地震电性变化及其物理机理初步讨论

依据典型震例中的视电性异常变化，介绍了视电性变化各向异性与震源机制解最大主压应力的关系，讨论了电性变化的物理机理。结果表明，视电性变化与饱水裂隙电阻率ρf、固架电阻率ρ0和裂隙率υ有关，与DD模式预言的震源区扩容阶段电阻率变化过程，岩(土)标本加载过程中视电阻率变化相吻合，地震电性变化主要是由于孕震晚期阶段震源区及附近扩容裂隙快速发展、导电通道串通、导电流体活跃而引起的。我国地震地电阻率观测确实检测到了这一变化。     

岩石电阻率图像及各向异性变化的实验研究

在两组人工样品自由表面以中心点为基准对称布设3条辐射状测线,对样品实施单轴应力加载和卸载后,利用电阻率层析成像方法构建了相应的视电阻率相对变化图像,并计算和绘制了表征裂隙产生和发展速率的视电阻率各向异性系数λ*以及表征裂隙产生和发展方位的各向异性主轴方位角α随应力和深度的变化曲线.结果表明:所有测线所对应的RRC图像均随着应力的变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即在加载阶段,随着应力的增加,视电阻率相对变化图像中电阻率降低区域逐渐收缩,而电阻率升高区域逐渐扩张,在卸载阶段,随着应力的减小,电阻率降低区域继续收缩,电阻率升高区域继续扩张;样品中的高阻体对其所在部位及附近区域的电阻率增幅有较大影响,而对横越高阻体测线的视电阻率相对变化图像的趋势性变化无影响;对于原始电性为各向异性的样品,随着应力的增加,其各向异性程度降低;裂隙主要在岩样的浅部产生和发展,而在较深部位的裂隙产生和发展的速率相对较低.上述结果有助于解释和理解地震、火山活动和大型地质构造运动引起的视电阻率及其各向异性的变化特征,电阻率层析成像方法可能成为目前地震电阻率观测方法的有益补充.      

地震地电阻率各向异性变化数值模拟

将APE模式中差应力与裂隙的演化理论与前期研究中建立的张量形式的各向异性电性模型相结合,推导出了裂隙演化参数(密度、孔压、纵横比、闭合角)与电导率关系的动态方程,用数值模拟方法研究了饱水岩石在水平向应力作用下电阻率的各向异性变化．并结合实验和观钡5结果,讨论了电阻率各向异性变化的可能机理。     

岩石破裂过程中电阻率变化机理的探讨

受压岩石在破裂过程中,视电阻率会出现明显的变化,其异常形态与实验条件有很大的关系. 实验中对磁铁石英岩样品施加了单轴压缩,岩石的破裂经反复加载和卸载实现,并在岩样的裂隙中注入了食盐溶液. 在实验的各阶段,对样品的主剖面重建出一系列内部真电阻率分布的图像,揭示了介质内的微细结构,从而探讨了视电阻率变化的原因. 实验发现,岩石中裂隙的存在及所含液体的饱和状态,是岩石在主破裂前控制电阻率变化的两个最重要的因素;低应力状态属常态导电过程,孔隙度的变化是主要因素;高应力状态属裂隙表面导电机制,随着破裂面在岩体内部出现,水和孔隙有了完全贯通的平面,多种导电机制都得以发挥作用. 此外,体导电结构的变化在宏观上表现为各向异性和图样有序性的增强.     

水污染的导电性和激电性与污染浓度变化关系的几个实验结果

为了解用电阻率法、电磁法和激发极化法监测地下水污染的可能性,给出了在水样和含水砂样中,加入了不同浓度的无机污染物和有机污染物时,样品电阻率、极化率、半衰时和偏离度等导电性和激电性参数与浓度变化关系的几个实验观测结果．水样中的观测结果表明,除个别有机污染样品的电阻率随浓度增加有所增大外,其余所有无机污染和有机污染样品的电阻率均随浓度的增加而减小．含水砂样中的观测结果表明,不同污染成分样品的电阻率和极化率,均随孔隙液浓度的增加而减小,但对反应样品激电时间特性的参数而言,则有半衰时随浓度增加而减小,偏离度随浓度增加而增大的规律．同时指出,用电阻率法、电磁法和激发激化法监测地下水污染是十分困难的．     

