Links between Indo-Pacific climate variability and drought in the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas

Drought patterns across monsoon and temperate Asia over the period 1877–2005 are linked to Indo-Pacific climate variability associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Using the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA) composed of a high-resolution network of hydroclimatically sensitive tree-ring records with a focus on the June–August months, spatial drought patterns during El Niño and IOD events are assessed as to their agreement with an instrumental drought index and consistency in the drought response amongst ENSO/IOD events. Spatial characteristics in drought patterns are related to regional climate anomalies over the Indo-Pacific basin, using reanalysis products, including changes in the Asian monsoon systems, zonal Walker circulation, moisture fluxes, and precipitation. A weakening of the monsoon circulation over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during El Niño events, along with anomalous subsidence over monsoon Asia and reduced moisture flux, is reflected in anomalous drought conditions over India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. When an IOD event co-occurs with an El Niño, severe drought conditions identified in the MADA for Southeast Asia, Indonesia, eastern China and central Asia are associated with a weakened South Asian monsoon, reduced moisture flux over China, and anomalous divergent flow and subsidence over Indonesia. Insights into the relative influences of Pacific and Indian Ocean variability for Asian monsoon climate on interannual to decadal and longer timescales, as recorded in the MADA, provide a useful tool for assessing long-term changes in the characteristics of Asian monsoon droughts in the context of Indo-Pacific climate variability.     

Statistical properties of moisture transport in East Asia and their impacts on wetness/dryness variations in North China

Dryness and wetness variations in east China were analyzed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation data for 1961?C2005. A drying trend over North China was observed, which can be attributed to decreasing precipitation since the late 1970s. Moreover, NCAR/NCEP reanalysis dataset was used to investigate causes behind the drying trend in North China. The moisture flux on the regional boundaries of East China was calculated and a higher wavelet power spectrum for low-latitude boundaries (based on 20 and 25°N) occurred with significant periods in a 1-year band during 1961?C2005; however, since 1977, a significant 1-year period can no longer be detected on the northern boundary of South China (based on 35°N). The summer moisture flux during 1961?C1977, when compared to the same during 1978?C2005, has increased in East China. Good matches are found between moisture alterations and precipitation changes, and are also confirmed by the periods of moisture transport along different latitudes. The significant 1-year periods of moisture transport along the mid-latitude boundary (based on 35°N) have disappeared since 1977, which could be the causes behind the drought in North China. The disappearance of the significant 1-year band of moisture transport along the mid-latitude boundary (based on 35°N) in the late 1970s could be a result of the significantly decreased moisture transport in North China in summer. When southerly winds are weakened in East Asia, the southwesterly winds can only reach the south of the lower Yangtze River, which is the major cause behind the frequent summer droughts in North China in the recent years.     

基于SPEI的中国干湿变化趋势归因分析

选用1960—2012年中国气象站点资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index),研究了中国干湿变化趋势及其原因。过去52 a,中国干湿变化由西北向东南呈现"+-+"的空间分布状况,其中黄河流域、长江流域西部、西南流域东南及珠江流域西部显著变干;淮河流域中西部和西北流域大部显著变湿;通过数值试验,定量计算了参考蒸散发及降水对干湿趋势的贡献状况。就中国总体而言,年平均参考蒸散发显著减少抵消了由年降水量减少导致的干化趋势,呈微弱变湿趋势;其次,降水仍然是多数区域干湿变化的主导因素(黄河流域中部、长江流域、西南流域、珠江流域及东南流域);同时,参考蒸散的影响值得引起注意,其在辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域及西北流域对干湿趋势的贡献均超过降水贡献。     

Temporal and spatial variability of dryness/wetness in China during the last 530 years

