青弋江流域大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性研究

大型底栖无脊椎动物作为河流水环境质量良好指示生物之一,加强其群落结构及多样性研究,对淡水生态系统的保护与修复具有重要意义.为明晰青弋江流域大型底栖动物群落特征,于2019年7～8月对10个采样点进行大型底栖动物采样和鉴定,运用优势度、Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种...     

湄洲湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性特征

为了量化湄州湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落的结构和多样性特征,分别于2010年10月和2011年4月对湄州湾7个断面高、中、低潮间带的大型底栖动物进行了取样调查。研究结果表明,湄州湾潮间带大型底栖动物以软体动物、环节动物和节肢动物为主,优势种类包括珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea cingulata)、杂色伪沙蚕(Pseudonereis variegata)和小头虫(Capitella capitata)等。2010年10月,湄州湾潮间带大型底栖动物的平均物种丰富度为(8.21±2.04)种,丰度和生物量分别为(91±80)ind./m2和(73.9±78.8)g/m2;2011年4月,平均物种丰富度为(6.76±2.90)种,丰度和生物量分别为(195±220)ind./m2和(45.8±58.0)g/m2。4月和10月大型底栖动物的群落结构明显不同;大型底栖动物4月的多样性、生物量等通常低于10月,但丰度更高。此外,湄州湾潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构特征、生物量和丰度在各采样断面的高、中、低潮区的变化规律不一致。     

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数的黑河中上游水生生态系统健康评价

为探究中国高寒内陆河流的健康状况,多年在黑河上中游采集大型底栖动物和水样样品,采用生物参数分布范围分析、生物判别能力分析以及相关性分析的方法,构建了由总分类单元数、水生昆虫分类单元数、前三位优势分类单元、捕食者%、敏感类群%及耐污类群%组成的黑河大型底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)评价体系。结果表明:(1)基于比值法得到黑河河流健康评价等级:B-IBI>3.28为健康,2.46     

2017年七星河国家级自然保护区大型底栖动物群落结构、多样性和摄食功能群研究

在黑龙江省双鸭山市宝清县七星河国家级自然保护区的缓冲区和实验区的河流、湖泡和沼泽中,各设置了6个采样点,于2017年5月10日、7月10日和9月10日,在各采样点,采集大型底栖动物样品,对大型底栖动物样品进行物种鉴定,研究了大型底栖动物群落的结构和多样性,划分了大型底栖动物的摄食功能群.研究结果表明,在七星河国家级自然...     

盐城潮间带大型底栖动物群落分布特征北大核心CSCD

于2018年11月和2019年5月,在江苏省盐城市滨海湿地的潮间带中,设置了9处采样地,采集了大型底栖动物样品,研究了大型底栖动物群落的分布特征和物种多样性。研究结果表明,两次采样在潮间带采样地共记录大型底栖动物74种,隶属于6门7纲24目;2018年11月,大型底栖动物群落的主要优势物种为托氏䗉螺(Umbonium thomasi)和四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis);2019年5月,大型底栖动物群落的主要优势物种为多齿半尖额涟虫(Hemileucon hinumensis)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)、光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)和托氏䗉螺(Umbonium thomasi);总体上,盐城潮间带大型底栖动物群落的物种多样性水平较高。     

广州市海珠湿地大型底栖动物群落物种组成和分布初探

为了了解广州市海珠国家湿地公园(下文简称海珠湿地)大型底栖动物群落的结构和分布特征,在海珠湿地内,布设了8个采样点,采集了大型底栖动物样品,进行了物种鉴定和计数,开展了大型底栖动物群落组成和空间分布的初步研究。研究结果显示,2017年12月11～15日和2018年6月19～23日,在海珠湿地共采集到大型底栖动物41种,隶属于7纲15科32属,包括寡毛纲17种、昆虫纲10种、腹足纲9种、多毛纲2种、双壳纲1种、蛭纲1种和软甲纲1种,优势种为梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)和方形环棱螺(Bellamya quadrata);2017年12月采集到38种大型底栖动物,2018年6月采集到27种大型底栖动物,各采样点的物种数量介于12～23种之间,平均物种数量为17种;2017年12月,大型底栖动物群落的密度为(2043±1100) ind./m2,总生物量为(2.1±1.6) g/m2;2018年6月,大型底栖动物群落的密度为(1845±1862) ind./m2,总生物量为(3.3±3.2) g/m2;各采样点大型底栖动物群落的密度为1 019～4 251 ind./m2,平均密度为(1945±1100) ind./m2;海珠湿地大型底栖动物群落的组成和空间分布都具有明显的季节变化。     

