塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是继峨眉山大火成岩省之后在中国境内确认的又一个大火成岩省,是当前研究的热点和前沿问题.论文系统总结了塔里木大火成岩省近20年研究取得的成果,指出了下一步重点研究领域.塔里木大火成岩省火山岩的残余分布面积大于25万平方公里,最大残余厚度达780 m,大规模玄武岩的喷出发生在290～288 Ma期间,属于快速喷发的大火成岩省岩浆事件.塔里木大火成岩省中最为发育的玄武岩和辉绿岩岩墙的微量元素特征与OIB的特征相似,且以高钛型为主体;但在同位素特征上明显的可以分为两类,柯坪地区玄武岩具有负的εNd值,重稀土值相对较高,来自富集型地幔;塔北玄武岩和辉绿岩具有正的εNd值和相对低的重稀土值,来自亏损型地幔.早二叠世大规模地壳抬升、苦橄岩与大规模岩墙群发育和瓦基里塔格大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床都支持塔里木大火成岩省与地幔柱活动有关.塔里木大火成岩省与中亚地区广泛发育的二叠纪基性和超基性岩浆作用存在着时空联系,它们是代表了一次具有重要地球动力学意义的构造岩浆事件.论文指出了塔里木大火成岩省的深部地质过程、成矿作用、与地幔柱关系、与盆地环境变化和生命演化的关系及其大火成岩省的地球动力学意义等方面研究将是下一阶段的重点研究领域.     

塔里木大火成岩省柯坪地区早二叠世玄武岩岩石磁学性质研究

石炭-二叠纪时期被认为是全球构造运动机制由古到新的转换期.在这一时期内,塔里木板块内部经历了大规模的岩浆活动,构成了我国境内又一个大火成岩省.综合研究塔里木大火成岩省早二叠世玄武岩中磁性矿物组合类型、特征和粒径,可为进一步明确其快速形成过程提供必要的岩石磁学依据.本文对采自柯坪地区库普库兹满和开派兹雷克组样品进行了系统的岩石磁实验,包括饱和等温剩磁获得曲线、三轴等温剩磁系统热退磁实验、k-T曲线、磁滞回线和一阶反转曲线等.实验结果表明,库普库兹满组和开派兹雷克组样品中以钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿等低矫顽力磁性矿物为主,磁性矿物磁畴类型为SD、PSD与MD颗粒混合.本文结果还显示开派兹雷克组与库普库兹满组样品适宜开展进一步的古强度研究.     

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的成因模式

近20年来,塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省在各类火成岩的空间分布、时间序列、地球化学特征、地幔源区和岩浆演化等方面有了深入的认识,为揭示大火成岩省的成因模式和演化过程奠定了坚实的基础.本文将主要基于塔里木大火成岩省存在的两阶段岩浆产物,结合前期研究基础和前人研究成果,系统论证塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省成因的两阶段熔融模式.模式认为塔里木大火成岩省的形成与地幔柱活动有关,其地幔柱作用形式兼具"巴哈纳型"和"德干型"两种特点,即早期高热的地幔柱引起了岩石圈地幔的低程度部分熔融,后期地幔柱上升绝热减压引起地幔柱自身部分熔融.在早期熔融事件中,地幔柱主要表现为上部岩石圈熔融所需的热供给,后期熔融过程中地幔柱成为熔融发生的主要场所和物质供给源.第一阶段喷发的两类玄武岩具有高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr、低~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd的同位素特征,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,为富集的大陆岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,具有"巴哈纳型"特征;而第二阶段产出的基性-超基性侵入岩具有相对两类玄武岩较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,较高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值,为地幔热柱熔融的产物,具有"德干型"特征.其中第一阶段,可细分为Group1和Group2两类玄武岩,Group2玄武岩相对Group1玄武岩具有较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,较高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值.Group2玄武岩显示连接Group1玄武岩和第二阶段岩浆作用的过渡类型特征,表明塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是地幔柱与岩石圈地幔持续相互作用的结果.关于塔里木大火成岩省成因模式的研究有助于增进对塔里木大火成岩省岩浆作用、深部地质过程和地球动力学过程的全面认识,有利于丰富大火成岩省的成因理论和地幔柱活动理论.     

