依巴谷后的天体测量卫星项目——空间光干涉卫星

简述了依巴谷后提出的天体测量卫星项目,如FAME、DIVA、JASMINE、SIM Lite、Gaia、OBSS、JMAPS等。描述了空间光干涉从1980年至今的发展过程,特别给出了用天体测量方法研究天体物理课题之SIM Lite工程的近况:科学目标、仪器的结构、技术上的重大突破点和观测方式等。重点介绍了SIM Lite参考架的构建,包括栅格星和类星体的选择,以及SIM Lite光学参考架与射电参考架ICRF-2之间的联系和联系的精度。比较了SIM与Gaia观测方式的不同点,以及它们在天体物理研究和参考架的建立上互补之处。最后,回顾了中国科学院"八五"重点项目"光学天文中高空间分辨率应用和技术研究"和当前开展有关光干涉工作的一些情况,以及今后开展此课题的若干建议。     

中国小望远镜观测太阳系小天体项目的回顾

回顾了中国用小望远镜进行的一些科研项目,如小行星的天体测量和测光观测,近地天体的观测和天然行星卫星的天体测量观测.介绍了小行星和近地天体轨道的测定,以及行星/月球历表的编制.简述了天体测量标准区的建立,从射电源光学对应体推算光学和射电参考架的联系,双星轨道的测定,以及星团成员星自行的测定.提出了改进GSC2.3的新项目...     

未来的国际天球参考架

本文简述了国际天球参考架的发展历史和现在射电参考架的现状—基准源选择的标准和参考架的稳定性。描述了地面上光学观测在依巴谷参考架的维持和加密的一系列工作。介绍由天体测量卫星GAIA和SIM给出的天球参考架可能逵到的精度。详述了在今后十年中地面天体测量的作用以及正在开展有关天球参考架的研究课题 ,同时也列出了我国正在和即将开展天体测量的几个研究课题     

第二代天体测量卫星及后依巴谷地面天体测量的进展

简述了后依巴谷的天体测量工作。首先给出了第二个天体测量卫星Gaia的最新进展、最近提出的JAMSE和OBSS计划的简介,以及包含天体测量内容的SIM PlanetQuest计划的情况; 叙述了多波段天体参考架的建立和维持,特别是依巴谷星表向暗星方向的扩充和数字巡天,以及其他地面观测计划,如双星和聚星、太阳系天体的观测等;介绍了天体测量与天体物理结合的几个研究课题的进展;最后对我国自然科学基金会“十一五”天体测量优先发展的方向与内容提出建议。     

低纬子午环配备科学CCD后的课题目标

本文根据基本天体测量的主要任务和目前发展趋势的要求,以及低纬子午环配备ＣＣＤ后的观测精度、效率和极限星等,提出了该仪器长期观测;的目标,包括建立实用的准惯性天球参考架和动力学参考架,为太阳系动力学研究,为银河系结构和运动学研究,为某些天体物理课题研究的需要,提供有用的观测数据,为本地的地震预报和天文地震研究提供参考数据。在甚长基线射电干涉测量技术和空间测量技术迅速发展的时代,地面光学天体测量仍具有     

相互逼近技术用于小行星702(Alauda)的高精度位置测量试验

将相互逼近(Mutual Approximation)技术从天然卫星的天体位置测量拓展到小行星和邻近盖亚(Gaia)星表参考星的相对位置测量,希望获得更高的小行星位置测量精度.使用中国科学院云南天文台1 m光学望远镜在2020年11月11～12日对小行星702(Alauda)进行了观测试验.在观测资料中,目标小行星共有...     

干涉技术在天体测量中的应用

介绍了射电、光学和红外波段地面干涉的仪器以及近期的进展,如厘米波段的VLBA、EVLA、SKA等;毫米波段的ALMA、CARMA等;光学波段的Keck、VLTI/PRIMA,CHARA、MarkⅢ、NPOI、LBTI等.叙述了目前干涉技术在空间天体测量中应用的一些研究项目。如射电波段的VSOP、iARISE、RadioAstro;光学波段的HST/FGS、SIM PlanetQuest等.探讨了干涉技术在天体测量中的有关研究课题,并概述了其在我国的发展和应用情况.     