上海九段沙湿地大型底栖动物群落调查及管护策略

2014年2月至2015年11月,对九段沙湿地的潮间带进行了大型底栖动物取样调查。设置了江亚南沙、上沙和下沙3个采样断面,分离、鉴定出底栖动物28种,隶属于4门7纲。优势物种有短腿水叶甲、河蚬、谭氏泥蟹、中国绿螂和缢蛏等。大型底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为94.96 ind/m2和26.74g/m2。分析了九段沙湿地的大型底栖动物资源现状,并提出了改善措施及建议。     

上海世博园后滩湿地大型底栖动物群落特征与环境分析

上海世博园后滩湿地是中国2010年上海世界博览会规划区的重点建设项目。对世博园后滩湿地潮间带底栖动物群落特征与生物多样性进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的调查研究,并对该湿地水体污染状况及影响底栖动物分布的因素进行分析与评估。结果表明:世博园后滩湿地底栖动物主要由环节动物、软体动物、节肢动物与纽形动物组成,共计18种;物种数在夏季最丰富,春季次之,冬季物种数最少,其中A断面物种数大于B断面;群落生活类群面上生活类群(GS)/面下生活类群(GSB)在冬季最大,春季次之,秋季群落生活类群GS/GSB最小,其中B断面群落生活类群GS/GSB大于A断面;底栖动物群落的Margalef物种丰富度指数(d)在夏季最大,春季次之,冬季丰富度指数最小;Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)在夏季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;Pielou均匀度指数(J)为:冬季最大,夏季次之,秋季最小;Simpson优势度指数(D)为:秋季最大,春季次之,夏季最小;采用寡毛生物指数值和生物多样性指数对该湿地水体污染状况进行了评价,该园区水质污染程度为中度污染。     

黑河流域水资源承载力分析计算与对策

根据干旱区水资源开发利用阶段可用水资源的计算方法和内陆河流域社会经济发展及其需水预测,分析计算了黑河流域中游地区的水资源承载力。结果表明,当完成水资源开发利用第二阶段,可用水资源在首先保证未来50 a内流域中游地区人口、环境和工业等部门发展的需水后,农业灌溉用水的总量将还有所增加,水资源不会成为社会经济发展的制约因素,可以使绿洲和农业走可持续发展道路。但东干流中游张掖盆地,因要在下世纪初完成分水指标,在下世纪的前20 a农业灌溉用水有缺口,但只要加大农业节水力度,在此期间提前完成农业节水目标的60%,就能顺利渡过今后20 a的社会经济快速发展时期。如果在2050年能按计划完成流域社会经济发展的预测目标,则届时流域人均国内生产总值将超过一万美元,可以达到世界中等发达国家的水平。     

黑河流域湿地资源保护对策

黑河流域湿地资源由于管理体系不完善,造成了湿地资源的破坏、锐减和生态质量下降.使得黑河流域湿地资源的保护所面临的形势不容乐观。今后应按照全面保护、生态优先、突出重点、合理利用、持续发展的方针,坚持以保护求持续发展,以发展促湿地生态保护的战略,加强对黑河流域湿地资源的保护。     

黑河流域水资源研究进展

作为典型的内陆河流域,黑河流域历来是研究寒区、旱区水文与水资源的热点地区。水资源是联系该流域生态系统和经济系统的纽带,更是其社会经济环境可持续发展最主要的限制因子。因此,对于黑河流域水资源的研究非常广泛,也取得了很多高水平的研究成果,这些研究内容主要包括：上游产流区的冰雪变化与黑河径流量、黑河出山口径流变化特征及其对气候变化的响应以及径流量的模拟与预测;中下游耗散区的水资源利用状况及对策;同位素、水资源承载力以及水资源管理的理论方法和措施。今后的重点应从流域的宏观尺度,开展黑河流域生态经济的综合研究、生态水文学和水污染问题的研究。     

