A computer-based system for processing geophysical data obtained from boreholes

A diverse set of computer programs has been developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)to process geophysical data obtained from boreholes. These programs support such services as digitizing analog records, reading and processing raw data, cataloging and storing processed data, retrieving selected data for analysis, and generating data plots on several different devices. A variety of geophysical data types are accommodated, including both wireline logs and laboratory analyses of downhole samples. Many processing tasks are handled by means of a single, flexible, general-purpose, data-manipulation program. Separate programs are available for processing data from density, gravity, velocity, and epithermal neutron logs. The computer-based storage and retrieval system, which has been in operation since 1973, currently contains over 4400 data files. Most of this data was obtained from the Nevada Test Site (NTS)in conjunction with the nuclear test program. Each data file contains a single geophysical parameter as a function of depth. Automatic storage and retrieval are facilitated by the assignment of unique file names that define the storage location of each data file. Files of interest to the user may be located and retrieved by means of a search program that examines the catalog. A convention recognized by all programs in the system is that of a zero ordinate denoting a gap in an otherwise continuous data trace. This convention provides a simple mechanism for editing and displaying data files in an automated and consistent manner.     

AutoCAD DXF图形的批量无损投影转换方法

详细研究AutoCADDXF图形数据文件结构,实现AutoCAD图形批量无损投影换带转换的有效技术方法,采用VB程序设计编程,开发配套应用程序,具有工程效益和推广价值。     

Sub-pixel Mapping of Coarse Satellite Remote Sensing Images with Stochastic Simulations from Training Images

Super-resolution or sub-pixel mapping is the process of providing fine scale land cover maps from coarse-scale satellite sensor information. Such a procedure calls for a prior model depicting the spatial structures of the land cover types. When available, an analog of the underlying scene (a training image) may be used for such a model. The single normal equation simulation algorithm (SNESIM) allows extracting the relevant pattern information from the training image and uses that information to downscale the coarse fraction data into a simulated fine scale land cover scene. Two non-exclusive approaches are considered to use training images for super-resolution mapping. The first one downscales the coarse fractions into fine-scale pre-posterior probabilities which is then merged with a probability lifted from the training image. The second approach pre-classifies the fine scale patterns of the training image into a few partition classes based on their coarse fractions. All patterns within a partition class are recorded by a search tree; there is one tree per partition class. At each fine scale pixel along the simulation path, the coarse fraction data is retrieved first and used to select the appropriate search tree. That search tree contains the patterns relevant to that coarse fraction data. To ensure exact reproduction of the coarse fractions, a servo-system keeps track of the number of simulated classes inside each coarse fraction. Being an under-determined stochastic inverse problem, one can generate several super resolution maps and explore the space of uncertainty for the fine scale land cover. The proposed SNESIM sub-pixel resolution mapping algorithms allow to: (i) exactly reproduce the coarse fraction, (ii) inject the structural model carried by the training image, and (iii) condition to any available fine scale ground observations. Two case studies are provided to illustrate the proposed methodology using Landsat TM data from southeast China.     

基于MODFLOW的地下水流模型前处理优化

MODFLOW中现有的降水补给数据和井流数据是基于每个剖分网格输入的,导致基于MODFLOW建立大区域水流数值模型前处理的降水补给文件和井流文件存储开销过大、读取效率低。为此,通过改进现有的降水补给子程序包RCH及开发新的子程序包RAW,给出了一种基于面状补排项的数据输入新方法。改进后的MODFLOW程序通过读取RCH文件或RAW文件中每个分区的补排量数据,以及每个网格对应的分区编号,在程序内部实现了补排量向每个模型网格的分配。RAW子程序包实现了多层面状补排量的表达,可用于面状的地下水开采、农业回灌等源汇项的处理。相对于原始的源汇项数据存储方式,基于新方法建立的华北平原地下水流模型,RCH及RAW文件大小分别减小为原来的1/145和1/255,整个模型数据的读取时间的加速比为7.46。     

MapGIS数据与Surfer数据相互转换的实现

剖析了Surfer的数据文件和MapGIS的数据文件格式,提出了其相互转换的方法,并编制了转换软件.特别是指出MapGIS网格化的ASCⅡ码文件,即DET文件,可以通过简单的编辑形成通用的网格化GRD文件格式,不应当再进行网格化.提出利用Surfer勾绘特定的地球化学元素异常图,转成MapGIS修饰出版的实用制图程序.     