Summary The main characteristics of spatial and temporal variability of dryness and wetness during the last 530 years (1470–1999) are classified over five centuries. They have been investigated by using 100-site dryness/wetness index data that has recorded the historical weather conditions that affect agriculture and living conditions in eastern China. A set of principal modes of spatial variability and time coefficient series describing the dominant temporal variability are extracted by a diagnostic method, the rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis. The long-term precipitation around Beijing, north China and the long-term runoffs in the middle Yangtze River are used to confirm the dry/wet variability in north China and the mid-low Yangtze River over the last two centuries.When considering the data from the last 530 years as a whole, the first two modes of dryness/wetness variability are found in the mid to low sections of two major valleys in eastern China, the Yellow and Yangtze River valleys. These valleys experienced the largest dryness/wetness variability in the history of eastern China. The third and fourth modes are located in northwest and northeast China. The fifth and sixth modes are situated in south and southwest China. However, over the last 500 years the strength and location of principal modes have experienced significant changes. During the 20th century, the first mode is found in the lower Yangtze River valley, the second mode in south China while the third mode is located in the mid-low Yellow River valley. During the 19^th century, the first three modes are situated in the mid-low Yellow River, the mid-low Yangtze River and south China, respectively. The first two modes in the 18^th century are located in the mid-low Yellow River and the mid-low Yangtze River valleys. The largest change of all modes occurred in the 17^th century with the first mode in northeast China, the second mode in northwest China, and the third mode in the mid-low Yangtze River valley. During the 16^th century, the first two modes are found in the mid-low Yangtze River and the mid-low Yellow River valleys.In each of the last five centuries, some special dryness/wetness processes are characterized in the mid-low Yangtze River and the mid-low Yellow River (north China). During the 20^th century, continuous and severe wetness is experienced in the mid-low Yangtze River in the last two decades. A two-decade wetness period in north China was followed by a severe dry period in the late 19^th century. Inter-annual variability, decade and two-decade oscillations of dryness/wetness are experienced in the series of different modes from one century to another. Dry/wet variations in north China and the middle Yangtze River are confirmed by series of data on local precipitation and runoff.     

Comparison of the Double Summer Monsoon Troughs over East Asia

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, an investigation has been carried on the comparison of the double summer monsoon troughs over East Asia, which refer to the subtropical summer monsoon trough (subtropical-trough) and the South China Sea summer monsoon trough (SCS trough), respectively. The results show that the SCS trough is stronger than the subtropical-trough either in convergence or convection. The subtropical-trough extends up to higher levels and inclines northward with altitude, while, the SCS trough extends up to a lower level, and its position is seldom changed. The SCS trough establishes early and abruptly with the low level positive relative vorticity appearing suddenly, and retreats slowly, but the subtropical-trough establishes step by step with the positive relative vorticity initially over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Guangxi areas spreading gradually northeastward, and withdraws rapidly. The onset of SCS trough is obviously indicated by the reverse of the easterly, but the establishment of the subtropical-trough is characteristic of the westerly enhancement. The subtropical-trough has clearly frontal property, yet the SCS trough has not.     

1998年四川汛期旱涝预测方法评述

对１９９８年汛期（６－８月）旱涝趋势预测方法进行了回顾,并结合１９９８年汛期旱涝成因对方法中考虑的物理因子作了分析。     

东亚季风对西北地区干旱气候的影响

运用小波分析方法对近50年来东亚季风的年际和年代际变化特征进行了分析。运用相关分析方法研究了东亚冬，夏季风对中国西北地区气温和降水的影响。结果表明，东亚季风对西北地区干旱形成的影响是显著的，对季风形成前期东亚大陆地面气温和太平洋海表温度进行了分析。结果指出；前期东亚大陆陆面和太平洋洋面的热力状况会影响到东亚季风的强弱，陆面和洋面的温度差越大季风会越强，反之则会越弱，季风的强弱反过来又会影响陆面和洋面的热状况。     

1998年四川讯期旱涝预测方法评述

对1998年汛期(6-8月)旱涝趋势预测方法进行了回顾,并结合1998年汛期旱涝成因对方法中考虑的物理因子作了分析.     

Observed changes of drought/wetness episodes in the Pearl River basin, China, using the standardized precipitation index and aridity index

Monthly precipitation data of 42 rain stations over the Pearl River basin for 1960–2005 were analyzed to classify anomalously wet and dry conditions by using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and aridity index (I) for the rainy season (April–September) and winter (December–February). Trends of the number of wet and dry months decided by SPI were detected with Mann-Kendall technique. Furthermore, we also investigated possible causes behind wet and dry variations by analyzing NCAR/NCEP reanalysis dataset. The results indicate that: (1) the Pearl River basin tends to be dryer in the rainy season and comes to be wetter in winter. However, different wetting and drying properties can be identified across the basin: west parts of the basin tend to be dryer; and southeast parts tend to be wetter; (2) the Pearl River basin is dominated by dry tendency in the rainy season and is further substantiated by aridity index (I) variations; and (3) water vapor flux, moisture content changes in the rainy season and winter indicate different influences of moisture changes on wet and dry conditions across the Pearl River basin. Increasing moisture content gives rise to an increasing number of wet months in winter. However, no fixed relationships can be observed between moisture content changes and number of wet months in the rainy season, indicating that more than one factor can influence the dry or wet conditions of the study region. The results of this paper will be helpful for basin-scale water resource management under the changing climate.     

东南亚地区夏季风异常对云南2005年初夏干旱的影响

2005年春末夏初云南大部地区出现了50年一遇的高温干旱天气,通过对东南亚地区的水汽及对流进行诊断分析,发现中南半岛地区夏季风爆发的早迟与云南雨季开始的早迟有显著的正相关关系;前期4月孟加拉湾水汽向北输送强（弱）以及苏门答腊岛附近的对流活动强（弱）,则云南雨季开始早（迟）。分析表明造成云南2005年初夏干旱的主要原因是中南半岛地区的夏季风爆发较常年偏晚,前期孟加拉湾地区的经向水汽输送以及苏门答腊岛附近的对流活动较常年偏弱。     

东亚冬季风异常与广东前汛期旱涝关系的初步分析

利用500hPa北半球格点资料,参照历史平均东亚大槽位置,定义了东亚冬季风强度指数(I₅₀₀)。分析发现,近50年东亚冬季风强度有减弱趋势,特别是1987年以来冬季风明显减弱。根据广东48个站1954～2004年前汛期(4～6月)降水资料,用区域旱涝指数W对广东前汛期旱涝等级进行划分。51年内广东有9年前汛期出现大涝(或特涝),11年出现大旱(或特旱),旱涝发生频繁。冬季风异常对广东前汛期降水的影响比较大,强冬季风年后广东前汛期出现大旱的可能性较大,而出现大涝的可能性很小。     

南海夏季风与肇庆汛期旱涝

本文通过对肇庆市汛期雨量进行统计特征量分析，得到汛期雨量年际变化特征和旱涝阶段性周期，并对南海夏季风与肇庆汛期旱涝的关系进行分析，结果发现：南海夏季风爆发早晚与强弱对肇庆后汛期降水关系较为密切。夏季风爆发晚，汛期出现异常情况可能性大。强夏季风年，后汛期有可能出现重涝。     

东亚季风和我国夏季雨带的关系

利用１９５１－１９９４年每月平均平面气压资料，计算了东亚地区季风强度指数。分别表明：东亚夏季风强弱与我国夏季雨带类型之间有着一定的关系。当夏季风强的年份，主要雨带分布在我国北方，而夏季风弱的年份，主要雨带分布在我国南方；夏季风为正常的年份，雨带分布一般在我国中部。分析发现：夏季季风的强弱与夏季风来临迟早还存在着联系。当夏季风来临早的年份，则夏季季风强度以偏强为主；反之夏季风来临迟的年份，则夏季季风     