塔里木陆块在Rodinia超大陆中位置的新认识——来自地层对比和古地磁的制约

塔里木周缘的新元古代地层中均记录了涉及Rodinia聚合和裂解的构造热事件,但塔里木在Rodinia超大陆中位置尚存争议.本文综合地层对比以及古地磁的研究方法,将塔里木陆块在Rodinia超大陆中置于澳洲板块的西北缘,并且塔里木的西南缘(现今位置)和澳洲的西北缘(现今位置)相连.基于塔里木周缘的构造热事件和塔里木、澳洲运动学特征分析,认为塔里木陆块周缘在约800~700 Ma中发生了强烈的裂谷事件,导致塔里木从Rodinia超大陆中裂解,但塔里木并没有完全从澳洲裂离,而是随澳洲一起,加入冈瓦纳大陆.在约450 Ma左右,塔里木与澳洲发生分离,其原因为古特提斯洋的扩张.     

塔里木二叠纪熔积岩的发现及其对大火成岩省火山喷发环境的限定

熔积岩是岩浆与未固结的松软沉积物混合而生的一种特殊火山碎屑岩.它代表着岩浆活动与沉积作用的同期性,因此可以对岩浆喷发期内的沉积环境做出精确限定.在二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省西北缘印干-柯坪地区的早期喷发层序中首次发现熔积岩.其中,印干附近第二喷发期次层序中以淬冷开裂而形成的块状熔积岩为主,柯坪一带第二、第四喷发层序中则同时拥有块状熔积岩和流态熔积岩.上述熔积岩的宿主沉积物均为海相灰质,证明当时当地的岩浆喷发事件发生于陆表海相环境中.在距印干以东不远处的开派兹雷克剖面,同期层序中却只发育稳定的陆相溢流玄武岩而未见熔积岩,证明海陆环境在此发生了交互.在利用熔积岩确定三个剖面喷发环境的基础上,精确了塔里木大火成岩省西北缘喷发早期沉积环境的分布范围,及其随时间而发生变迁的详细过程.     

东昆仑地区早二叠世礁岛海的沉积模式

通过4年的野外调查, 在东昆仑山南坡早二叠世灰岩山之间前人认为是早三叠世池塘群中发现了较深水相的中薄层状灰岩及■灰岩, 其中的■类化石有Schwagerina sp., Neoschwagerina sp. 及Verbeekina sp.. 与此同时, 在阿尼玛卿山地区也发现了早二叠世深水相的放射虫硅质岩. 据此认为本区早二叠世灰岩山与其周围盆地相的中薄层灰岩及放射虫硅质岩为同期异相沉积. 本区早二叠世同期异相沉积主体上可分为浅水碳酸盐建隆相、盆地相及介于两者之间的过渡相三大类型. 碳酸盐建隆相、盆地相和过渡相内部又可进一步划分出次一级的沉积类型. 其中碳酸盐建隆沉积可分为块状生物碎屑灰岩及生物礁灰岩; 盆地相可分为中薄层或极薄层灰岩、蓝绿色深海软泥、紫红色深海软泥及与之相伴生的放射虫硅质岩; 过渡相可分为礁麓相和台裙相两类. 根据不同相带在空间上的展布和组合, 认为东昆仑地区早二叠世时属于一种礁岛海沉积环境. 礁岛海的主要特点是礁岛或碳酸盐建隆与盆地相间列、海底地形复杂、相变剧烈, 并发育有大量的生物礁.     

利用深地震反射剖面揭示峨眉山大火成岩省下地壳结构

峨眉山大火成岩省位于扬子板块西缘,紧邻三江构造带,其复杂的地质背景使得该火成岩省的内带受到强烈改造和变形.由于缺少高精度的地球物理探测,导致对该地区地壳的精细结构了解不够,很大程度上影响了对大火成岩省形成机制的认识.我们在大姚—元谋段实施了一条深地震反射剖面,试验了一种基于节点地震仪的深地震反射数据采集方法,得到了峨眉山大火成岩省内带的高分辨率结构图像.从两种仪器采集的深地震反射资料显示,节点地震仪采集的资料能够达到目前常用的有缆式地震仪428XL采集的深反射资料效果,甚至在局部特征上表现更好,从而有利于这种低成本、高效率、多种数据的采集方式的发展.叠加剖面结果显示,沿剖面下地壳自西向东呈现逐渐隆升特征,在剖面西部双程走时13 s（约40 km深度）处,出现一段约17.5 km厚的密集反射带,至剖面东部,密集反射带顶端双层走时为11 s,底部为16 s.结合早期地质和地球物理研究结果,本文推测这种密集反射特征是由峨眉山大火成岩省形成时内带侵入地壳的铁镁质物质造成的结果,对应于二叠纪地幔柱活动遗迹.

