Horizontal magnetic fields in the solar photosphere

Two-dimensional simulations of time-dependent solar magnetogranulation are used to analyze the horizontal magnetic fields and the response of the synthesized Stokes profiles of the IR FeI λ1564.85 nm line to the magnetic fields. The 1.5-h series of MHD models used for the analyses reproduces a region of the magnetic network in the photosphere with an unsigned magnetic flux density of 192 G at the solar surface. According to the magnetic-field distribution obtained, the most probable absolute strength of the horizontal magnetic field at an optical depth of τ ₅ = 1(τ ₅ denotes τ at λ = 500 nm) is 50 G, while the mean value is 244 G. On average, the horizontal magnetic fields are stronger than the vertical fields to heights of about 400 km in the photosphere due to their higher density and the larger area they occupy. The maximum factor by which the horizontal fields are greater is 1.5. Strong horizontal magnetic flux tubes emerge at the surface as spots with field strengths of more than 500 G. These are smaller than granules in size, and have lifetimes of 3–6 min. They form in the photosphere due to the expulsion of magnetic fields by convective flows coming from deep subphotospheric layers. The data obtained qualitatively agree with observations with the Hinode space observatory.     

Analysis of the microclimate and CO2 flux characteristics in arid desert wetland ecosystem in summer: A case study in Xihu desert wetland,Dunhuang, China

Xihu desert wetland is an important and unusual environment in China or even in the world. However, until now, little research has been focused on the microclimate and CO₂ flux characteristics in this area. This paper reports the characteristics of daily variations of microclimate and CO₂ flux in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland, based on data observed in the desert wetland during a period of continuous fine weather in summer 2012. Results indicate that the characteristics of the micrometeorology were significantly affected by the land–lake breeze during the study period, and updrafts were prevalent in this region. The friction wind speed and the vertical velocity were much greater than those in the Maqu grasslands. The energy budget was strongly imbalanced: the latent heat flux was significantly higher than the sensible flux. The daily mean values of total solar radiation and net radiation were larger than those in Maqu grasslands and Jinta oasis. There was a temperature inversion and inverse humidity gradient in the atmospheric surface layer at night. The desert wetland ecosystem was a carbon sink during the whole of the observation period, and the maximum rate of carbon absorption usually occurred at about 11:00 hr each day in this region.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6523m辐射平衡观测结果分析

利用2005年5月1日至7月22日在东绒布冰川海拔6523m的若普拉垭口架设的自动气象站获得的各辐射参数资料,分析了该地区总辐射、地面反射辐射、地面长波辐射、天空长波辐射的日平均变化和平均日变化,并计算了反射率和辐射平衡.结果表明:1)短波辐射的平均日变化都随着太阳高度角的增大而加强,并且总辐射和地面反射辐射的日平均变化有很好的相关性,观测期间二者的月平均值都在5月份最大.由于垭口新降雪较多,雪面的反射率也很高;2)天空长波辐射的平均日变化比地面长波辐射变化滞后2 h,且其日平均变化幅度比地面长波辐射的变化幅度大;3)净辐射的平均日变化随着太阳高度角的变化而变化,下午14:00时净辐射最大,其日平均变化在观测期间整体上有增大趋势.     

The influence of dust storms on solar radiation data,aerosol properties and meteorological variables in Central Arabian Peninsula

Dust storms are one of the natural sources for aerosol particles, especially in desert regions. The arid and semi-arid regions around Saudi Arabia are some of the most important sources of global dust. In this paper, we have quantitatively studied the influence of several dust storms on solar radiation components and meteorological variables. Global, direct and diffuse solar radiation data, in addition to measurements of relative humidity, air temperature, precipitable water vapor, aerosol optical depth and an Angstrom exponent for the period between 1999 and 2002, were used for the purpose of this study. During this period, 34 dusty events were selected, and their effects on these parameters were characterized. We have found that, dust storms significantly increase aerosol optical depth and the diffuse radiation and decrease the global and direct solar radiation components and Angstrom exponent. On the other hand, dusty events affect air temperature, relative humidity and precipitable water vapor differently. They intensify these variables in some events and reduce them in others. We have found that the amount of changes in these variables varies from one event to another. Several possibilities, such as the source of the dust storm and the season in which it occurred, have been suggested to explain these variations.     

