九龙江河口区磷的转移和入海通量

1992～1993年4个航次的调查研究结果表明，九龙江河口区总磷的分布和转移受悬浮物含量明显控制。当SPM含量低时，其迁移过程接近理想行为；SPM含量高时则为非理想行为。估算得出，九龙江水体总磷的平均人海通量为1．47×103t／a。其中，溶解态磷为0．43×103t／a，约占29％；颗粒态磷占71％，九龙江水磷的输入以颗粒态为主。溶解态磷的分布，基本上在某一水平上了波动，其入海通量受环境影响很小，可能意味着颗粒磷的缓冲作用。     

九龙江口水体中1995年磷的转移

1995年3个航次的调查研究结果表明,九龙江口水体总磷含量受悬浮物含量控制,在S＜5的低盐度区,悬浮泥沙和磷产生明显的絮凝沉降,在S＞5时,它们的迁移接近于理想混合。溶解磷的河口转移与其在河流端的浓度密切相关。当河端浓度低时,磷略呈溶出现象;而河端浓度高时则接近于理想混合过程。估算得出九龙江河流总磷的平均入海通量为2．9×103t／a,其中溶解磷和颗粒磷各占一半左右。     

九龙江口磷的界面分配和转移

１９９２年８月航次调查结果表明，九龙江口水体中磷的迁移呈保守行为，ＴＰ和ＰＰ含量随着海水盐度的降低呈增加趋势，ＤＰ含量刚好相反；Ｓ〈１５的低盐区，盐度对磷迁移的影响比较显著。     

对海南岛南岸古珊瑚后报海温研究的几点看法

海南岛南是研究古珊瑚后报古海温的理想场所之一。根据近海现今海温与珊瑚生长率季节变化的特点，指出开展古珊瑚地化指标后报海面温度（ＳＳＴ）研究时，应尽可能采用先进取样技术进行小样品取样，应开展珊瑚生长模式研究，注意ＳＳＴ变化中数年平均值与气候平均值的差值范围，建议重视近数在年冬季ＳＳＴ后报工作。     

夏季渤海西南部及黄河口海域营养盐分布特征

河口及近岸海区营养盐含量较丰富,是海洋生物繁殖的良好环境,因此调查研究这些区域水体中的营养盐有重要的现实意义。AsTon指出,近年来河口区磷酸盐、硅酸盐、硝酸盐及其它无机形式氮行为的研究已引起了许多研究人员的注意。一方面是由于这些物质对生物过程包括对控制生产力的过程具有重要作用;另一方面是由于对排入河口富营养污水(例如生活污水等)影响的关注。 关于河口及近岸区营养盐含量变化及行为的研究情况曾进行了大量的研究工作。当河水与海水混合时,河流带入营养盐的行为,如活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐及硝酸盐是否有转移,保守性如何,是近年来较为关心的问题之一,也是一个十分复杂的过程。且影响     

海蛇乙醇浸出物对小鼠学习记忆的影响

本研究采用学习记忆行为训练和生化测定的方法,观察了我国４种常见海蛇的乙醇浸出物（ＡＥＢＳＳ）对小鼠的正常学习记忆、东莨菪碱（Ｓｃｏｐ）所致记忆障碍、脑不同部位蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,ＡＥＢＳＳ（剂量５．００ｍｇ浸出蛋白／ｋｇ体重以上）对正常小鼠的学习记忆能力及脑内蛋白质合成有明显的促进作用;ＡＥＢＳＳ还能极显著地改善Ｓｃｏｐ所致的学习记忆障碍,使Ｓｃｏｐ组大脑皮层和小脑的蛋白质含量显著增加,海     

125Ma后陆-陆碰撞造成的碳储存的讨论

１２５Ｍａ后陆－陆碰撞造成的碳储存的讨论ＤｅｒｒｉｌｌＫｅｒｒｉｃｋ等评论：Ｓｅｌｖｅｒｓｔｏｎｅ和Ｇｕｔｚｌｅｒ（１９９３）认为，在特提斯陆－陆碰撞期间，碳从大气转移到深成变质储集层可能导致了１２５Ｍａ后的全球变冷。但是，由于大气ＣＯ＿２含量长期由...     

海蛇乙醇浸出物对小鼠学习记忆的影响

本研究采用学习记忆行为训练和生化测定的方法,观察了我国４种常见海蛇的乙醇浸出物（ＡｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃＥｘｔｒａｃｔｓｏｆＢｏｄｉｅｓｏｆＳｅａ　Ｓｎａｋｅ．ＡＥＢＳＳ）对小鼠的正常学习记忆、东莨菪碱（Ｓｃｏｐｏｌａｍｉｎｅ,Ｓｃｏｐ）所致记忆障碍、脑不同部位蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,ＡＥＢＳＳ（剂量５００ｍｇ浸出蛋白／ｋｇ体重以上）对正常小鼠的学习记忆能力及脑内蛋白质合成有明显的促进作用;ＡＥＢＳＳ还能极显著地改善Ｓｃｏｐ所致的学习记忆障碍,使Ｓｃｏｐ组大脑皮层和小脑的蛋白质含量显著增加,海马脑区的蛋白质含量增加极显著。结果提示,ＡＥＢＳＳ对小鼠学习记忆的作用机制可能与中枢胆碱能递质系统的蛋白质合成有关。     

粉煤灰海上倾倒中几种因素对Se^4＋溶出的影响

探讨了粉煤灰中的Ｓｅ＾４＋在海水中的溶出现象，找出了几种因素对Ｓｅ＾４＋从煤灰中溶出浓度的影响规律。结论是如果粉煤灰中硒的溶出率在１０％－２０％之间，将粉煤灰投入一个封闭海域，只要固液比达到１：１０００，海水中的硒含量就可达到２－３μｇ／Ｌ，即远远超过海水中硒含量的本底值０．０３μｇ／Ｌ。ＰＨ＝７时，盐度越高，温度越高越有利于粉煤灰中Ｓｅ＾４＋的溶出，从而使硒在封闭海域溶出值远高于海水硒含量的本底     

长江口中肋骨条藻赤潮发生过程环境要素分析──营养盐状况

从长江口１９９０年６月的一次中肋骨条藻赤潮发生过程中营养盐含量变化可见，由于潮汐的作用，观测水域各营养盐要素都在不同程度上存在周日波动特征，其中，ＮＯ３－Ｎ在一个潮周期内变化幅度可达１倍以上。赤潮发生时表层水体ＮＯ３－Ｎ，ＰＯ４－Ｐ和ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ值都呈下降趋势，降幅最大的ＰＯ４－Ｐ达３倍上；Ｎ／Ｐ值则急剧上升，峰值为４５０。随着赤潮肖亡，ＮＯ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ２－Ｎ和ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ浓度很快恢复正常，Ｎ     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.