     

东昆仑-阿尼玛卿-巴颜喀拉地区早二叠世的生物古地理特征

东昆仑、阿尼玛卿、巴颜喀拉地区早二叠世生物的古地理分布自北向南可明显地划分出3个小区, 即东昆仑南坡小区、阿尼玛卿小区和巴颜喀拉小区. 东昆仑南坡小区和巴颜喀拉小区在生物组成及生态特征上十分相似, 生物不仅种类多, 而且数量十分丰富, 并广泛发育生物礁. 而处于两者之间的阿玛卿小区的生物种类则相对单调, 含量也较低. 造成本区生物古地理分异的主要原因是由于早二叠世时阿尼玛卿洋的阻隔作用. 在阿尼玛卿地区, 具相当厚度且不受陆源物质污染的早二叠世紫红色深海软泥和放射虫硅质岩的广泛分布, 说明当时的阿尼玛卿洋已具相当的规模. 宽阔的深水洋盆对某些底栖生物来说是一道难以逾越的鸿沟, 使得只有一部分生物能够到达洋盆中的孤岛. 狭小的岛屿生存空间和恶劣的环境条件又进一步影响到生物的丰度和分异度. 通过对玄武岩地球化学的研究和分析, 发现上述3个地区玄武岩所反映出来的大地构造背景与生物古地理分区呈现良好的耦合关系.     

磁异常揭示的峨眉山大火成岩省的深部结构

峨眉山大火成岩省位于中国西南部,在晚二叠纪约260 Ma喷发出巨量的大陆溢流型玄武岩.对于大火成岩省的岩浆喷发,在地下必定有一个相应的大规模岩浆聚集和运移系统.地球物理方法是探测岩石圈内部的有效方式.峨眉山大火成岩省为镁铁质岩浆喷发,由于镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石一般具有强磁性,因此,在喷发结束之后,地下岩浆系统如果被镁铁质岩浆填充,冷却固化成为岩石圈的一部分,很有可能会引起磁异常.本文使用区域磁异常数据来对峨眉山大火成岩省的深部构造进行研究.该区域的磁异常由一系列离散的异常组成,通过3D磁化率反演可以得到磁性体的空间分布.由于磁异常中具有明显的剩磁,直接使用经典的反演方法会有较大误差,我们首先将磁异常转换为弱敏感于磁化方向的磁异常模量,再使用模量数据进行3D反演,得到地下空间内磁异常源的分布.经过分析认为这些离散分布的磁异常源反映了岩石圈内部的镁铁质-超镁铁质侵入体.侵入体的位置可能反映了底侵和内侵的镁铁质岩浆固化形成的侵入体,代表镁铁质岩浆房位置或者岩浆运移的主要通道.

     

晚二叠世-早三叠世海水的锶同位素组成与演化——基于重庆中梁山海相碳酸盐的研究结果

测试了重庆中梁山剖面晚二叠世-早三叠世60个海相碳酸盐样品的锶同位素比值,建立了相应的演化曲线,同时分析了这些样品的SiO2,CaO,MgO,Mn和Sr含量,以评估样品锶同位素组成对海水的代表性以及样品溶解过程的合理性.除7个样品的Mn/Sr比值大于2,其锶同位素组成对海水的代表性相对较差以外,绝大多数样品的锶同位素组成对海水都具有较好的代表性.在已报道的晚二叠世-早三叠世海水的锶同位素演化曲线中,中梁山剖面是数据密度最大,曲线最为完整的.曲线总体演化趋势具有很好的全球一致性,^87Sr/^86Sr比值整体上呈现随时间变化单调上升的特征,最小值（0.707011）位于晚二叠世,最大值（0.708281）出现在早、中三叠世界线附近.全球古陆植被缺乏和风化作用加剧是早三叠^87Sr/^86Sr比值随时间单调上升的主要原因.重庆中梁山剖面二叠纪三叠纪界线是一个全球认可的界线,界线处6个样品的^87Sr/^86Sr比值仅在小数后第5位变化,其平均值为0.70714,与Korte等在2006年公布的0.70715（样品来自有铰腕足壳）的二叠系/三叠系界线处^87Sr/^86Sr比值一致（变化在实验误差范围内）,因而提供的二叠系三叠系之交海水的锶同位素组成具有全球意义.可基本确认,二叠纪/三叠纪之交全球海水的^87Sr/^86Sr比值在0.70714-0.70715之间.     