张掖市黑河流域湿地资源调查与分类

通过对典型的干旱半干旱区内陆河流域(张掖市黑河流域)湿地综合分类研究表明:①张掖市黑河流域湿地共有2个大类4个类型13个类别,总面积为210420.42hm2,占全市国土总面积的5.02%;②湿地类型和面积从大到小依次为:高山湿地、永久性河流、灌丛湿地、草本沼泽、泛洪平原、内陆盐沼、季节性河流、蓄水区、灌溉区、盐田、永久性淡水湖、池塘、季节性淡水湖;③在行政区域内,肃南县、高台县、临泽县、山丹县、民乐县、甘州区湿地面积分别占全市湿地面积的73.71%、8.29%、5.14%、4.87%、5.54%和2.44%。     

Integrated hydrologic modeling in the inland Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

As a typical inland river basin in arid Northwest China, having distinct hydrological characteristics and severe and representative water problems, the Heihe River Basin (HRB) has attracted considerable research interest worldwide and in 2007 became a pilot basin of the G-WADI network of UNESCO/IHP. Many research programs have been conducted in the HRB since the 1980s, producing rich knowledge and data about the basin, which will be very helpful to further studies. This paper reviews research efforts related to hydrologic modeling and ongoing model integration studies performed in the HRB in recent years. Recently, an observation network covering the whole area and a Web-based data-sharing system have been established which can greatly improve data acquisition. This paper tabulates modeling activities in past years, including model applications, model modifications and enhancements, and model coupling efforts. Also described is a preliminary modeling integration tool designed to quickly build new models, which has been developed for hydrologic modeling purposes. Challenges and issues confronted in current studies are discussed, pointing toward key research directions in the future.     

黑河流域干旱生态系统红砂荒漠空间斑块结构及其生态适应策略（英文）

In many arid ecosystems,vegetation frequently occurs in high-cover patches interspersed in a matrix of low plant cover.However,theoretical explanations for shrub patch pattern dynamics along climate gradients remain unclear on a large scale.This context aimed to assess the variance of the Reaumuria soongorica patch structure along the precipitation gradient and the factors that affect patch structure formation in the middle and lower Heihe River Basin(HRB).Field investigations on vegetation patterns and heterogeneity in soil properties were conducted during 2014 and 2015.The results showed that patch height,size and plant-to-patch distance were smaller in high precipitation habitats than in low precipitation sites.Climate,soil and vegetation explained 82.5% of the variance in patch structure.Spatially,R.soongorica shifted from a clumped to a random pattern on the landscape towards the MAP gradient,and heterogeneity in the surface soil properties(the ratio of biological soil crust(BSC) to bare gravels(BG)) determined the R.soongorica population distribution pattern in the middle and lower HRB.A conceptual model,which integrated water availability and plant facilitation and competition effects,was revealed that R.soongorica changed from a flexible water use strategy in high precipitation regions to a consistent water use strategy in low precipitation areas.Our study provides a comprehensive quantification of the variance in shrub patch structure along a precipitation gradient and may improve our understanding of vegetation pattern dynamics in the Gobi Desert under future climate change.     

黑河流域水资源的统一管理与承载能力的提高

黑河流域中、下游水资源利用矛盾十分尖锐，利益调整也极为复杂，1999年成立了黑河流域管理局，为实现以流域为单元，进行统一规划、统一调度、统一管理，建立权威、高效、协调的流域管理体制创造了条件，并在2000年和2001年实施“全线闭口、集中下泄”全流域水资源定量分配。实践证明只要掌握山区水资源动态、实施退耕还林还草与退水、从农业节水开发流域水资源潜力，完全可以取得成功。尽管在实施国务院批准的跨省区的分水方案时，还存在诸多困难，但只要加紧采取“保护上游、整治中游、拯救下游”的综合治理、强化全流域水资源统一管理、加快流域全面节水步伐、加大科技投入等四方面措施，就能突破流域水资源瓶颈障碍，力求不增加流域消耗水量，而达到经济增长，并使流域生态系统逐步走向良性循环。     