Contribution of thermal bremsstrahlung to microwave emission of solar flare loops

The contribution of thermal bremsstrahlung to the total microwave flux of a solar flare loop is considered. The total-flux data were obtained on the Nobeyama Radio Heliograph. The calculation of the thermal bremsstrahlung radio flux was based on determining the integrated temperature and number density of the hot flare-loop plasma from its soft X-ray flux, obtained using data from the GOES-10 and GOES-12 satellites. The effect of thermal bremsstrahlung on the total flux and the spectral index of the microwave radiation is insignificant at the burst maximum (F _th/F _tot < 3%, Δα < 0.2), while the contribution of bremsstrahlung can be substantial during the decay phase of the burst (up to 80%). This results in an appreciable decrease in the observed spectral index (to Δα ～ 1.5). Therefore, when diagnosing the parameters of the accelerated electrons based on the characteristics of their gyrosynchrotron radiation, the most accurate results can be obtained using the emission characteristics obtained near the burst maximum.     

Landsat 8卫星OLI传感器波段平均太阳辐照度计算

卫星传感器波段平均太阳辐照度(solar exoatmospheric spectral irradiances,简称ESUN)是反演地表温度、大气顶部反射率的重要参数。目前,Landsat 8卫星的传感器ESUN值美国地质调查局仍未公布。采用ChKur、WRC、Thuillier、ASTM和Wehrli太阳光谱数据,结合Landsat 8卫星的相对光谱响应数据,使用代入计算的方法分别计算了OLI传感器各波段的ESUN值。与ChKur数据计算的结果相比,应用Wehrli数据计算的结果均方根误差最小,使用WRC数据计算的结果均方根误差最大。为验证结果,用同样的方法计算了基于ChKur太阳光谱数据的Landsat 7卫星ETM+传感器的ESUN值,并与美国地质调查局官方推荐的结果做对比,结果表明,基于ChKur太阳光谱数据采用该方法计算结果较为符合官方数据。     

黑河下游绿洲地表辐射平衡及小气候特征分析

利用额济纳绿洲2004年5~10月微气象站观测资料,分析了该地区地表能量平衡及小气候特征.结果表明:在绿洲内太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射、净辐射有明显的季节变化及日变化,日峰值及月总量在7月份达到最高.地表能量平衡季节变化显著,5、8、9、10月份,地面能量交换基本以感热通量为主,Bowen比值在日间>4;6、7月份,潜热蒸发是能量平衡的主要部分,Bowen比基本<1.5~10月土壤热通量值始终较小,约占净辐射的15%~20%.绿洲内近地层风速基本在0~5 m·s^-1之间,夜间风速变化很小,日间风速较大.随着土壤深度的增加,土壤温度变化趋势越来越缓慢,地表温度波动变化最大,而在40 cm深处土壤温度日变化很小.     

冰川流域径流估算方法探索——以科其喀尔巴西冰川为例

利用科其喀尔巴西冰川2005年6月至2006年5月水文、气象资料,并结合15 m融合TM、1∶[KG-*2]50000地形图、FY 2C数值产品和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,构建了10个简单、具有一定自主创新意义的分布式冰川融水径流模型（空间分辨率60 m）,较好地模拟了研究冰川流域的日平均流量。结果表明,利用FY 2C总云量资料并结合辐射传输参数化方案能够较好地估算流域太阳入射短波辐射;单独利用总辐射有直接估算大型冰川流域某段时期融水径流的可能。气温与冰川末端流量呈指数关系,度日因子模型更适合于消融季节;提出的基于单元格气温和海拔的简单消融模型有望改进度日因子模型。在气温指数模型中加入太阳辐射调整系数,能够更好地估算冰川融水径流。简化分布式能量平衡模型能够反映大型冰川融水径流的变化;单层汇流方案在一定程度上能够概化托木尔型冰川的汇流过程。     