塔里木地块奥陶纪古地磁新结果及其构造意义

本文报道塔里木地块阿克苏—柯坪—巴楚地区奥陶纪古地磁研究新结果.对采自44个采点的灰岩、泥灰岩及泥质砂岩样品的系统岩石磁学和古地磁学研究表明,所有样品可分成两组：第一类样品以赤铁矿和少量磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,该类样品通常可分离出特征剩磁组分A;第二类样品以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,系统退磁揭示出这类样品中存在特征剩磁组分B.特征剩磁组分A分布于绝大多数奥陶纪样品中,具有双极性,但褶皱检验结果为负,推测其可能为新生代重磁化.特征剩磁组分B仅能从少部分中晚奥陶世样品中分离出,但褶皱检验结果为正,且其所对应古地磁极位置（40.7°S,183.3°E,dp/dm=4.8°/6.9°）与塔里木地块古生代中期以来的古地磁极位置显著差别,表明其很可能为岩石形成时期所获得的原生剩磁.古地磁结果表明塔里木地块中晚奥陶世位于南半球中低纬度地区,很可能与扬子地块一起位于冈瓦纳古大陆的边缘;中晚奥陶世之后,塔里木地块通过大幅度北向漂移和顺时针旋转,逐步与冈瓦纳大陆分离、并越过古赤道;至晚石炭世,塔里木地块已到达古亚洲洋构造域的南缘.     

Permian felsic magmatism in the Neoproterozoic Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex of the Malani Igneous Suite: Evidence from zircon U–Pb age

We report Permian (ca. 272 Ma ±5.4 Ma) felsic dykes that intrude into the Neoproterozoic (ca. 750 Ma) magmatic suite of the Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex (NPIC), the western extension of the Malani Igneous Suite (MIS). The NPIC consists of Neoproterozoic basement amphibolites and granites (riebeckite–aegirine gray granites and the biotite–hornblende pink granites), all of which are intruded by several generations of mafic and felsic dykes. Granitic magmatism occurred in the Late Neoproterozoic (ca. 750 Ma) due to the subduction‐, followed by the rift‐related tectonic regime during the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. U–Th–Pb zircon and monazite CHIME age data of 700–800 Ma from the earlier generation porphyritic felsic dykes suggest the dyke intrusion was coeval or soon after the emplacement of the host granites. Our findings of Permian age orthophyric felsic dykes provide new insights for the prevalence of active tectonics in the MIS during late Paleozoic. Textural features and geochemistry also make the orthophyric dykes distinct from the early‐formed porphyritic dykes and the host granites. Our newly obtained age data combined with geochemistry, suggest the existence of magmatism along the western margin of India (peri‐Gondwana margin) during Permian. Like elsewhere in the region, the Permian magmatism in the NPIC could be associated with the rifting of the Cimmerian micro‐continents from the Gondwana.     

Large N-S convergence at the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau? New Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic data from Hexi Corridor, NW China

Nine Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic sites have been collected in the Yumen area of the Hexi Corridor (NW China). Magnetic directions isolated at lower temperatures fail the fold test, and lie close to the geocentric axial dipole field direction before tilt correction. High temperature components are carried by magnetite and/or hematite, all with normal polarity, and pass the fold test. The average paleomagnetic pole from the nine sites is at λ=75.5°N, φ=169.9°E (A₉₅=7.7°). These results are consistent with those from other areas of the North China block (NCB), but significantly different from those from the Qaidam Basin on the southern side of the Qilian Mountains. They suggest that: (1) the Yumen region behaved as a rigid part of the NCB since at least the Early Cretaceous; (2) 740±500 km of north-south directed convergence has taken place between the NCB and Qaidam, within the Qilian Mountains and (3) extrusion of Qaidam was accompanied by a 23±5° relative rotation with respect to North China. This is larger than implied by the maximum left lateral slip on the Altyn Tagh fault system. The same data imply some 1000±800 km of Cenozoic motion between the Tarim and NCB blocks, which were so far believed to have formed a rigid entity since at least the Jurassic. One interpretation could be that all Tarim and Qaidam Cretaceous paleomagnetic samples from red beds, but not those from Yumen and the NCB, suffered significant inclination shallowing, as observed in Cenozoic red beds from Central Asia. So far, we do not find support for this possibility. Possible tectonic interpretations include: (1) the existence of a large, as yet uncharted, tectonic discontinuity between Tarim and the NCB in the vicinity of the desert corridor near 95-100°E longitude; (2) the occurrence of significant deformation within southwestern Tarim, to the north of Yingjisha where paleomagnetic sites were obtained, or (3) persistent clockwise rotation of Tarim with respect to the NCB, for at least 20 Ma, at the rate found for current block kinematics.     

