祁连山构造带的新构造形机制

论述了祁连山构造带新生代以来的变形过程及形成机制。研究表明：祁连山构造带的变形过程是在欧亚大陆与印度大陆碰撞汇聚作用下发生和发展的,其过程与整个青藏高原的隆升过程同步进行。其中阿尔金断裂在其东段的走滑贯通对祁连山－河西走廊地区的构造运动影响很大。上新世末或第四纪初阿尔金断裂东段的走滑导致了祁连山地区的应力场的旋转,进而增大了沿ＮＷＷ向主断裂的水平走滑分量。它是引起主断裂发生走滑的重要原因之一。     

阿尔金断裂东端的旋转构造及其动力学意义

在阿尔金主断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的交汇部位，发育一个反时针旋转构造——照壁山旋转构造，它是新构造运动期阿尔金断裂左行走滑运动的结果。结合前人资料，对照壁山旋转构造变形及其发育过程进行了初步分析，认为阿尔金断裂与祁连山北缘断裂的构造转换是通过旋转构造变形来实现的。沿阿尔金断裂一系列旋转构造的存在和青藏高原东北缘旋转构造的发育表明，伴随青藏高原北部物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转运动，使旋转构造成为高原北部边缘带转换、吸收构造变形的重要表现形式。     

阿拉善地块南缘的左旋走滑断裂与阿尔金断裂带的东延

阿拉善地块南缘发育了由5条走向近EW、向西收敛、向东撒开的断裂组成的断裂束,每条断裂长度一般>100km,控制第四纪盆地呈EW向长条状展布,卫片上线性影像清晰,晚第四纪以来表现出左旋走滑活动的特点。断裂束西段的金塔南山断裂与阿尔金断裂带东段的宽滩山段趋于交会,并与文殊山构造隆起之间构成构造转换关系。分析认为金塔南山断裂以及整个阿拉善南缘断裂束是阿尔金断裂左旋运动的东延部分,断裂束在平面上“帚状”的、向东撒开的构造样式有利于走滑运动量的分解、消减和吸收,符合走滑断裂末端的构造特点。阿拉善南缘断裂束的左旋走滑活动有可能是阿尔金断裂带进一步向东扩展的结果,其时代可能发生于早更新世末—中更新世初     

昌马断裂带古地震活动特征的新认识

昌马断裂位于祁连山西段,是祁连山系列次级断裂与阿尔金断裂东段的重要构造转换断层之一,于1932年发生7.6级地震。位于昌马断裂中东段的臭水柳沟古地震探槽揭示了2次地震事件:一次为1932年昌马地震事件,另一次为(902±44)a B.P.以来发生的事件,这弥补了昌马断裂全新世晚期古地震事件缺失的现状。结合前人的研究结果可确定昌马断裂全新世至少发生7次古地震事件,推测地震复发间隔为1ka左右,部分事件未能揭示。通过探槽揭示的低角度断层、地层变形和部分断裂的地貌特征可知,受阿尔金断裂NEE向挤出的影响,昌马断裂部分段落表现出低角度的逆冲推覆活动,形成其特有的低角度走滑现象,以吸收阿尔金断裂东段的左旋位移。这也说明昌马断裂在承担阿尔金断裂与祁连山西段系列断层的构造转换中起着重要作用。     

阿尔金断裂南侧弧形地貌单元成因及其构造意义

巨型左旋走滑的阿尔金断裂是青藏高原的北部边界,在印度-欧亚板块碰撞过程中起重要的调节作用,控制着青藏高原东北部的构造演化,认识其活动演化对理解青藏高原的构造变形过程和机制具有重要意义。阿尔金断裂南侧存在一系列弧形地貌单元,知晓这些弧形带是原始弧形弯曲还是后期由于阿尔金断裂左旋走滑拖曳而形成的,对认识阿尔金断裂的构造演化具有重要意义。文中在前期阿尔金断裂南侧柴西英雄岭和柴北缘2条弧形带不同部位已开展的精细古地磁旋转变形研究的基础上,综合研究区和阿尔金断裂附近已有的古地磁旋转变形研究结果和弧形带几何形态学等其它地质证据,分析发现这2条弧形带的几何学特征是由其不同部位发生旋转变形所导致的,且旋转变形与该时段阿尔金断裂的快速左旋走滑活动密切相关。通过上述工作,更加全面地了解了阿尔金断裂新生代2阶段的走滑特征,进一步限定了阿尔金断裂早渐新世以来左旋滑移量,以柴西段为参照系滑移量至少约350～430km,以柴北缘段为参照系至少约380～460km,平均滑移速率至少约10. 6～13. 9mm/a。     