青海湖流域瓦颜山湿地辐射平衡和地表反照率变化特征

利用2014年5月至2015年11月青海湖流域瓦颜山湿地观测的辐射资料,综合分析了辐射相关因子的变化特征。结果表明：瓦颜山湿地总辐射和净辐射的最大值都出现在7月,最小值都出现在12月;大气长波辐射最大值出现在8月,最小值出现在12月;地面长波辐射最大值出现在7月,最小值出现在2月。阴天对总辐射和地面反射辐射削弱作用比较明显,对大气长波辐射增强作用明显,对地面长波辐射和净辐射的影响季节差异性很大。瓦颜山湿地地表反照率的年均值为0.26。在无积雪覆盖条件下,地表反照率在冻结期明显大于消融期,最大值出现在12月。夏季地表反照率均值为0.185,略小于下垫面同为草甸的青藏高原唐古拉站。在暖季,土壤水分也是影响高寒湿地地表反照率变化的重要因子,随着表层土壤含水量的增加,地表反照率随之减小。     

The impact of surface energy exchange on the thawing process of active layer over the northern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau,China

In this study, we collected radiation and active layer temperature data observed in the northern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau during the period 2006–2008 in order to analyze the impact of surface energy balance on the thawing process of the active layer. Results show that surface energy exhibits an obvious seasonal variation. The largest values of energy variables including global radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux and surface heat source intensity occur during June and July, while the smallest values occur in November and December. The active layer is generally dominated by an endothermic process. During the freeze–thaw period, the variation process of the active layer temperature is similar to that of surface energy. The seasonal thawing depth is closely related to the process of surface energy exchange. During the thawing period, seasonal thawing depth gradually increases as more solar energy enters the surface. When the surface energy accumulation is 0.0 MJ m^?2 d^?1, the seasonal thawing depth is the smallest. The seasonal thawing depth gradually increases with further accumulation of surface energy. Thus, the variation processes between the surface energy and seasonal thawing depth can be expressed by a power relation. The values of seasonal thawing depth calculated with the empirical relationship provided in this study agree well with the observed values. The relative error between calculated and observed values is less than 12 %. These results show that this empirical relationship can be successfully used to describe the behavior of active layers.     

青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式(Ⅲ):参数化方案

以物理过程分析为基础,根据野外实测资料设计了青藏铁路沿线地表和路基表面热力学模式中的大气辐射参数化方案,对直接太阳辐射、大气散射辐射、大气向下长波辐射参数进行处理,得到了较好的结果.在无云大气条件下,对直接太阳辐射透过率和大气散射辐射以太阳天顶角进行参数化;对大气向下长波辐射以大气等效辐射率及气温进行参数化;在云天条件下,基于晴阴比的云量参数化和基于气候资料的云天系数参数化都各有较好的效果.对土壤热通量的参数化方法和拖曳系数的取值问题进行了讨论,更完善的方法还有待于与实验测量工作相结合.     

Comparison of different algorithms for calculating the shading effects of topography on solar irradiance in a mountainous area

In mountainous areas, topographic shading effects exert significant influence on the spatial distribution of solar irradiance on the land surface, which should be considered in estimating and modeling physical, biological, and hydrological processes. Various algorithms have been proposed for quantitative assessment of the impact of topography on the arriving solar radiation on slopes in mountainous area based on digital elevation model (DEM). However, different algorithms tend to produce different results even based on the same DEM. In this study, two algorithms for determining the maximum horizontal viewing angle of terrain obstruction were compared in a catchment in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China, which were identical except for the way in interpreting DEM. Two algorithms for calculating sky view factor were also compared. Then, different algorithm combinations were compared and their sensitivities to the horizontal resolution of DEM were investigated. Results showed that the differences in outputs of different algorithms and combinations were significant and cannot be ignored in estimating the spatial distribution of solar irradiance in mountainous areas. A simple ground validation concluded that the algorithm assuming a linear variation in elevation was a little better than that assuming a stepped variation in elevation in and among neighboring DEM cells. For calculating diffuse solar radiation, the algorithm based on a sloped coordinate system was theoretically better than that based on a horizontal coordinate system. It is worth noting that even though the estimated annual mean of solar irradiance over the study area was almost the same among some algorithm combinations, the difference in spatial distribution was significant, which may lead to consequent difference in assessing or modeling some other environmental variables relevant to surface energy exchange, e.g., evaporation, snowmelt, and ground temperature. However, the analysis in this study was mainly theoretical, and further ground-based validations should be made in future.     