中国东亚副热带夏季风北边缘带研究进展

东亚副热带夏季风北边缘带作为季风区和非季风区的过渡带,对我国西北地区东部、华北和东北地区,特别是黄河流域的天气、气候变化和极端灾害性天气气候事件的发生具有重要影响.本文回顾了有关中国夏季风北边缘带的定义、边缘带的空间界定和变化特征以及边缘带内气候变化趋势等不同角度的主要研究进展,并总结了影响夏季风北边缘带变化的可能因子.东亚副热带夏季风北边缘带是位于东亚大陆性气候系统与海洋性气候系统的交界区,在现代气候上表现为东北-西南向的半干旱、半湿润气候区.边缘带内气候变化复杂、自然灾害多以及影响因素多.最后提出了现有研究中关于夏季风北边缘时空分布精细化等方面的一些不足和值得进一步研究的问题.     

来自印度季风区的水汽输送与东亚上空水汽输送和中国夏季降水的关系

诊断分析了北半球夏季来自印度季风的水汽输送与东亚上空水汽输送的关系，发现二者之间具有反相变化的特征。印度季风水汽输送偏强（偏弱）时，东亚上空的水汽输送偏弱（偏强），长江中下游降水偏少（偏多）。印度夏季风水汽输送与西太平洋副热带高压强度有显著的相关关系，印度季风水汽输送偏强（偏弱）时，西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱（偏强），由此导致副高西侧东亚上空向北的水汽输送减弱（增强），使得长江中下游降水偏少（偏多）。对反映热带对流活动的外逸长波辐射（OLR）的分析表明，印度洋上空的对流加热异常不仅能够显著地影响印度季风，也可能对东亚季风产生直接的影响。     

东亚夏季风期间水汽输送与西北干旱的关系

利用西北(区)168个测站1961—2000年6～9月月平均降水与温度资料,采用EOF、REOF方法分析了近40年降水异常特征,同时利用同期NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了强(弱)夏季风年西北区水汽通量场的特征及夏季风西北影响区的净水汽通量。结果表明:西北区6～9月降水可分为7个气候异常区;东亚夏季风对我国降水的影响主要位于100°E以东的地区;东亚夏季风西北影响区降水的水汽来源于南风水汽通量;强夏季风年,到达东亚夏季风西北影响区的水汽通量显著增加,该区降水偏多,弱夏季风年则反之。     

基于NLCCA的中国夏季降水与东亚夏季风关系的探讨

运用一种基于人工神经网络的非线性典型相关分析方法(NLCCA),对中国夏季降水与东亚夏季风之间的非线性关系进行了分析。结果表明,夏季降水对东亚夏季风的响应具有一定的非线性,当夏季风较强与较弱时,对应的中国夏季降水异常分布呈现明显的不对称性。夏季降水与夏季风之间的关系可分离为线性响应和非线性响应,其中非线性响应部分占总方差贡献的52.1%,说明我国夏季降水异常分布与东亚夏季风相互之间的关系既有线性特征也有非线性特征,非线性响应略显重要。     

印度季风的年际变化与高原夏季旱涝

根据NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和海表面温度距平资料,分析了西藏高原夏季降水5个多、少雨年春、夏季印度洋850hPa、200hPa合成风场和合成海温场,发现多、少雨年前期与同期印度洋高、低空风场和海温场均存在明显差异,主要表现为高原夏季降水偏多(少)年印度夏季风偏强(弱),在850hPa合成风场上印度半岛维持西(东)风距平,西印度洋—东非沿岸为南(北)风距平,夏季阿拉伯海区和孟加拉湾出现反气旋(气旋)距平环流;200hPa合成风场上印度半岛维持东(西)风距平,南亚高压偏强(弱),索马里沿岸为南(北)风距平。印度夏季风异常与夏季印度洋海温距平的纬向分布型有密切联系。当夏季海温场出现西冷(暖)东暖(冷)的分布型时,季风偏强(弱),高原降水普遍偏多(少)。相关分析指出,索马里赤道海区的风场异常与高原夏季降水的关系最为密切,在此基础上我们定义了一个索马里急流越赤道气流指数,用它识别高原夏季旱涝的能力较之目前普遍使用的印度季风指数有了明显的提高。