DB气田非均质储层级别划分及常规测井识别方法

DB气田以裂缝-孔隙型、孔隙型岩屑砂岩储层为主,非均质性强,裂缝发育程度是决定产能高低的关键因素之一.立足于储层的录井、岩心分析和测井资料,开发了储层级别划分和常规测井识别储层级别的方法.首先,定义了每米产能指数作为标准化的产能参数;其次,基于产能参数与储层物性参数关系的考察,筛选综合物性参数(孔隙度和总渗透率的乘积)作为储层级别划分的评价指标,将DB气田储层分成了2个级别,给出了分级的物性标准;最后,应用主成分分析法计算了综合主成分,基于综合主成分与每米产能指数交会图给出了应用常规测井资料识别储层级别的标准.2口井的应用效果表明,依据上述方法划分及识别的储层级别与生产情况吻合得较好.     

综合测井资料在研究油气藏沉积相中的应用--以川口油田长六油层组为例

利用测井资料来评价或解释沉积相的方法称为测井相分析．测井资料与沉积学结合形成的测井相分析在研究油气藏沉积相和圈定砂体方面发挥着重要作用．利用综合测井资料物性曲线的形状、幅度、数值大小,建立不同沉积相与测井曲线之间的函数对应关系,分析不同沉积相的测井曲线特征,并对不同沉积相的岩性所对应的测井曲线形态分别进行描述．从单井分析剖面对比区域研究三个层次研究油气藏沉积相,勾画出主砂体的形态和展布方向,在此基础上,讨论了川口油气藏长6油层组油气藏与沉积相之间的关系,研究认为河道沉积是该区油田勘探和开发的首选区带．     

鄂尔多斯盆地天然气有效储层识别与评价方法

针对鄂尔多斯盆地天然气勘探开发存在的问题,通过对测井资料及天然气测试资料的分析,建立适合识别天然气有效储层的测井响应特征归一化方法,以及根据测井资料重构天然气有效储层特征曲线的方法,探索了根据测井资料评价天然气产能的方法.本文还分析了目前常用的预测天然气产能方法存在的问题及实际应用中欠缺的条件,形成了以中子、声波、密度测井资料为基本特征参数,用自然伽马、自然电位或电阻率比值参数等作为约束条件的天然气有效储层识别技术及天然气产能评价方法,并对实际测井资料进行了处理.没有试图通过井径校正的方法将受井径扩大影响的曲线恢复到原始地层的响应状态,而是通过极值变化消除井径扩大对声波、密度测井资料在天然气有效储层识别及天然气产能评价方面应用的影响.     

松辽盆地徐深气田火山岩气藏地质约束-测井地震建模方法探讨

本文在借鉴徐深气田以往地质建模成功经验基础上,针对徐深气田B区块火山体规模小、横向变化快、开发井少、认识程度较低的实际,密切结合火山岩成因特点,探索性地提出体控地质建模的新思路,即以地震反射特征和地震属性特征为依据,结合钻井、测井资料,井震结合从三维空间上精细识别和刻画火山岩体,通过利用神经网络算法建立多种地震属性与测井参数的定量关系,实现了火山岩体内部多种地质属性的定量表征,建立的三维可视化地质模型比较真实地反映了火山机构及其内部属性空间发育和分布特征.     

多极子声波测井在低孔低渗气层中的数值研究

现有的天然气勘探中的测井技术,在评价低孔低渗气层时遇到诸多难题,本文引入了一种新的气藏评价方法,即利用多极源激发的模式波的幅度来识别气藏,并对此方法进行了数值验证.以Biot多孔介质理论为基础建立了低孔低渗含气储层计算模型,数值计算了多极子声源在充液井孔中激发的频散曲线、衰减曲线以及全波列波形.结果表明,挠曲波和螺旋波的衰减系数与相速度相比,对孔隙中的流体性质更敏感,且随着多极源级数的增加和工作主频的提高,挠曲波和螺旋波的衰减系数的变化程度明显增强;在偶极子和四极子激发的全波列波形中,可清晰的观测到对地层孔隙流体不敏感的地层横波,在这种情况下,可以通过对比波列中地层横波和频散的弯曲波(或螺旋波)幅度来识别气层.     