旋转射电暂现源研究进展

旋转射电暂现源是McLauglin等人在2006年采用单脉冲搜寻技术,对Parkes射电望远镜多波束脉冲星巡天数据的处理过程中发现的一类特殊天体。该类天体在绝大多数时间都处于射电宁静状态,偶尔发射特征宽度为毫秒量级的脉冲信号。对其进行长期脉冲到达时间观测发现,其具有类似于脉冲星到达时间特性,但目前还不清楚该天体和脉冲星之间的具体关系。综述了近10年来射电以及其他波段的观测研究和理论模型方面的进展。在射电观测方面,主要介绍观测认证技术(包括零色散滤波、DM搜寻、阈值设定、匹配滤波和效果图检验等)、到达时间以及偏振方面的观测研究进展;在其他波段方面,主要介绍X射线、光学以及近红外波段的观测研究进展。在相关理论模型方面,主要介绍远距离的脉冲星模型,物质与脉冲星磁层相互作用模型以及脉冲星磁层辐射带模型等研究进展。最后将对射电暂现源观测研究进行总结与展望。     

低纬子午环配备科学CCD后的课题目标

本文根据基本天体测量的主要任务和目前发展趋势的要求 ,以及低纬子午环配备CCD后的观测精度、效率和极限星等 ,提出了该仪器长期观测的课题目标 ,包括建立实用的准惯性天球参考架和动力学参考架 ,为太阳系动力学研究 ,为银河系结构和运动学研究 ,为某些天体物理课题研究的需要 ,提供有用的观测数据 ,为本地的地震预报和天文地震研究提供参考数据。在甚长基线射电干涉测量技术和空间测量技术迅速发展的时代 ,地面光学天体测量仍具有其不可取代的优势 ,只要能高精度地测定仪器的各种误差 ,消除仪器重力变形和热变形的影响 ,并尽可能消除由地球大气因素引起的系统误差影响 ,取得与空间测量平均而言可比的观测精度 ,两者相互配合 ,取长补短 ,就能更好地为上述诸多课题目标开展观测和研究 ,促进天体测量学和有关学科的发展 ,文中对这些要求的实现作了必要的叙述。     

ICRF与Gaia-CRF参考架特性分析

天体测量学是天文学中最古老的分支之一, 它是天文学的基础, 对天体物理学和大地测量学的许多方面至关重要.天体测量学的核心任务之一就是建立一个高精度天文参考系, 以便利用这样的惯性参照系来描述天体的位置和运动、研究银河系的运动学特征及对同一天体在不同波段的对应体进行位置认证和比较.当前的天文参考系是参照银河系外天体(主要是活动星系核)的位置来定义的, 称为国际天球参考系(ICRS).在实测上, 与之相对应的基本星表为国际天球参考架(ICRF), 它由甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)技术在S/X、K和X/Ka波段的观测资料解算而得, 位置精度达到数十微角秒($\mathrm{\mu as}$)水平.另一方面, Gaia卫星的观测也将在光学波段建立类似精度的光学参考架(Gaia-CRF).ICRF与Gaia-CRF的连接成为天体测量领域需要解决的重大问题之一, 这要求对ICRF与Gaia-CRF参考架特性进行细致深入的分析. 首先, 分析了ICRF的整体特性.VLBI星表的内部符合精度估计值在$\mathrm{10\mu as}$和$\mathrm{40\mu as}$之间, 依赖于射电源的观测次数.这一结果一方面验证了ICRF3星表给出的位置噪声水平, 也说明了VLBI技术在天体测量方面的潜力.利用Gaia的河外源位置为参考, 分析了历代ICRF星表的外部符合精度, 指出ICRF3 X/Ka波段参考架存在约$\mathrm{200\mu as}$的系统误差.最后, 发明了一种评估射电源全天分布均匀性的量化指标并改进了ICRF定义源筛选策略, 结果表明相较于ICRF2而言, 这一方法能将ICRF轴指向稳定性提高2至3倍.这些工作很好地解释并补充了国际上ICRF3工作组的相关结果. 其次, 研究Gaia-CRF的参考架性质.使用了相对于依巴谷参考架的全局旋转和结合银河系动力学分析两种方法来评估Gaia-CRF1的惯性水平, 指出Gaia-CRF1可能存在约$\mathrm{0.3mas\cdot yr^{-1}}$的剩余旋转.对于Gaia-CRF2, 研究了其系统精度与河外源样本极限星等的依赖关系, 发现Gaia-CRF2的整体精度几乎不受星等差的影响.这一结果可作为未来ICRF与Gaia-CRF连接源选择的参考. 活动星系核的光学-射电位置差是影响参考架连接精度的重要因素之一.本文首次将光学-射电位置差研究延伸到K和Ka波段, 并研究其与河外源性质参数的相关性, 发现: 光学-射电位置差与星等的相关性是由于星等差而非真实的物理原因造成的, 因此在前人工作中被忽略的暗源也有可能作为ICRF与Gaia-CRF连接源.此外, 本文提出了一种新的参考架连接方法, 即在Gaia-CRF2框架下重新处理VLBI的历史观测资料.先期结果发现使用Gaia-CRF2来替代ICRF3尚不足以显著提高VLBI产品的精度, 但未来在Gaia-CRF参考架精度进一步提高后, 此方法仍值得进一步检验. 本文的研究, 一方面指出了ICRF与Gaia-CRF参考架中可能存在的种种问题, 另一方面也为将来光学与射电参考架连接提供了第一手的参考资料.     