电阻率层析成像用于水文地质勘探

电阻率层析成像是根据阵列电极的电位测量重建电阻率图象的一种新技术，与波动CT问题有着本质的不同，图象重建的关键在于快速完成对稳定电流场的泊松方程求解和反演迭代．本文以岛裕雅的级联算法为例，简介了数学方法的基本步骤．针对山东汶南煤矿的矿井涌水问题，实施了地表层析探测，3条剖面总长5 832 m，最大成像深度120 m．层析图象清晰地揭示了地层结构、煤矿采空区、破碎带和裂隙(或管道状)漏水区的分布．所得结果经钻孔检验正确，已成功地应用于继而展开的堵漏截流治水工程．文中针对技术方法和存在的问题进行了讨论．      

永登地震剪切波分裂及电性各向异性的变化特征

依据永登地震前后小震三分量数字记录和中法合作松山电磁台的观测资料,基于EDA裂隙模型,从各向异性的角度,将地震剪切波(S波)分裂方法和大地电磁测深(MT)方法共同应用于地震孕育过程中前兆的各向异性特征的研究.结果表明,永登地震前,快S波偏振方向由北偏东逐渐转为北偏西,发震后又急转为北偏东,快、慢S波的时间延迟在震前也是急剧上升的.另外,MT电性主轴的计算表明,各频点的电性主轴方向基本一致,原与断层近于垂直的电性主轴(ρxy),从震前为北偏东17°左右逐渐转为北偏西15°并发震,震后恢复到北偏东.相应的视电阻率变化表明160～226秒周期的变化最大,其对应的深度与该次地震的震源深度相当.而震前平行于断层的电性主轴其视电阻率ρyx变化相对小些.这次地震的震源机制解表明其发震应力场的P轴是北偏西15°.结论是(1)从各向异性的方向特征看,不同方法得到的3个方向在总体上是一致的,时间演化过程是协调的,其机理就是应力所致的EDA裂隙定向排列.(2)不同频率电性主轴变化的一致性表明,震前应力所致裂隙定向排列而导致的各向异性在地壳一定范围内是广泛存在的.(3)视电阻率量值的变化也存在各向异性并有其自己的特点.视电阻率静态的各向异性特征是由台站所处构造条件决定的,但动态各向异性变化受地震应力场作用的影响;与P轴一致的电性主轴视电阻率ρxy变化最大;震前同一方向、不同频率视电阻率变化的差异表明其变化强度还取决于介质的分层性质.     

层状介质二维电阻率扰动反演方法

为解决考古、工程地质和地下水污染勘查中某些探测靶体与周围介质间电性差异不大的地质问题,本文提出了层状介质背景下二维电阻率扰动反演方法．根据观测得到的背景剖面视电阻率断面,确定出背景场的电性层结构,利用电阻率扰动方法计算出敏感矩阵,通过广义逆矩阵法求解出电阻率的增量．在商丘地下夯土城墙的应用表明,该方法有效地抑制了夯土城墙的旁侧效应和地下水噪声的影响,揭示出地下夯土城墙的埋深与几何形态．     

地震深部电性变化前兆特征及其机理的初步探讨

本文着重讨论了地壳内埋深约10—25km的高阻层原地条件下的导电机理,指出该层岩体导电性主要取决于其裂隙及孔隙情况和孔隙水在其中的分布。根据对部分熔体导电性的研究,对实际岩体电导率进行数字模拟发现,连接权因子增加可导致该层原地体积电阻率极大的减少。本文还分析了孔隙水参与下震源及其外围区的应力应变特征,阐明了可能出现的深部电性变化前兆的分区性及其区域的体积电阻率、电性各向异性变化特征,初步探讨了这些变化的物理机理,粗略地估计了可能的变化量值。     

地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象与地震孕育过程

利用现有地电阻率观测资料,探索提出了新的无量纲地电前兆因子————地电阻率各向异性度(S),研究了孕震过程中地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象特征．结果表明,孕震过程中,地电阻率各向异性度显示出由正常异常强化（幅度、范围） 异常弱化 发震 正常的过程．地震发生于S强化后期转为弱化的时段及S异常区的边缘梯度带上．地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象,反映了孕震过程中构造应力场的变化．因而,可以通过地电阻率各向异性度的动态演化图象跟踪地震孕育发生过程,服务于地震短临预报．      