Main models and distribution patterns of gas reservoirs in large-medium gas fields of China

Based on characteristics and trap types of gas reservoirs in large and medium gas fields in China, 4 gas reservoir models have been established:(i) structural trap gas reservoir model I, formed earlier than or simutaneously with generating of gases; (ii) structural trap gas reservoir model II, formed later than generating of gases; (iii) fossil weathered residuum gas reservoir model; and (iV) mud diapir abnormal temperature and pressure gas reservoir model. Distribution patterns of large-medium gas fields are described with the concept of “sealed compartment”. It is concluded that the inner-compartment area, marginal area of the compartment and the areas between two overlapped sealed compartments are the most favourable areas for discovering large-medium gas fields. Project supported by the “85–102” Chinese National Key Science and Technology Project.     

天然气有效储层的测井勘探技术——以准噶尔盆地东部五彩湾凹陷为例

天然气的测井识别方法是天然气勘探中重要手段之一,本文在简单分析气层测井响应特征的基础上,以准噶尔盆地东部五彩湾凹陷为例,分别对以碎屑岩为主的浅层气和火山岩为主的中深层气的测井识别方法原理进行归纳、总结,同时根据研究工区实际的储层特征,给出了部分识别方法的改进思路,并对特殊测井技术的机理以及在气层识别中的应用进行分析,并与基于常规测井信息的识别方法进行有效结合.最后对现有方法的不足和提高天然气勘探成功率给出了一些建议.     

Geochemical features and genesis of the natural gas and bitumen in paleo-oil reservoirs of Nanpanjiang Basin, China

Bitumen from the Nanpanjiang Basin occurs mainly in the Middle Devonian and Upper Permian reef limestone paleo-oil reservoirs and reserves primarily in holes and fractures and secondarily in minor matrix pores and bio-cavities. N2 is the main component of the natural gas and is often associated with pyrobitumen in paleo-oil reservoirs. The present study shows that the bitumen in paleo-oil reservoirs was sourced from the Middle Devonian argillaceous source rock and belongs to pyrobitumen by crude oil cracking under high temperature and pressure. But the natural gas with high content of N2 is neither an oil-cracked gas nor a coal-formed gas generated from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation source rock, instead it is a kerogen-cracked gas generated at the late stage from the Middle Devonian argilla- ceous source rock. The crude oil in paleo-oil reservoirs completely cracked into pyrobitumen and methane gas by the agency of hugely thick Triassic deposits. After that, the abnormal high pressure of methane gas reservoirs was completely destroyed due to the erosion of 2000--4500-m-thick Triassic strata. But the kerogen-cracked gas with normal pressure was preserved under the relatively sealed condition and became the main body of the gas shows.     

测井评价“三低”油气藏面临的挑战和发展方向

“三低”油气藏，即低孔隙度、低渗透率和/或低饱和度为主要特征的复杂油气藏，已经成为国内外油气勘探开发的焦点.常规测井理论和方法在“三低”油气藏评价中面临许多挑战，常常显得无能为力.本文从常规测井响应特征出发，分析常规测井在“三低”油气藏的局限性，然后提出“三低”油气藏测井新理论新方法的基本出发点和思路.     

Detection of gas reservoirs by the joint use of P- and PS-waves: A case study on the Ordos basin, China

We present an example of using converted-waves for characterizing onshore gas reservoirs in the Ordos basin in Northwest China. The Ordos basin is the largest gas province in China. The main gas reservoirs (about 3 300 m in depth) are in upper Paleozoic sandstone that has low or reversed P-wave impedance and is immediately above a coal seam. This makes it very difficult to image the gas reservoirs using conventional P-wave data. Analysis of core, log and VSP data shows a weak PP reflection but a relatively ...     

Assessment of the geometry and volumes of small surface water reservoirs by remote sensing in a semi-arid region with high reservoir density

Water fluxes in highly impounded regions are heavily dependent on reservoir properties. However, for large and remote areas, this information is often unavailable. In this study, the geometry and volume of small surface reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Brazil were estimated using terrain and shape attributes extracted by remote sensing. Regression models and data classification were used to predict the volumes, at different water stages, of 312 reservoirs for which topographic information is available. The power function used to describe the reservoir shapes tends to overestimate the volumes; therefore, a modified shape equation was proposed. Among the methods tested, four were recommended based on performance and simplicity, for which the mean absolute percentage errors varied from 24 to 39%, in contrast to the 94% error achieved with the traditional method. Despite the challenge of precisely deriving the flooded areas of reservoirs, water management in highly reservoir-dense environments should benefit from volume prediction based on remote sensing.     