Using Java for distributed computing in the Gaia satellite data processing

In recent years Java has matured to a stable easy-to-use language with the flexibility of an interpreter (for reflection etc.) but the performance and type checking of a compiled language. When we started using Java for astronomical applications around 1999 they were the first of their kind in astronomy. Now a great deal of astronomy software is written in Java as are many business applications. We discuss the current environment and trends concerning the language and present an actual example of scientific use of Java for high-performance distributed computing: ESA’s mission Gaia. The Gaia scanning satellite will perform a galactic census of about 1,000 million objects in our galaxy. The Gaia community has chosen to write its processing software in Java. We explore the manifold reasons for choosing Java for this large science collaboration. Gaia processing is numerically complex but highly distributable, some parts being embarrassingly parallel. We describe the Gaia processing architecture and its realisation in Java. We delve into the astrometric solution which is the most advanced and most complex part of the processing. The Gaia simulator is also written in Java and is the most mature code in the system. This has been successfully running since about 2005 on the supercomputer “Marenostrum” in Barcelona. We relate experiences of using Java on a large shared machine. Finally we discuss Java, including some of its problems, for scientific computing.     

Tailored data compression using stream partitioning and prediction: application to Gaia

Gaia is the most ambitious space astrometry mission currently envisaged and it will be a technological challenge in all its aspects. Here we describe a proposal for the data compression system of Gaia, specifically designed for this mission but based on concepts that can be applied to other missions and systems as well. Realistic simulations have been performed with our Telemetry CODEC software, which performs a stream partitioning and pre-compression to the science data. In this way, standard compressors such as bzip2 or szip boost their performance and decrease their processing requirements when applied to such pre-processed data. These simulations have shown that a lossless compression factor of 3 can be achieved, whereas standard compression systems were unable to reach a factor of 2.      

Gaia, an unprecedented observatory for Solar System dynamics

The mission Gaia by European Space Agency (ESA) is expected to fly at the end of 2011 and to perform an all-sky, magnitude-limited survey for 5 years. The probe will not use an input catalogue, and will get high accuracy astrometry and photometry for all sources of magnitude V<20. Low-resolution spectra will also be available. Moving Solar System objects will be observed as well, and their observations will be processed by a specific pipeline in order to retrieve the physical and dynamical characteristics of each object. In this contribution we will mainly focus on the impact of Gaia observations on asteroid dynamics. A dramatic improvement of orbital elements is expected, as well as the measurement of subtle effects such as those related to general relativity (GR). Gaia observations will also be supported by a network of ground-based observation sites, capable of providing follow-up for newly discovered objects that will not receive an adequate coverage from space. Specific strategies for follow-up are being planned and tested. These will need to take into account the peculiar observing geometry (large parallax effect due to the orbit of Gaia around L2) and the time constraints dictated by data processing.     