阿尔金走滑断裂带昌马段的电性结构样式及构造意义

阿尔金断裂带东段走滑速率沿断裂走向方向存在明显的流失现象,有关阿尔金断裂带的影响范围及走滑速率变化的机制需要有更多的深部结构证据来提供支撑.本文以阿尔金断裂带昌马段为窗口,获取了4条横穿阿尔金断裂带及相邻地区的大地电磁测深剖面.二维电性剖面显示在阿尔金断裂带北侧中上地壳以连续的高阻体为主,而南侧祁连山内部的深部电性结构在横向上有较为复杂的变化.这一点与区域构造背景相对应,即北侧的塔里木盆地东缘依然具有较好的整体性,南侧的祁连山是青藏高原北缘生长的最前端,变形强烈.在断裂带的结构特征上,阿尔金断裂带沿走向方向的切割深度在昌马盆地西侧发生了显著的降低,与阿尔金断裂带相对应的电性边界在这里向南偏移了约15 km,对应F18断裂,并与昌马盆地相接.祁连山北部的断裂带,包括昌马断裂、旱峡—大黄沟断裂总体呈现出低角度南倾的样式,切过高阻异常体的顶部.虽然昌马盆地可以起到连接断裂带的阶区的作用,将部分阿尔金断裂的走滑分量转移到盆地南侧的昌马断裂上,但是昌马断裂的走滑速率从西向东是增加的,东侧的走滑速率甚至大于阿尔金断裂沿走向方向的流失分量.我们认为在青藏高原北部主要断裂带的活动还是受印度—欧亚板块碰撞引起的远程挤压效应的影响,包括阿尔金断裂以及祁连山内部系列断层都处于斜向挤压应力环境.在这种基本构造模式下,阿尔金断裂、断裂F18、昌马盆地、昌马断裂构成了一个局部的走滑速率分解-转换-吸收体系,对局部应力状态产生影响.     

祁连山构造带地震迁移活动特征分析

祁连山构造带地震迁移活动研究表明,存在不同震级层次的地震迁移现象:①大震顺构造带迁移由东而西震级衰减;②中强地震沿构造带东、中、西段交替发生;③横构造带地震跳迁会影响顺构造带地震的有序迁移;④祁连山中东段—东段存在发生破坏性地震的背景。     

川滇南北向构造带早中生代构造变形研究

贺兰-川滇南北向构造带是划分中国大陆东西的地幔陡变带,其南段川滇南北向构造带是由几个性质不同的构造系统叠加组成的复杂构造带.研究发现,位于扬子地块西缘的川滇南北向构造带发育由雁行状左行走滑断裂为骨架的走滑构造带.走滑构造带经历了两期构造叠加,早期变形为北东-南西挤压应力场形成的一系列北西-南东走向的逆冲断裂,晚期北西-南东挤压应力场环境下沿先前的逆冲断层形成一系列左行走滑断裂.在这些左行走滑断裂之间,发育一些中生代盆地,盆地沉积相和古流向研究显示,这些盆地的形成受走滑断裂控制.因此,依据盆地内最老地层限定,扬子西缘走滑构造带形成于早中生代.作者认为,这个走滑构造带的形成,很可能与晚三叠世-侏罗纪时期扬子地块顺时针旋转并持续向北俯冲-碰撞有关,川滇南北向构造带在早中生代中国大陆的主体碰撞拼贴过程中就已经开始形成.     