柴达木盆地三湖地区天然气地震预测关键技术及应用

针对柴迭木盆地三湖生物天然气预测,提出了地震预测方法的三项关键技术:地震资料处理中的静校正技术(初至波折射静校正技术);地震叠后预测技术(包括如下5项内容:共偏移距扫描;频率扫描;速度谱剖面分析;反射同相轴下拉量分析;烃类检测);地震叠前预测技术(包括如下2项内容:不同偏移距叠加剖面分析;叠前反演分析).在三湖北斜坡地区应用这三项关键技术,发现了台东2号舍气异常,成功钻探了台东2井.     

Understanding flow dynamics and density currents in a river-reservoir system under upstream reservoir releases

ABSTRACT

A three-dimensional flow and temperature model was applied for a 124 km river-reservoir system from Lewis Smith Dam tailrace to Bankhead Lock & Dam, Alabama. The model was calibrated against measured water levels, temperatures, velocities and flow rates from 4 May to 3 September 2011 under small constant release (2.83 m³/s) and large intermittent releases (~140 m³/s) from an upstream reservoir. Distributions of simulated flow and temperatures and particle tracking at various locations were analyzed which revealed the complex interactions of density currents, dynamic surface waves and solar heating. Flows in the surface and bottom layers moved in both upstream and downstream directions. If there was small constant release only from Smith Dam, simulated bottom temperatures at Cordova were on average 4.8°C higher than temperatures under actual releases. The momentum generated from large releases pushed bottom density currents downstream, but the released water took several days to reach Cordova.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor B. Dewals     

The first extra-large helium-rich gas field identified in a tight sandstone of the Dongsheng Gas Field,Ordos Basin,China

Science China Earth Sciences - Helium gas is a scarce but important strategic resource, which is usually associated with natural gas. Presently, only one extra-large helium-rich gas field has been...     

基于吸收滤波技术的储层气水性质识别方法

目前,人们主要从岩性、物性、电性、弹性阻抗等角度,对储层中气水的性质进行预测,然而成功率却并非很高.其实,从频率或能量响应的角度出发,或许能提高气水识别的成功率.由于频率是物质的固有属性,地震波经过含气或含水的储层后,在不同的频段将有不同的响应特征,但在原始地震剖面上却很不容易发现.利用基于ARMA模型时间序列分析方法和Prony信号分析理论的吸收滤波技术,结合测井、岩石物理、地质、地震等资料,分析含气储层和含水储层的不同吸收衰减特征和响应差异.由此可以实现气水性质的有效识别,最终达到直观、快捷的预测优质含气储层的目的.将该技术应用到气水裂缝理论模型的试算和川西坳陷深层须家河组气藏的含气性识别中,均获得了良好的应用效果.     

Low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoir conductive model --Dual water clay matrix conductive model in the north area of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Shaly sands reservoir is one of the most distributive types of the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs discovered in China, and low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs are mostly shaly sands reservoirs. Therefore, shaly sands reservoir conductive model is the key to evaluate low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs using logging information. Some defects were found when we studied the clay distribution type conductive model, dual-water conductive model, conductive rock matrix model, etc. Some models could not distinguish the conductive path and nature of microporosity water and clay water and some models did not consider the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume. So, we utilize the merits,overcome the defects of the above models, and put forward a new shaly sands conductive model-dual water clay matrix conductive model (DWCMCM) in which dual water is the free water and the microporosity water in shaly sands and the clay matrix(wet clay) is the clay grain containing water. DWCMCM is presented here, the advantages of which can tell the nature and conductive path from different water (microporosity water and freewater), in consid-eration of the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume in shaly sands. So, the results of logging interpretation in the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs in the north of Tarim Basin area, China with DWCMCM are better than those interpreted by the above models.     

Magnetic and mineralogical characteristics of hydrocarbon microseepage above oil/gas reservoirs of Tuoku region, northern Tarim Basin, China