The use of non-conventional CPTe data in determination of 3-D electrical resistivity distribution

The spatial distribution of the electrical resistivity data provides useful information for investigating and modeling the fluid transport processes. 3D electrical resistivity distribution provides information about water flow and changes in electrical resistivity of the pore fluid.Therefore, to assist in understanding and modeling of the fluid transport process, 3D spatial distribution of the electrical resistivity data with the corresponded 3D geological section were mapped and interpreted in the test site located in western Germany. A process of deriving electrical resistivity values from the mechanical and radioactive parameters of cone penetration tests (CPT) and geological information of boreholes was presented. A reliable method which gives accurate resistivity values in cases of near surface sediments was introduced. Then a field test was executed where the calculated resistivity values were compared with the measured CPTe resistivity data. The CPTe (cone penetration test with electrical extension) data were also used in correlating to the ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) data. Consequently, obtained dense CPT surveys give us the possibility to determine a high resolution resistivity distribution of the investigated area.     

Resistivity tomography study on samples with water-bearing structure

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单轴压缩下多裂隙含水岩样电阻率变化与体积应变

在单轴压缩下,对经过高温焙烧的含水辉长岩进行了轴向和径向电阻率变化以及体积应变的同时连续测量.结果表明,在完全饱和前的非弹性压缩阶段,电阻率随压应力增高而降低;在完全饱和的弹性压缩阶段,电阻率升高;在非弹性的体积膨胀阶段,电阻率继续上升.从Archie 公式出发,通过近似分析,导出了电阻率变化和体积应变的关系式.实验结果和近似分析定性上相附.本文的主要结果是发现含水岩样在膨胀阶段电阻率的升高,初步认为这是由于热开裂的张开,降低了饱和度的结果.      

饱水和排水过程中岩石电阻率各向异性特征的电阻率成像法研究

从电阻率的角度研究岩石裂隙介质的各向异性特征是一种方便而有效的方法,但多限于空间单个点上的测量数据分析.通过在砂岩岩样上的饱水与排水实验以及同步进行的高密度电阻率成像监测,探讨了应用高密度电阻率成像法获得图像研究岩石各向异性特征的可能性,分析了饱水与排水过程中岩石电阻率在不同方向上的响应特性.结果表明,电阻率成像法在分析岩石裂隙介质的各向异性方面具有多方向成像和动态监测的优点,可以通过对不同方向上获得的电阻率图像的分析,提取出岩石沉积结构的空间分布模式,清晰地反映出岩石在饱水和排水过程中电阻率变化空间分布模式的各向异性特征.     

Stream bottom resistivity tomography to map ground water discharge

This study investigates the effectiveness of direct current electrical resistivity as a tool for assessing ground water/surface water interactions within streams. This research has shown that patterns of ground water discharge can be mapped at the meter scale, which is important for understanding stream water quality and ecosystem function. Underwater electrical resistivity surveys along a 107-m stream section within the Burd Run Watershed in South Central Pennsylvania identified three resistivity layers: a resistive (100 to 400 Ωm) surface layer corresponding to the streambed sediments, a conductive (20 to 100 Ωm) middle layer corresponding to residual clay sediments, and a resistive (100 to 450 Ωm) bottom layer corresponding to the carbonate bedrock. Tile probing to determine the depth to the bedrock and resistivity test box analysis of augered sediment samples confirmed these interpretations of the resistivity data. Ground water seeps occurred where the resistivity data showed that the residual clays were thinnest and bedrock was closest to the streambed. Plotting the difference in resistivity between two surveys, one conducted during low-stage and the other during high-stage stream conditions, showed changes in the conductivity of the pore fluids saturating the sediments. Under high-stream stage conditions, the top layer showed increased resistivity values for sections with surface water infiltration but showed nearly constant resistivity in sections with ground water seeps. This was expressed as difference values less than 50 Ωm in the area of the seeps and greater than 50 Ωm change for the streambed sediments saturated by surface water. Thus, electrical resistivity aided in characterizing ground water discharge zones by detecting variations in subsurface resistivity under high- and low-stream stage conditions as well as mapping subsurface heterogeneities that promote these exchanges.     

Geological controls on submarine groundwater discharge in Long Bay,South Carolina (USA)

A combination of geophysical methods including continuous electrical resistivity and high-resolution Chirp sub-bottom profiling were utilized to characterize geologic controls on pore fluid salinity in the nearshore of Long Bay, SC. Resistivity values ranged from less than 1 Ω m to greater than 40 Ω m throughout the bay. Areas of elevated electrical resistivity suggest the influence of relatively fresher water on pore water composition. Geophysical evidence alone does not eliminate all ambiguity associated with lithological and porosity variations that may also contribute to electrical structure of shallow marine sediments. The anomalous field is of sufficient magnitude that lithological variation alone does not control the spatial distribution of elevated electrical resistivity zones. Geographical distribution of electrical anomalies and structures interpreted from nearby sub-bottom profiles indicates abrupt changes in shallow geologic units control preferential pathways for discharge of fresh water into the marine environment. Shore parallel resistivity profiles show dramatic decreases in magnitude with increasing distance from shore, suggesting a significant portion of the terrestrially driven fresh SGD in Long Bay is occurring via the surficial aquifer within a few hundred meters of shore.     

Electrical resistivity changes in rocks during frictional sliding and fracture

Significant changes of electrical resistivity of saturated rocks and water pressure along sliding surface occurred during stick-slips in our direct shear experiment. Two types of changes of electrical resistivity occurred. In the first, resistivity decreased with increasing shear stress, reached minimum together with a sudden release of shear stress and returned to a higher value immediately afterwards. In the second, resistivity again decreased with increasing stress but, in contrast to the first type of changes, it decreased further upon the sudden drop of shear stress. The magnitude and the direction of the changes of water pressure on the sliding surface during stick-slip were not uniform, indicating local variations of surface deformation.     

地电阻率与水位关系的机理分析

从地电阻率的观测理论出发, 指出地电阻率场地的电性结构、 岩石的饱和度和孔隙度决定了地电阻率和水位的关系。 在长期的观测资料基础上, 通过实例系统地分析了地电阻率和水位的关系, 给出了不同层位的水位变化和不同方式的水位变化对地电阻率观测结果的影响, 认为非构造水位变化与地电阻率的关系主要取决于表层土壤或岩石的水饱和度, 构造水位变化与地电阻率变化存在明确的相关关系, 从而进一步探讨了与前兆异常有关的水位和地电阻率变化。     

The electrical conductivity of Posidonia black shales — from magnetotelluric exploration to rock samples

We carried out a magnetotelluric field campaign in the South–East Lower Saxony Basin, Germany, with the main goal of testing this method for imaging regional Posidonia black shale sediments. Two‐dimensional inversion results of the magnetotelluric data show a series of conductive structures correlating with brine‐saturated sediments but also with deeper, anthracitic Westphalian/Namurian coals. None of these structures can be directly related with the Posidonia black shale, which appears to be generally resistive and therefore difficult to resolve with the magnetotelluric method. This assumption is supported by measurements of electrical resistivity on a set of Posidonia shale samples from the Hils syncline in the Lower Saxony basin. These rock samples were collected in shallow boreholes and show immature (0.53% Ro), oil (0.88% Ro), and gas (1.45% Ro) window thermal maturities. None of the black shale samples showed low electrical resistivity, particularly those with oil window maturity show resistivity exceeding 10⁴ Ωm. Moreover, we could not observe a direct correlation between maturity and electrical resistivity; the Harderode samples showed the highest resistivity, whereas the Haddessen samples showed the lowest. A similar trend has been seen for coals in different states of thermal maturation. Saturation of the samples with distilled and saline water solutions led to decreasing electrical resistivity. Moreover, a positive correlation of electrical resistivity with porosity is observed for the Wickensen and Harderode samples, which suggests that the electrical resistivity of the Posidonia black shale is mainly controlled by porosity.     

铁轨干扰浚县地震台地电阻率观测的有限元分析

2016年5月浚县地震台地电阻率EW向测值出现明显变化,为正确评价该变化,依据浚县地震台地质资料、岩层电性资料和EW向电测深曲线,将该台地下介质电性分布简化为二维电性结构,建立三维有限元模型。通过数值模拟,计算测区内地表铁轨干扰对地电阻率观测的影响形态和幅度。结果表明,由数值模拟所得干扰幅度、形态与实际测值的异常变化较吻合,因此从数值分析的角度确定了铁轨对浚县地震台地电阻率观测的干扰。