Optimization of Time Data Codification and Transmission Schemes: Application to Gaia

Gaia is an ambitious space observatory devoted to obtain the largest and most precise astrometric catalogue of astronomical objects from our Galaxy and beyond. On-board processing and transmission of the huge amount of data generated by the instruments is one of its several technological challenges. The measurement time tags are critical for the scientific results of the mission, so they must be measured and transmitted with the highest precision – leading to an important telemetry channel occupation. In this paper we present the optimization of time data, which has resulted in a useful software tool. We also present how time data is adapted to the packet telemetry standard. The several communication layers are illustrated and a method for coding and transmitting the relevant data is described as well. Although our work is focused on Gaia, the timing scheme and the corresponding tools can be applied to any other instrument or mission with similar operational principles.     

Dynamical attitude model for Gaia

The Dynamical Attitude Model (DAM) is a simulation package developed to achieve a detailed understanding of the Gaia spacecraft attitude. It takes into account external physical effects and considers internal hardware components controlling the satellite. The main goal of the Gaia mission is to obtain extremely accurate astrometry, and this necessitates a good knowledge of Gaia’s behaviour as a spinning rigid body under the influence of various perturbations. This paper describes these perturbations and how they are modelled in DAM.     

Contribution to the ground-based follow-up of the Gaia space mission

The Gaia Space Mission [Mignard, F., 2005. The three-dimensional universe with Gaia. ESA/SP-576; Perryman, M., 2005. The three-dimensional universe with Gaia. ESA/SP-576] will observe several transient events as supernovae, microlensing, gamma ray bursts and new Solar System objects. The satellite, due to its scanning law, will detect these events but will not be able to monitor them. So, to take these events into consideration and to perform further studies it is necessary to follow them with Earth-based observations. These observations could be efficiently done by a ground-based network of well-equipped telescopes scattered in both hemispheres.Here we focus our attention at the new Solar System objects to be discovered and observed by the Gaia satellite [Mignard, F., 2002. Observations of Solar System objects by Gaia I. Detection of NEOS. Astron. Astrophys. 393, 727] mainly asteroids, NEOs and comets. A dedicated ground-based network of telescopes as proposed by Thuillot [2005. The three-dimensional universe with Gaia. ESA/SP-576] will allow to monitor those events, to avoid losing them and to perform a quick characterization of some physical properties which will be important for the identification of these objects in further measurements by Gaia.We present in this paper, the beginning of the organization of a Latin-American ground-based network of telescopes and observers joining several institutions in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and other Latin-American countries aiming to contribute to the follow-up of Gaia science alerts for Solar System objects.     

Search for the Metal-weak Thick Disk from the LAMOST DR5

Based on the data release of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope survey(LAMOST DR5)and the Gaia Early Data Release 3(Gaia EDR3),we con...     

Three new late-type hypervelocity star candidates from Gaia DR2 with refined selection criteria

Several dozen hypervelocity star(HVS) candidates have been reported based on the second data release of Gaia(Gaia DR2). However, it has been proven that the radial velocities of some Gaia HVS candidates are not reliable. In this paper, we employ refined astrometric criteria to re-examine Gaia DR2,arriving at a more reliable sample of HVS and high velocity star candidates than those found by previous authors. We develop a method called Binary Escape Probability Analysis to identify some HVS candidates.This method allows us to work with stars having only two epochs of measured radial velocity. These stars were usually discarded in previous similar studies. A scrutiny of our final results sheds light on selection effects present in our studies, which we propose to be the focus of future studies. In total, we find three late-type(2 G-type and 1 K-type) HVS and 21 high velocity star candidates, 3 and 11 of which are new,respectively. Judging by their historical trajectories, which we calculate, all three HVS candidates could not have had Galactic center origins. Further monitoring is required to confirm their status.     

Multi-star System Observations Based on the Direct-imaging Method

The direct-imaging exploration can obtain comprehensive physical information of exoplanets, which is a key technology to search for extraterrestrial life in the future. In this paper, based on our recent high-contrast imaging data of ground-based telescope, the newly discovered multi-star candidates are presented. In the early stage, combined with the ability of high-contrast imaging equipment for the exoplanets in the ground-based system, we select about 1000 targets from published works which are compiled using the catalogs released by Gaia. These targets are distributed in different young star clusters. Recently, we used Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory to carry out high-contrast imaging observation on 42 of the above targets in the K-band. Most of the observed targets are 7.5–14 in the V-band. In 2019, after two rounds of observation, we discover six multi-star system candidates. It is however difficult to find out whether these targets are single-star or multi-star systems in Gaia DR2 (Data Release 2) catalog and Gaia EDR3 (early Data Release 3) catalog.