The Tuoku region in northern Tarim Basin of China is a key area for studying oil/gas reservoir rocks. The magnetic and mineralogical parameters of well cuttings from two wells, well S₇, situated on oil/gas field, and well S₆, at an oil/water interface, were measured. The two wells are located in the same structure with similar strata and types of lithology, but well S₆ is a showing well of oil and gas 5 km northwest of well S₇. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility and distribution of secondary magnetic alteration that may have occurred due to hydrocarbon migration above an oil/gas accumulation. It is concluded that the magnetism of well cuttings from major strata in well S₇, including source rocks, oil reservoir rocks and cap rocks, and in Quaternary (Q) soil is higher than that from well S₆. The Cambrian oil-bearing strata and cap rocks have even higher magnetism in well S₇. The shape and parameters of magnetic hysteresis loops indicate that soft (H _c<20 mT,H _s<0.3 T) ferrimagnetic components dominate the magnetic carriers within the strongly magnetic strata of well S₇, whereas a mixed paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic distribution occurs in well S₆ (for example, low coecivityH _c and nonsaturating magnetized character). Analysis of heavy minerals shows that the contents of iron oxide (magnetite, maghemite and hematite) in well S₇ are often higher than those in well S₆. The magnetite content in samples of cuttings from Cambrian rocks can reach 9.7% in oil-bearing strata in well S₇, and in strata Ekm and N₁j are 1.215% and1.498%, respectively. Typical spherical magnetite grains are found within the main source rocks and the soils in well S₇. By analysis of surface microtexture and of trace element contents, we infer that the spherical magnetite is composed of aggregates of ultrafine particles that are probably authigenic magnetite formed in a hydrocarbon halo background. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Geological Industry Foundation of China (Grant No. 49374216) and Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Oil/Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation of China (Grant No. 9608).     

Integrating gravimetric and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data for enhancing reservoir history matching of carbonate gas and volatile oil reservoirs

Reservoir history matching is assuming a critical role in understanding reservoir characteristics, tracking water fronts, and forecasting production. While production data have been incorporated for matching reservoir production levels and estimating critical reservoir parameters, the sparse spatial nature of this dataset limits the efficiency of the history matching process. Recently, gravimetry techniques have significantly advanced to the point of providing measurement accuracy in the microgal range and consequently can be used for the tracking of gas displacement caused by water influx. While gravity measurements provide information on subsurface density changes, i.e., the composition of the reservoir, these data do only yield marginal information about temporal displacements of oil and inflowing water. We propose to complement gravimetric data with interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation data to exploit the strong pressure deformation relationship for enhancing fluid flow direction forecasts. We have developed an ensemble Kalman‐filter‐based history matching framework for gas, gas condensate, and volatile oil reservoirs, which synergizes time‐lapse gravity and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data for improved reservoir management and reservoir forecasts. Based on a dual state–parameter estimation algorithm separating the estimation of static reservoir parameters from the dynamic reservoir parameters, our numerical experiments demonstrate that history matching gravity measurements allow monitoring the density changes caused by oil–gas phase transition and water influx to determine the saturation levels, whereas the interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements help to improve the forecasts of hydrocarbon production and water displacement directions. The reservoir estimates resulting from the dual filtering scheme are on average 20%–40% better than those from the joint estimation scheme, but require about a 30% increase in computational cost.     

中深层天然气藏地震预测技术研究

济阳坳陷天然气资源丰富,已在多个层系发现了不同类型的中深层天然气藏,由于气藏地质条件、地震反射复杂,针对不同的气藏需采用不同的地震预测技术。本文在中深层天然气藏地质特点分析的基础上进行了岩石物理、地震反演、地震属性等预测技术研究,结果表明：中层气藏储层物性较好,储层与围岩的岩石物理参数差异明显,应用亮点、AVO、叠前弹性阻抗反演技术可较好地识别预测三角洲砂岩气藏;针对深层低孔低渗砂岩气藏,地震属性及多属性反演是有效的储层预测技术,并预测了孤北地区二叠系有利储集相带分布,结合构造分析,指出了孤北地区深层气勘探方向。     

页岩气储层纵横波叠前联合反演方法

杨氏模量与密度乘积(Eρ)能够突显页岩气储层的异常特征,泊松比能够指示储层的含流体性.与常规叠前弹性参数反演相比,基于Eρ、泊松比和密度的叠前纵横波联合反演可以获得更加精确的弹性参数,为页岩气储层识别和流体预测提供可靠的依据.首先,推导了基于Eρ、泊松比和密度的纵波和转换波反射系数近似方程,利用典型模型对新推导的反射系数方程做精度分析,当入射角小于30°时,新推导的反射系数公式具有较高的精度;其次,充分利用纵波和转换波的信息,在贝叶斯的框架下,建立叠前纵横波联合反演流程,进行Eρ、泊松比和密度的直接反演,避免了间接反演带来的累积误差;最后,利用实际工区井模型数据进行算法测试,结果表明,该反演方法所获得的Eρ、泊松比和密度的估计值与真实值吻合较好,满足精细地震反演的精度要求.