湖南杨二洞更新世晚期动物群研究

湖南花垣县杨二洞化石点位于沅江上游,动物群种类包括有6目26种,动物群时代为晚更新世末期。杨二洞小型哺乳动物化石材料较多。有些小型哺乳动物在我国更新世时期首次发现,如大爪长尾鼩、大黑伏翼、大齿鼠等。杨二洞动物群在我国西南地区更新世末期的材料之中,具有较为突出的森林性特征,反映出湘西北更新世末期具有南亚热带森林古环境。动物群综合研究发现,小家鼠、褐家鼠在中更新世晚期分别产生于中国东北和长江下游,其中小家鼠在更新世晚期经华北向长江流域及其以南扩散,褐家鼠在更新世较晚时期分别向华北和岭南扩散。晚更新世以来,有较多小哺乳动物出现了从低海拔向高海拔山区进行生境转移的现象,这种生境转移对认识大熊猫生态演变有重要参考。杨二洞堆积物特征反映,沅江上游晚更新世末期时河床侵蚀性下切明显,地貌变化显著。     

我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期环境变化与猛犸象—披毛犀动物群绝灭研究综述

通过对文献资料的总结、统计分析,结合对我国东北地区的实地考察和初步研究结果,论述了我国东北地区晚更新世中晚期以来环境变化与猛犸象—披毛犀动物群演化、灭绝的研究现状和存在问题及其与国际对相应时段猛犸象研究之间的差距。提出加强对我国东北地区晚更新世气候环境的重建、认识气候变化的区域特点和突变性,系统而可靠地建立以猛犸象—披毛犀为主的化石动物年代序列、区分主要类型化石动物年代是研究的关键。以独立的气候环境变化和化石动物的年代序列为参照系,在区域环境变化的框架内讨论化石动物群生存的气候环境、生态特征和灭绝过程,进而探讨动物群演化及灭绝与气候环境变化的关系。这将为认识区域环境突变、动植物对环境变化的响应、我国东北地区晚更新世猛犸象—披毛犀动物群与欧亚大陆其它地区猛犸象之间的内在联系,认识人类演化与生存环境的适应、动植物演替与绝灭的临界条件等一系列重大科学问题提供资料。     

中国犬科化石生物年代学

犬科动物是中国晚新生代地层中的常见动物.中国上新世动物群中最多的是始犬属(Eucyon),早更新世动物群中最多的是犬属(Canis),即真犬.通过对中国重要晚新生代动物群产出的地点、年代和其中犬科动物化石的修订和追索,犬科动物呈现出显著的地层学意义.始犬属的晚期成员小始犬(Eucyonminor)可视为早更新世早、中期...     

临夏盆地晚新生代哺乳动物群演替与青藏高原隆升背景

临夏盆地的晚新生代沉积中富含哺乳动物化石,以晚渐新世巨犀动物群、中中新世铲齿象动物群、晚中新世三趾马动物群和早更新世真马动物群的化石最为丰富。晚新生代是青藏高原快速隆升的时期,临夏盆地的4个主要哺乳动物群在构造剧烈变化的背景下发生了显著的更替。通过对不同动物群所代表的生态特征的分析,恢复了临夏盆地晚新生代以来的气候环境演变过程:晚渐新世以温暖湿润的森林环境为主,间杂有一些开阔地带;中中新世的森林更加茂密,水体更加丰富;晚中新世演变为炎热半干旱的稀树草原环境,季节性变化加强;早更新世气候寒冷而干燥,并伴有显著的海拔升高。青藏高原在晚渐新世的隆升幅度还不足以阻挡大型哺乳动物在高原南北的交流,但到中中新世已成为明显的障碍,至晚中新世对动物迁徙的阻碍作用更加突出,而临夏盆地在早更新世已经达到相当大的高度,产生了一个高原或高山的动物群     

重庆地区第四纪气候的初步研究

早更新世时,重庆地区生活着巫山人;中更新世时,生存有盐井沟动物群和歌乐山动物群;晚更新世—全新世时,合川三汇坝动物群繁衍,以水杉、红椿木和枫杨为代表的植物群遍及全区,并有水杉、银杉等孓遗植物存在。整个第四纪时期,重庆地区的气候属亚热带温暖湿润气候,没有发生过冰川活动。     

