shale. The overall behavior of elements in the three profiles suggests that solution pH, as well as the presence of primary and secondary minerals, play important roles in the mobilization and redistribution of trace elements and REEs during black shale chemical weathering.     

皖南姚村岩体花岗岩风化壳稀土元素赋存特征

皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127. 9±1. 4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱半风化层（C3）和基岩（D） 5层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显\[(La/Yb)N=15. 6\]，但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过 50%，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。     

皖南姚村岩体花岗岩风化壳稀土元素赋存特征

皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127.9±1.4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱风化层（C3）和基岩（D）五层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=15.6），但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过百分之五十，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。     

Geochemistry of red residua underlying dolomites in karst terrains of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: II. The mobility of rare earth elements during weathering

The aim of this study is to characterize the evolution of the rare earth elements (REE) in the Pingba red residua on karst terrain of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The in-situ weathering and the two-stage development of the profile had been inferred from REE criterions. The REE were significantly fractionated, and Ce was less mobilized and separated from the other REEs at the highly enriched top of the profile. This is consistent with the increase of oxidation degree in the regolith. And it is also suggested that the wet/dry climate change during chemical weathering caused Ce alternative change between enrichment and invariance in the upper regolith. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns for samples from dolomites and the lower regolith are characteristic of MREE enrichment and remarkable negative Ce-anomalies patterns (similar to the convex-up REE patterns). The following processes are interpreted for the patterns in this study: (1) the accumulation of MRRE-rich minerals in dolomite dissolution, (2) water–rock interaction in the weathering front, and (3) more leaching MREE from the upper part of the profile. The latter two explanations are considered as the dominant process for the formation of the REE patterns. Samples from the soil horizon exhibit typical REE distribution patterns of the upper crust, i.e., La_N/Yb_N=10 and Eu/Eu*=0.65. All data indicate that the leaching process is very important for pedogenesis in this region. The experiments demonstrating that abnormal enrichment of REE at the upper regolith–bedrock interface is caused by a combination of volume change, accumulation of REE-bearing minerals, leaching of REE from the upper regolith, and water–rock interaction during rock–soil alteration processes. Our results support the conclusion that the weathering profile represents a large, continental elemental storage reservoir, whereas REE enrichment occurs under favorable conditions in terms of stable tectonics, low erosion and rapid weathering over sufficiently long time.     

Geochemical behavior under tropical weathering of the Barama–Mazaruni greenstone belt at Omai gold mine,Guiana Shield

Mineralogical, petrographical, and geochemical studies of the weathering profile have been carried out at Omai Au mine, Guyana. The area is underlain by felsic to mafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Barama-Mazaruni Supergroup, part of the Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts of the Guiana Shield. Tropical rainy climate has favoured extensive lateritization processes and formation of a deeply weathered regolith. The top of the weathering profile consists of lateritic gravel or is masked by the Pleistocene continental-deltaic Berbice Formation. Mineralogical composition of regolith consists mainly of kaolinite, goethite and quartz, and subordinately sericite, feldspar, hematite, pyrite, smectite, heavy minerals, and uncommon mineral phases (nacrite, ephesite, corrensite, guyanaite). A specific feature of the weathering profile at Omai is the preservation of fresh hydrothermal pyrite in the saprolith horizon. Chemical changes during the weathering processes depend on various physicochemical and structural parameters. Consequently, the depth should not be the principal criterion for comparison purposes of the geochemical behavior within the weathering profile, but rather an index that measures the degree of supergene alteration that has affected each analyzed sample, independently of the depth of sampling. Thus, the mineralogical index of alteration (MIA) can provide more accurate information about the behavior of major and trace elements in regolith as opposed to unweathered bedrock. It can also aid in establishing a quantitative relationship between intensity of weathering and mobility (leaching or accumulation) of each element in each analyzed sample. At Omai, some major and trace elements that are commonly considered as immobile (ex: TiO₂, Zr, etc.) during weathering could become mobile in several rock types and cannot be used to calculate the mass and volume balance. In addition, due to higher “immobile element” ratios, the weathered felsic volcanic rocks plotted in identification diagrams are shifted towards more mafic rock types and a negative adjustment of ∼20 units is necessary for correct classification. In contrast, these elements could aid in defining the material source in sedimentary rocks affected by weathering. Generally, the rare-earth element (REE) patterns of the bedrock are preserved in the saprolith horizon. This can represent a potentially useful tool for geochemical exploration in tropical terrains. Strong negative Ce and Tb anomalies are displayed by weathered pillowed andesites, which are explained by the influence of the water/rock ratio.     