基于高分辨率影像的宽滩山北缘断裂带右旋走滑特征及其构造意义的初步研究

阿尔金断裂在河西走廊西端的酒西盆地附近左旋走滑特征逐渐消失,而其东侧的宽滩山断裂和黑山北缘断裂表现为逆冲构造。在宽滩山北侧分布的2条断裂,分别是塔尔湾-池家刺窝断裂和干峡山断裂,这2条断裂也表现出明显的活动特征。前人认为塔尔湾-池家刺窝断裂是1条低活动速率的逆冲断裂,并未对其水平运动进行详细研究。宽滩山北缘断裂带是否存在水平走滑运动,对于进一步探讨阿尔金走滑断裂和祁连山北缘逆冲断裂的构造转换模式,具有非常重要的意义。文中通过无人机Sf M摄影测量等野外工作,对宽滩山北缘的塔尔湾-池家刺窝断裂和干峡山断裂的走滑运动特征进行研究,并获得了2点初步认识:1)宽滩山北缘断裂是具有右旋兼有逆冲的活动断裂,通过对宽滩山北缘断裂带的河流冲沟和阶地的位错量进行统计,初步估计其晚更新世右旋走滑速率为0.2~0.25mm/a,全新世右旋走滑速率为0.5~1.5mm/a;2)宽滩山北缘断裂所在的河西走廊西端位置的构造主要驱动力来自于祁连山向北的挤压作用,造成了宽滩山北缘断裂的右旋走滑和酒西盆地内多条断裂的逆冲运动性质。     

基于小震定位与震源机制解信息的阿尔金断裂带东段构造转换研究

阿尔金断裂带东段地区的造转换及其动力学机制研究一直是地学工作者关注的焦点.本文利用双差定位法获取研究区域2008—2017年间6013次地震事件的精确定位数据;整理筛选前人震源机制解36个,并采用P/S波振幅比方法计算获得221个以及CAP方法获得25个震源机制解信息.选择野马河—大雪山断裂作为研究区构造转换研究的突破口,综合小震定位数据与震源机制解信息,并开展野外地质调查进行验证,清晰刻画出该断裂的深部构造形态以及现今的运动特征：由阿尔金断裂带向祁连山方向过渡,断层产状由近直立逐渐转变为倾向南,倾角变缓,震源机制解由走滑性质为主转变为逆冲性质为主,是一个连续渐变的过程,为研究区的构造转换研究提供了直接证据.     

characteristics of recent crustal movement in the north section of north-south seismic belt

Tectonic activity is intense and destructive earthquakes occur frequently in the northern section of the North-South Seismic Belt(NSSB). After the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the North-South Seismic Belt enters a new period of high seismicity. On July 22, 2013, the Minxian-Zhangxian earthquake occurred, which broke the 10-years seismic quiescence of magnitude 6 of the area, indicating an increasing trend of strong earthquakes in the region. Earthquake is the product of crustal movement. Understanding the dynamics of the process of crustal movement may provide basis for earthquake prediction. GPS measurement can provide high-precision, large-scale, quasi-real-time quantitative crustal movement data, that allows us to explore the evolution of crustal movement and its relationship with earthquake, thus providing the basis for determining the seismic situation. Since 2009, the density of mobile GPS measurement stations has significantly improved in the Chinese mainland, and moreover, the Wenchuan earthquake has brought about adjustment of the regional crustal deformation regime. So the introduction of the latest repeat GPS data is important for understanding the features of crustal movement in the northern section of the North-South Seismic Belt. In this paper, we obtained the GPS velocity field, fault profile and baseline time series and analyzed the dynamics of recent crustal movement in the northern section of the North-South Seismic Belt using the 1999a-2014a GPS data of mobile and continuous GPS measurement stations. The results show that: the Qilianshan Fault has a high strain accumulation background. There are locked portions on the Liupanshan Fault, especially in the region of Jingning, Pingling, Dingxi, Longxi. In 2004-2009a, the degree of locking of the Liupanshan Fault got higher. In 2009—2013a, crustal movement on the northern section of the North-South Seismic Belt weakened compared with 1999-2004, 2004-2009, and showed some features as follows: ① The velocity field weakened more markedly near the Qilian-Haiyuan-Liupanshan faults; ②The velocity decreased more significantly in the region north of Qilianshan-Haiyuan Fault than that of the south, resulting in enhanced thrust deformation on the Qilianshan Fault in 2009-2013a and the decreased sinistral shear deformation on the Qilianshan Fault and Haiyuan Fault; ③the velocity field decreased more remarkably at 50km west of Liupanshan Fault, compared to the east region, which led to the locked range on the Liupanshan Fault extending to the range of 100km near the fault zone during 2009-2013 from the previous locked range of 50km near the fault. The GPS baseline time series analysis also reveals a number of structural features in the region: Yinchuan Graben is continuing extending, and the extension in the west is stronger than that in the east. On the southern end of Yinchuan Graben, the deformation is very small.     