富源刺托洞旧石器遗址初探

富源刺托洞的旧石器文化是适应岩溶地貌发育环境的产物,形成以小型石片、刮削器为主体的石器工业;当时的气候总体上是在热带、亚热带气候至暖温带之间波动,形成的动物群为非典型的大熊猫-剑齿象动物群(Ailuroooda-Stegodon fauna)可与晚更新世的柳江动物群(西畴动物群)对比;遗址时代为晚更新世,地质年龄测定(14C)＞4×104a.     

广西岩溶洞穴中晚更新世哺乳动物群的研究

本文通过已有资料探讨了广西晚更新世哺乳动物群的时代划分、地理分布、及生态和生活环境等问题,并与邻近地区同时代哺乳动物群作了比较。依据东南亚、南亚一带的哺乳动物群与华南地区“大熊猫-剑齿象”动物群的相似性,提出了在晚更新世以前,东南亚、南亚一些岛国很可能和亚洲大陆是相连接的观点。      

第四纪期间中国南北两大动物区系之间的过渡地带动物群

中国第四纪期间的哺乳动物，可划分为南、北两大动物群，在两大动物群之间，存在过渡地带动物群。过渡地带的动物群，晚更新世的有河南新蔡、安徽五河戚咀及江苏武进；中更新世地点有安徽和县、巢县银山、河南南召及江苏南京汤山；早更新世地点有安徽巢县银山下部堆积、陕西蓝田公王岭及汉中盆地的勉县。裴文中（１９５７）首先提出淮河过渡区的存在，周明镇等认为不存在。事实上过渡地带的南、北混生动物群是存在的，过渡地带的范围大小及地点是随着地史的变迁而不断的变化。四不象鹿是过渡地带生活的一种特殊动物，而众多的古人类化石在过渡地带发现，也是这一地区的一个特色。     

黑龙江青冈晚更新世哺乳动物化石

本文记述的8种哺乳动物化石:Mammuthus primigenius,Equus hemionus,Equus sp.,Coelodonta antiquitatis,Megaloceros ordosianus,Gazella sp.,Bison exiguus,Bosprimigenius?属东北“披毛犀—猛犸象动物群”的成员,时代为晚更新世。对三门马的地层分布时代进行了讨论,认为有可能到中更新世末期甚至晚更新世早期。此外还介绍了大角鹿属各种的特征,并指出了“披毛犀一猛犸象动物群”概念的不恰当之处。     

尹赞勋先生对第四纪研究的开拓性贡献──兼论顾乡屯动物群及其时代

顾乡屯动物群是由１９３１年尹赞勋先生在哈尔滨顾乡屯发现１９种哺乳动物化石而得名，其后在东北、内蒙古一带多处发现，由于以被毛犀、猛犸象化石最为常见，一般也称为“披毛犀－猛犸象动物群”。到目前为止该动物群至少有６４种化石，分属１８科３７属。顾乡屯组代表东北地区晚更新世河－湖相沉积，与华北萨拉乌苏组有很好的对比性，属同期异地同相沉积。顾乡屯动物群化石层位仅限于顾乡屯组地表出露部分，年龄测定结果不超过６００００─７００００ａＢ．Ｐ．，表明顾乡屯动物群相当于萨拉乌苏上部动物群，时代为晚更新世晚期。顾乡屯动物群与顾乡屯组在时代上的不一致性，是东北地区第四纪研究中应引起重视的问题。对大同第四纪火山群及我国近期火山的分布，自３０年代由尹赞勋先生做了开创和倡导性研究以来，在岩石学、地球化学、树造环境和深部岩浆源及年代学等方面的研究都已取得长足的进展。     

Mammal fauna during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in the far northeast of Europe