滇东地区碳酸盐岩上覆风化层的元素地球化学特征及其成因讨论

碳酸盐岩风化形成的红土保存着喀斯特发展演化历史证据,同时也是喀斯特地区土壤研究的重要对象。文章选取云 南石林地区的两处典型碳酸盐岩剖面为研究对象,对主量元素,微量元素及稀土元素在风化层的迁移特征及分布规律进行 研究,为探究风化层的成因提供依据。结果显示：（1） 以Ti为参比元素的剖面迁移特征表明,两剖面的主量元素在成土过 程中有相似的迁移规律,多数表现为淋失;微量元素略有差异,富集淋失程度不一。（2） UCC 标准化蜘蛛图显示,相对于 基岩,风化层中的Ca和Sr均出现亏损;与UCC相比,Fe、Ti等元素轻微富集,Mg、Ca、Na、K、P等元素显示了强烈的亏 损特征。（3） 基岩与风化层的REE分布模式相似,但风化层的稀土相对富集,轻稀土元素间的分异较大而重稀土元素间的 分异较小,且SJC剖面的轻、重稀土元素比值大于QST剖面;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化后,SJC剖面的Eu为负异常,剖面 上部和下部出现Ce负异常;QST剖面Ce负异常,Eu明显负异常。（4） 元素含量变化和元素对Al-Ti、Al-Fe及Zr-Hf相关性 说明剖面上覆红土是下伏基岩风化的结果。研究结果显示,两个剖面的元素地球化学特征与基岩存在很好的继承性,风化 层是基岩原位风化的产物。     

长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作用

长江与黄河沉积物的稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）组成特征不同。长江沉积物ＲＥＥ含量较高,元素含量变化也大于黄河样品;球粒陨石标准化模式表明长江沉积物的（Ｌａ／Ｌｕ）Ｎ、（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ、（Ｇｄ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ的值也相应地比黄河沉积物中的高１０％左右,分布曲线均呈明显的石倾状,轻重稀土分馏明显,相对富集ＬＲＥＥ。且长江样品比黄河样品更富集ＬＲＥＥ,但Ｅｕ亏损不及黄河样品;两者的北美页岩标准化曲线均呈平坦稍右倾状,具有     

广东惠东地区离子吸附型稀土矿床地球化学特征

摘要：运用岩石地球化学方法,对广东惠东地区离子吸附型稀土矿床的地球化学特征进行研究。结果显示,风化壳中元素含量及配分特点总体上取决于母岩,但稀土元素在继承母岩稀土元素的基础上含量进一步富集,且各风化层中元素含量变化与风化作用之间具有一定相关性。WIG指数相较于CIA指数能更有效地描述风化壳风化强度,风化壳中稀土元素迁出富集与WIG指数及元素迁移系数具有一定规律性,轻稀土元素多在全风化层上部富集,而重稀土元素在全风化层下部及半风化层明显迁入富集,Ce、Eu均具明显负异常。     

“寨背式”离子吸附型稀土矿床多类型稀土矿化及其成因

赣南寨背离子吸附型稀土矿床产于寨背复式花岗岩体的风化壳中,自20世纪80年代发现以来一直以轻稀土型开采,近年在轻稀土型花岗岩风化壳中发现了重稀土矿。为了探讨轻稀土型花岗岩风化过程中重稀土元素的迁移、分馏和富集机制,本文选择了区内三个具有代表性的风化壳钻孔(ZK1、ZK2和ZK4)对其进行了全相和离子交换相稀土元素地球化学研究。结果显示：钻孔ZK4中离子交换相稀土含量介于14.90×10^-6～835.8×10^-6之间,并富集轻稀土(LREE/HREE=2.28～10.78);钻孔ZK1中离子交换相稀土含量达1470×10^-6(9件样品均值),具有从轻稀土型向重稀土型过渡的配分特征(LREE/HREE=1.30～1.65),并且剖面自上而下显示轻、重稀土逐渐富集的趋势;钻孔ZK2中离子交换相稀土含量为492.4×10^-6(8件样品均值),自上而下稀土配分类型从轻稀土型过渡至重稀土型(LREE/HREE=0.43～2.25),且轻稀土富集在全风化层上部而重稀土则富集在下部。三个钻孔的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf...