Kerogen from the Cambrian deposits of the Kuonamka Formation (northeastern Siberian Platform)

Kerogens from the Lower and Middle Cambrian deposits of the Kuonamka Formation in the northeastern Siberian Platform have been analyzed by modern methods. We have determined the pyrolytic characteristics of insoluble organic matter and the contents of C, H, S, N, O, and the stable C isotope. The type and catagenesis of organic matter have been estimated, as well as the generating potential of oil source rocks. It has been found that the composition of kerogens taken from the Molodo River outcrops was affected by supergene processes and that the degree of their alteration is related to the organic content of rocks and their structure.     

热液矿床空间定位的构造模式

本文是通过对中国三百多个热液矿床的实地考察后,根据控矿构造空间展布的组合型式,从构造地貌反映的景观特征,提出热液矿床空间定位的构造控制摸式有如同“A”、“K”、“X”字样的三种类型。根据这三种模式进行普查找矿和矿产预测,均显示出令人满意的效果。文中介绍了三种控矿构造模式类型的特征、判定模式的存在及其类型的方法和实际应用效果,从应力集中的原理方面分析了模式的形成机理。     

Biofacies zonation of Ordovician deposits of the southern Siberian Platform

Based on the inventory, revision, and analysis of stratigraphic, paleontological, and lithofacies data on the area of Ordovician deposits in the southern Siberian Platform (Irkut amphitheater), the refined and detailed schemes of biofacies zonation of this paleobasin are substantiated. Schemes of zonation have been compiled for the Nyaian, Ugorian, Kimaian, Mukteian, Volginian, Kirenskian-Kudrinian, Chertovskian, and Baksanian Horizons of the regional Ordovician stratigraphic chart of the Siberian Platform. The schemes present biofacies different in lithologic composition, spread of dominant groups of fauna, and hydrochemical regime (normal-marine salinity, freshwater, or high salinity). It is shown that contrasting changes in paleogeographic environments and the spread of faunal communities under changing environmental conditions were influenced by the transgression-regression cyclicity of the evolution of the Siberian Platform paleobasin and by the proximity of the land. Specific groups of fauna localized in particular facies are described. These groups are regarded as communities that were the first to occupy the littoral zones of epicontinental sea basins in the Ordovician.     

The source of sulfur in sulfide deposits in the Siberian Platform traps (from isotope data)

The source of sulfur in giant Norilsk-type sulfide deposits is discussed. A review of the state of the problem and a critical analysis of existing hypotheses are made. The distribution of δ³⁴S in sulfides of ore occurrences and small and large deposits and in normal sedimentary, metamorphogenic, and hypogene sulfates is considered. A large number of new δ³⁴S data for sulfides and sulfates in various deposits, volcanic and terrigenous rocks, coals, graphites, and metasomatites are presented. The main attention is focused on the objects of the Norilsk and Kureika ore districts. The δ³⁴S value varies from -14 to + 22.5‰ in sulfides of rocks and ores and from 15.3 to 33‰ in anhydrites. In sulfide-sulfate intergrowths and assemblages, δ³⁴S is within 4.2-14.6‰ in sulfides and within 15.3-21.3‰ in anhydrites. The most isotopically heavy sulfur was found in pyrrhotite veins in basalts (δ³⁴S = 21.6‰), in sulfate veins cutting dolomites (δ³⁴S = 33‰), and in subsidence caldera sulfates in basalts (δ³⁴S = 23.2-25.2‰). Sulfide ores of the Tsentral’naya Shilki intrusion have a heavy sulfur isotope composition (δ³⁴S = + 17.7‰ (n = 15)). Thermobarogeochemical studies of anhydrites have revealed inclusions of different types with homogenization temperatures ranging from 685 °C to 80 °C. Metamorphogenic and hypogene anhydrites are associated with a carbonaceous substance, and hypogene anhydrites have inclusions of chloride-containing salt melts. We assume that sulfur in the trap sulfide deposits was introduced with sulfates of sedimentary rocks (δ³⁴S = 22-24‰). No assimilation of sulfates by basaltic melt took place. The sedimentary anhydrites were “steamed” by hydrocarbons, which led to sulfate reduction and δ³⁴S fractionation. As a result, isotopically light sulfur accumulated in sulfides and hydrogen sulfide, isotopically heavy sulfur was removed by aqueous calcium sulfate solution, and “residual” metamorphogenic anhydrite acquired a lighter sulfur isotope composition as compared with the sedimentary one. The wide variations in δ³⁴S in sulfides and sulfates are due to changes in the physicochemical parameters of the ore-forming system (first of all, temperature and P_ch4) during the sulfate reduction. The regional hydrocarbon resources were sufficient for large-scale ore formation.     

Formation conditions and stratigraphy of Carboniferous coal deposits of the Siberian Platform

Litbological, paleogeographic, and paleontologic characteristics of the Siberian Platform indicate three stages in the geological development of the region and evolution of its organic world: Early, Middle, and Late Carboniferous, corresponding to the Lower, Middle, and Upper series of the Carboniferous system. Deposits of the lower series, separated as the Anganehan horizon. Include the Anganchan, Kazach'ya, and Krasnognr'yevka suites and lower portions of the Apsekan, Brus, Fat'yanikha, and Kondromo suites. Deposits of the middle series are assigned to the Tushama horizon, which includes the Tushama, Yangoto, Miirma, and Khattynngynakh suites and the Upper portions of the Apsekan, Brus, Fat'yanikha, and Kondromo suites. Formations of the upper series (the Kata horizon) include the Rudnaya, Anaklt, Listvyazhnoye, Kata, and Chokhchuolu suites.—Authors.     

Mineral inclusions in Fe-Pt solid solution from the alluvial ore occurrences of the Anabar basin (northeastern Siberian Platform)

This study is concerned with the typochemical features of heavy-concentrate platinum from diamond placers of the Mayat-Vodorazdel’nyi site in the Anabar River basin. Platinum occurs there as Fe-Pt solid solutions (ferroan platinum of Ru-Rh specialization, ~ 90%), as well as minor Pd- and Ir-ferroplatinum. Among PGE minerals, Os-Ir-Ru alloys and chengdeite are revealed. Inclusions of PGE minerals are thoroughly studied, and the scales of their spread, the composition of mineral phases, and the relations between them are determined. Ruthenium-containing high-Rh ferroplatinum bears a lot of inclusions of Rh-S composition: Rh-containing PGE thiospinels and sulfides and arsenides of Rh, Ru, and Pt. In low-Rh platinum, mineral inclusions are much scarcer and usually form other parageneses. The mineral compositions in the system Rh-S-Ru indicate to the existence of a long isomorphous series Rh₃S₄-Ru₃S₄, with the content of Ru₃S₄ reaching 15 at.%.     

Geochemistry of organic matter of the Neoproterozoic strata within the Berezovka depression (Seralakh Formation,Siberian Platform)

The results of study of geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic and Lower Cambrian deposits within the Berezovka depression are presented. A mudstone member of the Seralakh Formation is assumed to be an oil source bed. We compiled a series of geochemical maps for this formation and estimated the hydrocarbon generation potential and the scales of oil and gas formation in its mudstone member, using the volumetric-genetic method. The migrated liquid hydrocarbons amount to about 8 billion tons.     

Perspectives of the discovery of large and unique noble metal deposits in the northeastern Siberian Platform

Geological prospecting indicators of a potential presence of the Witwatersrand-type large and superlarge noble metal deposits containing optional Pt, Ir, Os, Rh, U, and diamond are presented. Perspective areas of native gold concentration in the northeastern Siberian Platform are indicated. Gold metallogeny of this region was basically developed in Early Precambrian in association with greenstone belts and granulitegneiss complexes. Promising zones with noble metal mineralization encompass large areas at the junction of tectonic provinces.     

Geochemistry of Brines in the Tunguska and Olenek Artesian Basins (Siberian Platform)

A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of underground brines in sections of the Tunguska and Olenek artesian basins is accomplished. The paper examines the equilibrium degree of brines with host rock minerals: carbonate (dolomite, calcite, magnesite, strontianite), sulfate (gypsum and celestine), chloride (halite, sylvite) and some aluminosilicates (anorthite, albite, illite, montmorillonites, kaolinite, muscovite, and others). Origin of brines is discussed based on results of the calculation of genetic coefficients. The paper presents a schematic generalization of data on the chemical composition, mineral concentration, genesis, and abundance of brines in the studied subjects.     