河西走廊西段及邻区主要断裂（一）-晚新生代逆断层与走滑断层的地震剖面解释

基于地震剖面解释的构造分析表明，河西走廊西段及邻区发育有许多晚第三纪-第四纪的逆断层与走滑断层. 其主要类型有两种:一是与北祁连逆冲推覆作用有关的南倾逆断层，其走向北西，主要分布于北祁连山东北缘及河西走廊西南部地区；二是与阿尔金断裂活动有关的逆断层与走滑断层，主要分布于红柳峡、宽台山——合黎山地区. 这些断层与新生代始新世末期以来印-藏碰撞的远距离效应有关. 它们于晚第三纪开始活动，主要活动于第四纪时期，而且大多目前仍在活动，属于活动性断层，是河西走廊地区地震的潜发因素. 此外，它们还造成了地层的强烈变形，形成了一系列的地貌阶地和河流的水平错移.      

On the faults of western Hexi Corridor and its nearby regions, northwestern China:Thrust faults and strike-slip faults of Late Cenozoic

Introduction Hexi Corridor, a corridor extended over 1 000 km and with a strike of WNW-ESE, is locatedbetween Alxa uplift and northern Qilianshan Caledonian folding belt of northern Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau (Figure 1). In the paper, we will discuss the regions between Altun fault and Yu-mushan of the western Hexi Corridor, where the climate is arid, which results in sparse vegetation,but abundant oil and gas resource, and being one of the most important petroleum industry base…     

则木河断裂带大箐断层枢纽运动的有限元数值模拟研究

变形局部化问题和地震成核问题,是构造变形机制与大地震研究中极其重要的问题.对走滑断裂的运动和走滑型地震而言,断裂枢纽运动是断裂带上变形局部化和地震成核孕育的条件,认识这一运动过程和机制是了解走滑断裂上地震孕育、发生机制的关键之一.本文在前人工作的基础上,以则木河左旋走滑断裂大箐断层为例,测量了大箐断层大箐梁子断头沟台地-五道箐盆地之间的构造和地貌变形,揭示了大箐走滑断层枢纽运动构造和地貌四象限分布的特点,并且在定量分析其枢纽运动的基础上,利用数值模拟方法,模拟了断裂的枢纽运动,结果表明,走滑断裂的枢纽运动表现出典型的掀斜特征,随着断层面倾角的减小,枢纽运动程度加深;随着断层面闭锁区面积的增大,枢纽运动明显受阻;发现在闭锁区及其附近存在一个应力集中区使得应力由外向内一直处于积累状态,反映了地震的成核过程.     

A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE RIGHT-LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS AND THE STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NORTHERN KUANTANSHAN FAULTS,HEXI CORRIDER,BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGERY

The sinistral strike-slip characteristic of the Altyn Tagh Fault gradually disappears near the Jiuxi Basin at the west end of Hexi Corridor, and the Kuantanshan Fault and the northern marginal fault of Heishan on its east are thrust structures. There are two faults distributed in the north of Kuantanshan, namely, the Taerwan-Chijiaciwo Fault and the Ganxiashan Fault, both are featured with obvious activity. Predecessors thought that the Taerwan-Chijiaciwo Fault is a thrust fault with low movement rate, but there is few detailed study on its horizontal motion. Is there horizontal strike-slip movement in the northern marginal fault of Kuantanshan? This issue has an important significance to further explore the structural transformation mode between the Altyn Tagh strike-slip faults and the northern thrust faults in the north margin of Qilianshan. Using high resolution remote sensing images and field work, such as combining with UAV SfM photogrammetry, the paper studies the strike-slip characteristics of the Taerwan-Chijiaciwo Fault and Ganxiashan Fault on the northern margin of Kuantanshan, and get two preliminary understandings:(1) The northern marginal fault of Kuantanshan is an active right-lateral strike-slip fault with thrust component, the horizontal to vertical dislocation ratio is about 3-4 times. Based on the statistics of dislocation amount of the gullies and terraces along the north marginal Kuantanshan fault, it is preliminarily estimated that the late Pleistocene right-lateral strike-slip rate is about 0.2-0.25 mm/a and the Holocene right-lateral strike-slip rate is about 0.5-1.5 mm/a. (2) The main driving force to the tectonics at the western end of Hexi Corridor, where the northern marginal fault of Kuantanshan locates, comes from the northward extrusion of the Qilian Mountains, which results in the right-lateral strike-slip of the northern marginal fault of Kuananshan and the thrust movement of several faults inside the Jiuxi Basin. The effect of the Altyn Tagh Fault on other tectonic structures is not obvious in this region.     

2010年玉树MS7.1地震同震破裂、余震分布特征及其与构造的关系

针对2010年4月14日玉树发生M_S7.1地震,本文利用InSAR数据给出同震视线向位移确定出的发震断层空间展布,并以该同震位移为约束反演得到主震和最大余震的同震位错分布.结果表明,主震同震位错发生在东玉树断裂,最大余震同震位错发生在西玉树断裂东端;基于位错分布计算了同震库仑应力变化与西部余震集中区地震活动之间的关系,结果反映玉树主震后最为活跃的余震活动可能受控于近东西向的次级断层(走向约为85°),而非玉树主干断裂;玉树断裂带整体呈现为左旋走滑运动,但其具体断层运动形式表现出主干断裂典型走滑运动、走滑断裂间的拉张和逆冲性质的次级运动、次级断裂与主干断裂相互作用下更为复杂的多方向次级断层活动等等不同变形特征,而主震同震破裂与余震空间分布均与这些不同断层变形方式有着密切关系.     

南迦巴瓦构造结周边地区主要断裂现今运动特征

本文基于南迦巴瓦构造结周边16个宽频带地震台的观测波形数据,对地震事件进行相关分析,使用MSDP软件进行多台定位,编制了研究区内的地震目录,并利用CAP方法获得了研究区内主要断裂带两侧10km范围内M 3.0以上地震的震源机制解,用于分析主要断裂带的现今运动特征。研究结果表明:研究区内的地震活动受主要断裂带的控制;墨脱断裂带现今运动主要为左旋逆冲运动;米林断裂带以左旋正断运动为主;嘉黎断裂带以右旋逆冲为主,兼有左旋和正断运动;阿帕龙断裂带以右旋逆冲运动为主;边坝-达木新生断裂带运动以右旋逆冲运动为主,兼有正断和左旋运动;各主要断裂带的现今运动特征与地质和GPS观测结果相同,表明南迦巴瓦构造结周边地区主要断裂带的现今运动主要受阿萨姆构造结俯冲作用的控制。     

川滇菱形块体边界的现今地壳形变

依据川滇菱形块体边界带上所有跨断层测量资料，分析了各场地所处断裂的近期形变特征，结果表明；川滇菱形块体北段形变活动逐渐减弱，南段逐渐加强，各条断裂分别显示出不同的变形特征；菱形块体的现今水平形变以左旋走滑运动为主，垂直形变速度较低，且呈上盘抬升与下降交替出现的运动特征，部分场地的形变异常变化与其邻近的地震活动密切相关。     

Aseismic negative dislocation model and deformation analysis of crustal horizontal movement during 1999~2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block

Introduction So small is the hypocenter area of strong earthquake, but its formation is controlled by time-space evolution of present-day crustal movement in wider-range area, and related to motion and deformation of active blocks and their boundary faults. Aseismic negative dislocation model presented by Matsuura, et al (1986) is that, the relative motion between blocks driven by present-day crustal movement may be partly locked at the block …