Estimation of climatic transition in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) in global warming perspectives

The present exercise is a study to enquire into the recent climatic transition, if any in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Conventional climatic indicators such as rainfall distribution, temperature regime, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind velocity and evaporation characteristics were examined over a period of twenty six years of available meteorological data. The analyses showed a remarkable mutual resemblance and unidirectional trend in all the temperature parameters like absolute monthly maximum, absolute monthly minimum, mean monthly maximum, mean monthly minimum and mean monthly temperatures and the mean monthly maximum and mean monthly minimum relative humidities. Similarly, the trends in sunshine duration, wind velocity and pan evaporation were also supportingly in accordance to the general trends of climatic transition. The analysis based on a smaller period climatic data shows a good deal of agreement with the trends of studies on global warming projections made by simulated models on the basis of CO₂ concentration changes in the atmosphere.     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川表面能量和物质平衡模拟

采用HOCK的分布式能量物质平衡模型对老虎沟12号冰川消融期的物质平衡进行了模拟,时间步长为1 h,空间分辨率为30 m. 模型结果利用物质平衡观测数据和气象站观测数据验证,模型模拟时期为2012年6月1日-9月30日. 模型模拟结果表明,地形因子对太阳辐射影响相当显著;散射辐射在总辐射中的比例较大为39%,模拟期冰川表面物质平衡为-506 mm w.e.. 在模拟期整个冰川平均上净辐射占能量收入的84%,感热通量占有16%;消融耗热则是能量的主要支出占有62%,潜热通量占有能量支出的38%.     

青藏高原唐古拉山多年冻土区夏、秋季节总辐射和地表反照率特征分析

根据青藏高原唐古拉山多年冻土区2005年6月24日~10月16日的总辐射、分光辐射和分光反照率观测资料,利用总辐射和大气层顶太阳辐射的比值——日有效透射率T_eff,用聚类分析法将资料划分为晴天、多云和阴天三类天气,分析了该地区夏、秋季节总辐射、分光辐射比例和分光反照率的日变化和季节变化规律.结果表明,夏季总辐射与大气层顶的差值和日际变化幅度最大,秋季以后这种差值和日际变化幅度减小.天空状况对分光辐射比例和地表反照率均有影响,表现为近红外辐射比例晴天比阴天大,可见光比例晴天比阴天小,各波段反照率晴天均比阴天大.反照率在夏季最低,秋季较高,反照率的日变化有依存分光辐射比例的关系,这大致可以解释地表反照率依存太阳高度角而变化的现象.无积雪地面反照率近红外波段大于可见光波段,地表有积雪时,反照率明显不同,其可见光波段反照率大于近红外波段反照率.功率谱分析表明,日有效透射率T_eff存在着2~3 d的周期,它是该地区天气系统活动影响太阳辐射收入的一个反映,指示出唐古拉山地区天气系统亦有2~3 d的周期性.     

青藏高原林芝与四川盆地温江地区晴天辐射和能量平衡特征

分析了2008年青藏高原林芝地区与四川盆地温江地区无降水条件下地表辐射、 湍流通量和地表反照率的日变化及月际变化特征, 并探讨了季风过程对其产生的影响.结果表明: 林芝与温江地区地表辐射和湍流通量都具有明显的日变化和月际变化周期, 季风期受云的影响, 日循环规律变得不是非常规则.季风对林芝地区地表能量分配影响极大, 季风前感热通量占主导地位, 季风期和季风后(夏、 秋节)潜热通量是净辐射的主要消耗项; 温江地区全年潜热在净辐射的分布中占主导地位, 感热通量的作用和土壤热通量相当. 林芝地区年平均地表反照率为0.21, 温江地区年平均仅为0.14; 季风前(3-5月)、 季风中(6-7月)和季风后(8-9月), 林芝地区的地表反照率分别为0.20、 0.19和0.20, 温江地区的地表反照率分别为0.13、 0.11和0.14.     