Phenanthrene biomarkers in the organic matter of Precambrian and Phanerozoic deposits and in the oils of the Siberian Platform

The composition and distribution of phenanthrenes (polyaromatic compounds) have been studied in chloroform extracts from dispersed organic matter (OM) of clayey, siliceous, carbonate, and terrigenous rocks of different ages and facies and from some oils of the Siberian Platform. Phenanthrenes have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High contents of 1,7,8-trimethylphenanthrene and 1,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene are present in the OM of Vendian and Cambrian carbonate-shale deposits and in ancient oils of the Nepa-Botuobiya and Anabar anteclises. The OM of Permian continental deposits and oils of the Vilyui syneclise is dominated by 1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene (retene). A triangular diagram for identification of the types of original OM of rocks and classification of genetically related oils has been constructed based on the assessment of phenanthrene biomarker distribution. Putative pathways of the formation of phenanthrene biomarkers are discussed.     

Carboniferous deposits in the basement of the southwestern West Siberian geosyneclise (Kurgan Region)

The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of volcanics from the sections of core boreholes in the northern Tyumen’-Kostanai trough (Kurgan Region) has been determined. The geologic structure of the northern part of the trough has been refined. The paleogeographic environments and geodynamic settings of formation of Carboniferous deposits have been established by sedimentological, petrological, and geochemical studies of the sections. In the Visean, marine environments with maximum basin depths were predominant. In the Kachar epoch (C1v3-s), the submarine relief of the basin became more complicated; blocks of older rocks appeared in the deposits. The geochemical indicator characteristics of the volcanics—contents of HFSE (Ti, Nb, Ta, Th, and Hf)—are close to those of andesitoids of island arcs and Andean-type active continental margins, as well as present-day andesites from the Kurile-Kamchatka zone. They are an order of magnitude lower than those in similar continental-rift volcanics, among which are volcanics of the Valer’yanovka zone (according to some researchers). The contents of Ni, Co, and V are similar to those in island-arc andesites, including rocks of the Kurile-Kamchatka zone. The Ba/Ta and Ba/La ratios and the proportions of Th, Hf, and Ta in andesitoids of the Valer’yanovka and Kachar Groups are close to the indicator characteristics of island-arc and active-continental-margin volcanics. The Kachar Group siliceous rocks are similar in the Rb/Zr-Nb, Fe-Nb, and Rb-(Y + Nb) correlations to rocks of mature island arcs and active continental margins. The incompatible-element and REE patterns for the Valer’yanovka and Kachar volcanics are typical of island-arc volcanics, including rocks from the Kurile-Kamchatka zone. The indicator geochemical features and petrology of the volcanics and the sedimentologic features of the deposits testify to their formation on an Andean-type active continental margin (western margin of the Kazakhstan paleocontinent) in the Early-Middle Carboniferous.     

Garnets of crustal parageneses in alluvial deposits of the eastern Siberian Platform: genesis and search significance

We present results of study of the specific composition and parageneses of pyrope-almandine garnets from alluvial deposits of the Muna-Markha interfluve drainage in the Yakutian diamondiferous province. The data are correlated with the specific features of garnets (tentatively crustal) from Yakutian and Guinean kimberlites and their crustal xenoliths and from metamorphic rocks of the Anabar Shield. The conclusion is drawn that most of orange pyrope-almandine garnets from the alluvial deposits were generated from kimberlites with varying contents of disintegrated crustal material. This gives grounds to include the studied garnets into a complex of indicator minerals of kimberlites and use them in search for diamonds in the Yakutian diamondiferous province.     

The Baikalian and Vendian sequences in the Lower Angara area (southwestern Siberian Platform)

In the section of Agaleevskaya BH-4 drilled in the lower reaches of the Angara River, Vendian and Baikalian sediment sequences have been recognized within Neoproterozoic strata. The Vendian sequence is formed by terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Tetere, Soba, and Katanga Formations of the Danilovo Horizon, referred to as the Upper Vendian Nemakit-Daldyn Stage, as well as by terrigenous deposits of the Taseeva Group. The Baikalian Horizon is composed of the Brus Formation, earlier recognized only on the Chadobets uplift, and is separated from the Vendian deposits by a stratigraphic gap. In the Brus Formation, a microfossil complex similar to earlier described biotas of the Siberian Baikalian strata was found. The underlying deposits of the Terina Formation contain microfossils lacking below the basement of the Lakhanda Horizon (Neoproterozoic).     

A natural oil seep in the floodplain of the Amga River (Siberian Platform)

A natural oil seep has been revealed in the floodplain of the middle stream of the Amga River, in zone of the exposure of Middle Cambrian sediments. A distinctive feature of saturated hydrocarbons of this oil is the absence of 12- and 13-methylalkanes, biomarkers that are present in oils of the Vendian–Cambrian deposits of the Nepa–Botuobiyan petroliferous province. In this feature the studied seep oil is similar to the Middle Cambrian oil from hydrogeologic wells (1-P and 1-T) drilled earlier downstream of the Amga River.     

Natural bitumen fields in the northeast of the Siberian Platform (Russian Arctic sector)

In the northern and northeastern Siberian Platform, within the Anabar and Olenek zones, there are a number of hypergene bitumen accumulations (fields) and natural bitumen seeps, whose total resources are estimated at >5 bln tons. Bitumen fields are confined to a wide stratigraphic range from Precambrian to Mesozoic. A detailed geochemical study was performed for bitumens of the largest Olenek field, whose naphthides are localized mainly in Permian sandstones of deltaic and coast-marine genesis. Chromato-mass spectrometric analysis showed that normal alkanes are drastically reduced in the saturated fraction of the bitumens and most of terpanes are a homologous series of 25-norhopanes, which evidences the intense bacterial degradation of hydrocarbon pools. Identification of bicyclic sesquiterpenes, tetracyclic onocerane, and other biomarkers testifies that the organic matter of source rocks was rich in higher-plants remains. The concentrations of steranes are low, whereas those of earlier unknown 8-14-secosteranes are rather high. The set of geochemical data on the Permian bitumens of the Olenek field, including the isotopic characteristics of carbon (δ¹³C of ?25.8 to ?31.3‰), suggests that the coeval oil source rocks on the passive continental margin (at the place of the present-day Verkhoyansk fold belt) were the main source of hydrocarbons for the field. Assessment of oil and gas resources, including giant bitumen pools, and their exploration in the framework of “The fundamentals of Russian state policy in Arctic up to 2020” have become a top-priority problem. Petroleum refining products might be economically feasible raw materials in the eastern Russian Arctic sector to be supplied via the Northern Sea Route.     

胶西北金矿构造控矿规律定量分析

胶西北地区是我国最大的金矿矿集区,深入研究其构造控矿特征对于揭示成矿规律具有重要意义。在总结前人对胶西北地区相关研究的基础上,构建胶西北矿集区三山岛断裂、焦家断裂和招平断裂的三维模型并进行定量空间分析,得到了与构造控矿模型相对应的控矿因素指标。在数据驱动视角下,从空间数据出发,分析控矿因素指标与矿化指标间的关联,挖掘数据背后所体现的定量化证据,揭示了胶西北矿集区断裂距离场及断裂形态特征的控矿规律。     

Genesis of gold-bearing placers and their possible sources (Eastern Siberian Platform)

Typomorphic features of placer gold in the eastern Siberian Platform were studied to determine its genesis. It was established that this region contains abundant alluvial bar placers, which were formed mainly by the erosion of gold reservoirs of different ages. Discovery of gold with the points of eolian reworking in the Quaternary sediments allows us to predict the eolian gold placers in individual areas of the northeastern and central parts of the eastern Siberian Platform. Identification of two types of gold on the basis of typomorphic features in the Cenozoic deposits indicates that placer gold was mainly derived from the Precambrian sources spatially confined to the exposure of ancient basement, as well as from local ore occurrences related to the Mesozoic tectonomagmatic activation. Thus, two main stages of ore formation (Precambrian and Mesozoic), were substantiated for the first time in the eastern Siberian Platform.     

Rare and Rare Earth Elements in Lateritized Bauxites of the Chadobets Uplift (Siberian Platform)

Doklady Earth Sciences - The mineral and chemical composition of bauxites from the Chadobets uplift of the Siberian Platform is the total product of laterites on aluminosilicate rocks (source of...