黑河流域气温的稳定性与长程相关性（英文）

Air temperature(AT) is a subsystem of a complex climate.Long-range correlation(LRC) is an important feature of complexity.Our research attempt to evaluate AT’s complexity differences in different land-use types in the Heihe River Basin(HRB) based on the stability and LRC.The results show the following:(1) AT’s stability presents differences in different land-use types.In agricultural land,there is no obvious variation in the trend throughout the year.Whereas in a desert,the variation in the trend is obvious: the AT is more stable in summer than it is in winter,with Ta ranges of [8,20]°C and SD of the AT residual ranges of [0.2,0.7],respectively.Additionally,in mountainous areas,when the altitude is beyond a certain value,AT’s stability changes.(2) AT’s LRC presents differences in different land-use types.In agricultural land,the long-range correlation of AT is the most persistent throughout the year,showing the smallest difference between summer and winter,with the Hs range of [0.8,1].Vegetation could be an important factor.In a desert,the long-range correlation of AT is less persistent,showing the greatest difference between summer and winter,with the Hs range of [0.54,0.96].Solar insolation could be a dominant factor.In an alpine meadow,the long-range correlation of AT is the least persistent throughout the year,presenting a smaller difference between summer and winter,with the Hs range of [0.6,0.85].Altitude could be an important factor.(3) Usually,LRC is a combination of the Ta and SD of the AT residuals.A larger Ta and smaller SD of the AT residual would be conducive to a more persistent LRC,whereas a smaller Ta and larger SD of the AT residual would limit the persistence of LRC.A larger Ta and SD of the AT residual would create persistence to a degree between those of the first two cases,as would a smaller Ta and SD of the AT residual.In addition,the last two cases might show the same LRC.     

Spatial patch structure and adaptive strategy for desert shrub of Reaumuria soongorica in arid ecosystem of the Heihe River Basin

In many arid ecosystems, vegetation frequently occurs in high-cover patches interspersed in a matrix of low plant cover. However, theoretical explanations for shrub patch pattern dynamics along climate gradients remain unclear on a large scale. This context aimed to assess the variance of the Reaumuria soongorica patch structure along the precipitation gradient and the factors that affect patch structure formation in the middle and lower Heihe River Basin (HRB). Field investigations on vegetation patterns and heterogeneity in soil properties were conducted during 2014 and 2015. The results showed that patch height, size and plant-to-patch distance were smaller in high precipitation habitats than in low precipitation sites. Climate, soil and vegetation explained 82.5% of the variance in patch structure. Spatially, R. soongorica shifted from a clumped to a random pattern on the landscape towards the MAP gradient, and heterogeneity in the surface soil properties (the ratio of biological soil crust (BSC) to bare gravels (BG)) determined the R. soongorica population distribution pattern in the middle and lower HRB. A conceptual model, which integrated water availability and plant facilitation and competition effects, was revealed that R. soongorica changed from a flexible water use strategy in high precipitation regions to a consistent water use strategy in low precipitation areas. Our study provides a comprehensive quantification of the variance in shrub patch structure along a precipitation gradient and may improve our understanding of vegetation pattern dynamics in the Gobi Desert under future climate change.

     

黑河流域水-生态-经济发展耦合模型及应用

以系统动力学模型为依据,根据黑河流域生态系统、生产系统和生活系统相互作用形成的水-生态-经济协调发展耦合关系式,建立了黑河流域水-生态-经济协调发展耦合模型;通过动态模拟和综合调试,从众多实验方案中选择生成水-生态保护型发展方案 (WEP)、水-经济高效型发展方案 (WEH)、水-生态-经济协调型发展方案 (WEE) 3种有效方案。认为WEE方案耗水量介于WEP和WEH之间,经济效益和生态环境效益都比较显著,同时兼顾了黑河流域的经济发展目标和生态环境保护目标,虽然单纯从经济发展或生态保护角度分析,不是最好的方案,但从流域可持续发展和建设流域生态经济带的角度分析,却是一个最优化的方案。进而对WEE方案对应的水-生态-经济协调发展趋势做了分析。认为未来30年流域需水总量总体呈缓慢增加趋势,流域用水结构逐步呈合理化方向演变,流域上、中、下游需水总量和结构的动态变化趋势不尽一致,农业用地结构、粮-经-草种植结构和产业结构都不同程度地朝着合理化方向发展,单方水产值及经济效益总体呈显著增加趋势。