高边坡结构可靠度的二次处理有限元分析

本文依据强度折减理论,利用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件,分析计算了高边坡结构的安全系数K,找到边坡滑裂带的位置。在此基础上,对有限元输入数据和输出结果进行二次处理,建立基本随机变量c,f与滑裂带中单元的最大(和最小)主应力1(和3)的拟合关系f1(和f3),将其代入高边坡结构的功能函数Z中,使Z由隐式形式变为显式。基于该显式表示的Z,利用Monte Carlo法计算滑裂带中所有失效单元的可靠指标1,并将其单元面积A1作为权重系数,经过加权平均得到边坡结构的整体可靠指标。上述方法使得结合有限元软件计算边坡结构的整体可靠度得以简化。经实例分析可知,本文提出的方法是合理可行的,可使边坡结构整体可靠性分析得以简化,也可为高边坡结构整体可靠性分析提供理论参考。     

Assessment of flood hazard,vulnerability and risk of mid-eastern Dhaka using DEM and 1D hydrodynamic model

Floods are regular feature in rapidly urbanizing Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. It is observed that about 60% of the eastern Dhaka regularly goes under water every year in monsoon due to lack of flood protection. Experience gathered from past devastating floods shows that, besides structural approach, non-structural approach such as flood hazard map and risk map is effective tools for reducing flood damages. In this paper, assessment of flood hazard by developing a flood hazard map for mid-eastern Dhaka (37.16 km²) was carried out by 1D hydrodynamic simulation on the basis of digital elevation model (DEM) data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and the hydrologic field-observed data for 32 years (1972–2004). As the topography of the area has been considerably changed due to rapid land-filling by land developers which was observed in recent satellite image (DigitalGlobe image; Date of imagery: 7th March 2007), the acquired DEM data were modified to represent the current topography. The inundation simulation was conducted using hydrodynamic program HEC-RAS for flood of 100-year return period. The simulation has revealed that the maximum depth is 7.55 m at the southeastern part of that area and affected area is more than 50%. A flood hazard map was prepared according to the simulation result using the software ArcGIS. Finally, to assess the flood risk of that area, a risk map was prepared where risk was defined as the product of hazard (i.e., depth of inundation) and vulnerability (i.e., the exposure of people or assets to flood). These two maps should be helpful in raising awareness of inhabitants and in assigning priority for land development and for emergency preparedness including aid and relief operations in high-risk areas in the future.     

涟邵煤田测水煤系煤层灰分的构造分异

运用统计方法和耗散结构原理,对原煤灰分产率和构造分异作用的关系进行研究。煤层的剪切破裂可分为碎裂、碎粒和碎粉3个阶段,与原始结构煤灰分比较,原煤灰分在这3个阶段分别处于相等、增大和减小3种状态。原煤灰分的这种规律性变化与构造的分异作用有关。构造对煤层的分异作用实质上是构造煤从碎粒阶段的无序混杂状态到碎粉阶段煤和非煤组分重组后的新的有序状态的一种不可逆过程。      

Texture analysis of heterogeneous data—a farewell to F-coefficients

This contribution describes the mathematical and numerical possibility to analyse heterogeneous data, e.g. experimental intensity data measured for many crystallographic but few sample directions, adaptively refined high resolution intensity data, or a mixture of diffraction intensity data and individual orientation data from scanning electron microscopy.These possibilities are put forward within the dual approach to texture analysis provided by the differential equation governing pole figures. The general solution of this differential equation is represented both in terms of spherical harmonics or characteristics. The resulting systems of equations are capable of considering such heterogeneous data as mentioned above.The eventual aim of this contribution is to show that (i) the mostly tacit ‘paradigm’ of texture analysis that additional pole figures can be calculated from experimental pole figures only by using a detour via the ODF is not correct, and (ii) any function satisfying the differential equation governing pole figures is the actual pole figure projection, or X-ray transform, of a common function defined in a higher dimensional space.Summarily, it is shown that the two dual approaches to texture analysis provided by the projection formula or the differential equation are equivalent, but put emphasis on different issues of the same problem.     