The paper summarises materials on the mammal remains in northeastern Europe, dated by radiocarbon. Altogether, 23 local faunas of small mammals and 47 local faunas of large mammals were analysed. Multidimensional statistical analysis shows a strong correlation between changes in small mammal fauna composition and climate changes throughout time. The correlations with the spatial gradients, however, are less pronounced. The faunas are classified into three groups: (1) faunas of Holocene age; (2) Late Pleistocene ‘stadial’ assemblages; and (3) Late Pleistocene ‘interstadial’ assemblages. In some cases, changes in species abundance are better understood in terms of biotic interrelations rather than of climatic effects. The most pronounced change in small mammal fauna composition and structure occurred at the Preboreal/Boreal boundary, and a less conspicuous alteration took place at the LGM/Lateglacial transition. The most noticeable transformation in the large mammal fauna composition is dated to the early Holocene. Less significant changes are observed at the Middle Weichselian/LGM transition and at the LGM/Lateglacial transition. It is safely concluded that variations in the faunas of small and large mammals recorded in NE Europe during the last 35 000 years occurred synchronously and unidirectionally.     

Pleistocene mammal faunas of Eastern Europe

Systematic studies of the Pleistocene mammal assemblages of Eastern Europe have been carried out for more than a century, and they elucidated evolutionary changes and ascertained chronological sequence of the faunas. The available evidence on fossil mammals from Eastern Europe allows differentiation of 7 complexes of large mammals. These complexes represent 15 assemblages and their phases distinguished for small mammals. The appearance of new taxa of different rank provides the basis for identification of the principal stages in mammal evolution. Multi-disciplinary studies of fossil mammal localities have made it possible to correlate theriological data with the main events of the Pleistocene (such as glacials and interglacials) by comparison between geological, geochronological and palaeontological data.Interglacial and periglacial mammal faunas of different age have been defined on the basis of their structural characteristics and geographical distribution. Two types of mammal assemblages are recognised: zonal interglacial and periglacial assemblages specific to glacial periods. In the first type, each zonal assemblage is dominated by a single ecological group of mammals. A distinctive feature of the second type is the co-existence of animals belonging to different ecological groups and inhabiting different natural environments.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene small- and large-mammal faunas from the Northern Urals

Data from the mammal fauna of the North Urals during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene are synthesised. Analysis of differentiation the degree of small- and large-mammal faunas during this time has been undertaken. Only differences of mammal species composition were significant between the Late Pleistocene and Holocene complexes, and within these complexes, the distinction between faunas was insignificant. The transition from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene complex small-mammal faunas occurred in the Middle Late Valdai due to expansion of the forest species. In large-mammal faunas, the process was recorded later (in Dryas 3-Early Holocene) because of the extinction of some species and others that changed their areas of occupation.     

The stratigraphical significance of deer species in the cromer forest-bed formation

Deer species provide a valuable biostratigraphical tool through Cromer Forest-bed times, due particularly to species turnover between the Early and early Middle Pleistocene. This study is based on the reidentification of 348 fossil antlers. The provenance of most large mammal fossils from the CF-bF, collected over 150 years, was recorded only by the nearest coastal village. None the less, analysis of the cervid taxa by these ‘localities’ reveals interesting patterns. The fauna of the West Runton Freshwater Bed is of early Middle Pleistocene complexion, and that from the foreshore at East Runton is of Early Pleistocene. Pure or nearly pure early Middle Pleistocene assemblages also occur at Kessingland-Pakefield and at Trimingham. At Overstrand, Sidestrand, Mundesley, Bacton and Happisburgh, there is a mixture of Early and early Middle Pleistocene elements. Analysis of Savin's data shows that fossils of earlier species were generally found further down the beach than those of later ones. Late nineteenth century geological surveys, made when bone collecting was at its peak, give additional information about fossil horizons, which in several cases can be related to modern stratigraphical units. Most Early Pleistocene large-mammal bones came from Pastonian conglomerates, in contrast to small-mammal and molluscan assemblages mostly extracted from Pre-Pastonian Crag. However, the diversity of Early Pleistocene CF-bF cervid species in comparison with continental faunas, and their pattern of distribution between sites, suggests they may span more than one chronostratigraphic stage. Early Middle Pleistocene assemblages came from strata now referred to the Cromerian, and the differing proportions of taxa between sites provide limited evidence of time-transgression.     