Sedimentary records of the late Early Cretaceous compressional setting in the South China block: A case study of the Xingning Basin,Guangdong Province

Recently, some scholars have proposed that the South China Block (SCB) was controlled by a compressive tectonic regime in the middle–late Early Cretaceous, challenging the belief that the SCB was under an extensional setting during the Cretaceous. The Early Cretaceous tectonic setting constraint in the SCB can offer vital insight to clarify the Mesozoic subduction history of the Paleo-Pacific. Therefore, to determine the SCB tectonic regime during the Early Cretaceous, this study investigated sedimentary rocks from the Lower Cretaceous Heshui Formation in the Xingning Basin, a foreland basin located in the southeastern SCB. Provenance analysis was performed using sandstone modal analysis, sandstone geochemical characteristics, and detrital zircon geochronology. Based on the results, we discussed basin sediment sources and the SCB tectonic regime during the Early Cretaceous. The results showed that the maximum Heshui Formation depositional age was 103 Ma ± 1.6 Ma in the Early Cretaceous Albian. Detrital framework modes and geochemical characteristics of sandstone indicated that Heshui Formation's source rocks were granites and sedimentary rocks. The detrital zircon U–Pb ages could be classified into two major and four subordinate age populations. The Wuyi Terrane to the north and southeast coastal regions to the east were the primary potential Heshui Formation source areas. However, the lower and upper sandstones are different in the peak ages, ~437 and ~146 to 104 Ma, respectively, indicating that the major source area shifted from the Wuyi Terrane to the southeastern coastal regions during the late Early Cretaceous. The sandstone modal analysis results indicated that the source area comprised mainly collisional–orogenic material. The SCB was under a compressive tectonic regime during the late Early Cretaceous and this compression action continued until at least 103 Ma ± 1.6 Ma.     

Microfossils from the siltstones and muddy slates: Constraint on the age of the Taowan Group in the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt, Central China

The age of the Taowan Group is still a hot topic in the Northern Qinling Orogenic Belt, because of limited fossil evidence from these strata and different ideals on the Cambrian fossils of the conglomerate beds and limestone blocks. Early Ordovician acritarchs, chitinozoa and scolecodonts occur in the siltstone and muddy slate beds of the Guoling, Sanchakou, Fengmaimiao and Goushenmiao Formations of the Taowan Group, indicating the age of the Taowan Group should be the Ordovician. These fossil assemblages consist of 7 genera and 13 species of acritarchs, 7 genera and 9 species of chitinozoa, and 2 genera and 2 species of scolecodonts.     

深地震探测的分辨率分析——以南海北部OBS数据为例

多次深地震探测结果表明南海北部陆缘地壳结构在走向和倾向上都有明显的变化.在一些相隔很近的测线上,探测的深部地壳结构却相差较大,为了分析这些探测结果中差异的原因和地壳结构变化的可靠性,本文以东沙东侧海域测线和东沙西侧海域测线为例,对采集的海底地震仪记录进行了时间、位置校正和初至波走时拾取,利用有限差分地震走时层析成像进行了走时反演,获得所在剖面的地壳速度结构,并分析了模型的横向分辨率,剔除模型中短波长的横向速度变化.分辨率检测结果表明,模型的横向分辨率随着深度快速下降,0～8 km深度范围可以分辨10 km的横向变化,8～17 km的范围能够分辨10～40 km,而17～33 km的范围只能分辨40～80 km.因此,折射波的横向分辨能力不高,在地壳深部难以分辨较小的横向速度变化,前人探测的南海北部6 km宽、延伸至莫霍面的滨外断裂带并不能清晰的识别.