太阳辐射对青藏铁路路基表面热状况的影响

在不考虑大气影响的情况下,铁路路基和左右边坡接受到的太阳辐射日总量随铁路走向和季节的不同,而有很大的差异.利用实测资料,计算了青藏铁路梯形路基不同表面吸收的太阳辐射能的差异,分析研究了青藏铁路路基及左右边坡表面的热状况及其与地面吸收的太阳辐射能的关系,提出了一些有关高原铁路建设方面值得注意的问题.利用地面吸收的太阳辐射能反演了青藏铁路路基和边坡表面温度,并进行了验证,从而得出了一个计算路基和边坡表面温度的简单参数化方法.     

Monitoring of the turbulent solar wind with the upgraded Large Phased Array of the Lebedev Institute of Physics: First results

The design properties and technical characteristics of the upgraded Large Phased Array (LPA) are briefly described. The results of an annual cycle of observations of interplanetary scintillations of radio sources on the LPA with the new 96-beam BEAM 3 system are presented. Within a day, about 5000 radio sources displaying second-timescale fluctuations in their flux densities due to interplanetary scintillations were observed. At present, the parameters of many of these radio sources are unknown. Therefore, the number of sources with root-mean-square flux-density fluctuations greater than 0.2 Jy in a 3° × 3° area of sky was used to characterize the scintillation level. The observational data obtained during the period of the maximum of solar cycle 24 can be interpreted using a three-component model for the spatial structure of the solar wind, consisting of a stable global component, propagating disturbances, and corotating structures. The global component corresponds to the spherically symmetric structure of the distribution of the turbulent interplanetary plasma. Disturbances propagating from the Sun are observed against the background of the global structure. Propagating disturbances recorded at heliocentric distances of 0.4–1 AU and at all heliolatitudes reach the Earth’s orbit one to two days after the scintillation enhancement. Enhancements of ionospheric scintillations are observed during night-time. Corotating disturbances have a recurrence period of 27^d. Disturbances of the ionosphere are observed as the coronal base of a corotating structure approaches the western edge of the solar limb.     

青藏高原高寒湿地CO2通量特征及影响因子分析

利用玉树隆宝湿地2015年的涡动相关系统观测资料,分析了高寒湿地CO₂通量的变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：玉树隆宝湿地生长季CO₂通量日变化呈倒单峰型,夏季日变化幅度大,冬季日变化幅度小。4-9月CO₂净交换量为负值,其余各月CO₂净交换量为正值。全年CO₂净吸收量为465 g·m^-2。白天CO₂通量随着光合有效辐射的增大而减小。CO₂排放量与土壤温度和气温日较差均呈正相关。高寒湿地土壤体积含水量对CO₂通量的影响很微弱。降雨事件发生后, CO₂排放量在短期内有所升高。各影响因子中,光合有效辐射对高寒湿地CO₂通量影响的相关度最高,其次为气温日较差,土壤温度,而土壤体积含水量对CO₂通量影响的相关度最低。     

藏东南地区复杂下垫面辐射收支特征分析

利用藏东南地区进行的地气交换观测数据, 分析了典型晴天和阴天不同下垫面辐射过程的特征及其差异. 结果表明: 藏东南地区典型晴天不同下垫面总辐射均呈现出明显的日变化规律, 典型阴天各下垫面总辐射日峰值与典型晴空天气下的总辐射日峰值差值不大, 日均值显著减小; 反射辐射日变化趋势与总辐射变化一致, 但变化曲线比总辐射离散, 阴天地表反射辐射受总辐射和下垫面的综合影响; 向上长波辐射日变化幅度和量值都大于向下长波辐射, 下垫面类型对向下长波辐射没有影响. 净辐射具有明显的日变化特征, 和总辐射的相位一致, 农田净辐射的日峰值和日均值最大.