泥河湾地区晚上新世一个新的地层单位——稻地组

本文记述了河北泥河湾盆地的一个新的地层单位——稻地组。在四个实测剖面上对稻地组进行了分层描述,根据其岩性、化石特征、及其与上下地层接触关系,确定了该地层组的含义,并对其时代(晚上新世)作了讨论。     

Character, Age and Ecology of the Hezheng Biota from Northwestern China

1 Introduction In recent years, field works in the Hezheng area resulted in an explosive growth of new knowledge of Chinese mammalian faunas of the Late Cenozoic. A continuous sedimentary sequence from the Oligocene to the Pleistocene is developed and exposed in the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, which contains a large number of mammal fossils. The Hezheng area comprises almost the whole Hezheng County, the western half of Guanghe County, the southern half of Dongxiang County, Linxia C…     

Sequence of the Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China

In the Linxia Basin on the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Cenozoic strata are very thick and well exposed. Abundant mammalian fossils are discovered in the deposits from the Late Oligocene to the Early Pleistocene. The Dzungariotherium fauna comes from the sandstones of the Jiaozigou Formation, including many representative Late Oligocene taxa. The Platybelodon fauna comes from the sandstones of the Dongxiang Formation and the conglomerates of the Laogou Formation, and its fossils are typical Middle Miocene forms, such as Hemicyon, Amphicyon, Platybelodon, Choerolophodon, Anchitherium, and Hispanotherium. The Hipparion fauna comes from the red clay of the Liushu and Hewangjia Formations, and its fossils can be distinctly divided into four levels, including three Late Miocene levels and one Early Pliocene level. In the Linxia Basin, the Hipparion fauna has the richest mammalian fossils. The Equus fauna comes from the Wucheng Loess, and it is slightly older than that of the classical Early Pl     

辽宁西部第四纪哺乳动物及其地层时代

以大、小凌河流域为中心的辽西地区第四纪地层分布广泛, 奥陶纪石灰岩为主的基岩使该地区喀斯特地貌发育, 并在水溶蚀作用下形成洞穴, 为哺乳动物栖息提供了理想的场所。20世纪70年代以前曾发现过建平、凌源西八间房、喀左鸽子洞和锦县沈家台等化石产地, 之后陆续发现了喀左帽儿山洞穴、二布尺洞穴、朝阳马山洞和凌源沟门洞化石产地等。根据动物化石组合及其对比, 辽西发现的这些化石群分别代表中更新世晚期、晚更新世早期、晚更新世中期和晚更新世晚期4个地质时代。这些材料的发现, 对辽西乃至整个东北地区第四纪哺乳动物研究及区域第四纪地层的划分对比等具有重要意义。     

Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory

Unglaciated parts of the Yukon constitute one of the most important areas in North America for yielding Pleistocene vertebrate fossils. Nearly 30 vertebrate faunal localities are reviewed spanning a period of about 1.6 Ma (million years ago) to the close of the Pleistocene some 10 000 BP (radiocarbon years before present, taken as 1950). The vertebrate fossils represent at least 8 species of fishes, 1 amphibian, 41 species of birds and 83 species of mammals. Dominant among the large mammals are: steppe bison (Bison priscus), horse (Equus sp.), woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) – signature species of the Mammoth Steppe fauna (Fig. 1), which was widespread from the British Isles, through northern Europe, and Siberia to Alaska, Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories. The Yukon faunas extend from Herschel Island in the north to Revenue Creek in the south and from the Alaskan border in the west to Ketza River in the east. The Yukon holds evidence of the earliest-known people in North America. Artifacts made from bison, mammoth and caribou bones from Bluefish Caves, Old Crow Basin and Dawson City areas show that people had a substantial knowledge of making and using bone tools at least by 25 000 BP, and possibly as early as 40 000 BP. A suggested chronological sequence of Yukon Pleistocene vertebrates (Table 1) facilitates comparison of selected faunas and indicates the known duration of various taxa.