基于ARC/INFO与ARCVIEW中地震数据的空间分析

依托ARC／INFO平台，把湖北省近四十年所发生的地震的震中、震级及发震时间从文字记录信息转化为直观的并具有大地坐标的空间点位信息；利用平台功能强大的编辑模块和空间分析等功能对地震数据进行处理分析研究，并在此基础上结合ARCVIEW的桌面制图优点绘制基本图件完成输出与查询。该过程是湖北省区域稳定性评价的重要数据准备，同时也为湖北省地壳稳定性评价提供一个重要的评价因子。     

基于MapObjects 2.1控件的地图投影变换方法的实现

为了在同一地理信息系统内或者不同的地理信息系统之间实现数据交换、配准和共享以及对其进行空间叠加、缓冲区分析、最佳(短)路径分析等空间分析,必须保证其在统一的坐标系下具有相同的地图投影,因此地图投影变换显得尤为重要.采用Visual Basic 6.0作为软件开发平台,利用MapObjects控件编程实现了各种常见地图投影之间的任意变换.     

数字剖面中基岩光谱曲线的制作

基岩光谱是地质调查中采集的岩石地球化学测试技术,用于分析岩石中的元素含量,指导分析地层的含矿性;基岩光谱曲线是将基岩光谱分析数据用图的方式展现出来,具有直观性、易分析比较的特点。作者根据光谱曲线的性质和要求,通过具有特定要求的Excel与记事本之间的数据转换,利用MAPGIS中数字测图模块功能把数据投影到MAPGIS工程文件中,根据相应的要求在MAPGIS或数字剖面中完成光谱曲线的制做。     

Two GUIs-based analysis tool for spectroradiometer data pre-processing

A new graphical user interface (GUI) for pre-processing reflectance spectra, built using MATLAB and expressly designed for the ASD FieldSpec® spectroradiometer, was developed to solve problems that generally affect experimental ASD data. The GUI is characterised by an easily readable, graphic visualisation of spectra, from which the absorption band depth (ABD) can be obtained for a selected wavelength. The output format of the ASD data is a binary file with an .asd extension. The binary file, that provides a single spectrum, can be processed using a software functionality, by means of a GUI, that allows to select one or more binary files to produce a spectral library in a unique .txt file. The spectral reflectance is re-calibrated with the “convex-hull” methodology to eliminate the convex shape, which is typical of reflectance spectra. Different examples of the use of the new GUI are provided.     

Coupling of DEM and remote-sensing-based approaches for semi-automated detection of regional geostructural features in Zagros mountain, Iran

In recent years, remote-sensing data have increasingly been used for the interpretation of objects and mapping in various applications of engineering geology. Digital elevation model (DEM) is very useful for detection, delineation, and interpretation of geological and structural features. The use of image elements for interpretation is a common method to extract structural features. In this paper, linear features were extracted from the Landsat ETM satellite image and then DEM was used to enhance those objects using digital-image-processing filtering techniques. The extraction procedures of the linear objects are performed in a semi-automated way. Photographic elements and geotechnical elements are used as main keys to extract the information from the satellite image data. This paper emphasizes on the application of DEM and usage of various filtering techniques with different convolution kernel size applied on the DEM. Additionally, this paper discusses about the usefulness of DEM and satellite digital data for extraction of structural features in SW of Zagros mountain, Iran.     

Computer application on evaluating beach sediment erosion and accretion from profile survey data

Handling and visualizing of beach profile data using visual programming provides better and more user-friendly effects to geologists, environmentalists, and policy makers. Several computer programs are available to visualize beach profile data. But in all programs, the raw field data cannot be used to calculate the sediment erosion and accretion. In this report, we describe the development of a simple piece of software BEACH using Visual Basic 6.0 that can store and analyze large volumes of profile survey data obtained from graduated pole or level surveys. The program precisely calculates the beach width, slope, and sediment volume above any user-specified datum. It also estimates the erosion and accretion made in a beach. This program is very useful for coastal zone management and environmental impact assessment studies.     

Computer program for presentation of grain-size data by the graphic method

A computer program is described for a Hewlett-Packard desk-top Calculator (Model 9820A)-Plotter (Model 9862A) which plots a histogram, frequency polygon and/or cumulative curve, as well as standard statistical parameters and percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay from raw weight data from a sediment grain-size analysis. The program utilizes the graphic method for calculating statistical parameters in contrast to other commonly used computer programs derived for the method of moments. This program is advantageous because (1) it is rapid, (2) it allows direct comparison with grain-size data in the literature which have been computed by the graphic method, (3) either a complete presentation of a distribution can be obtained on one sheet of paper or a series of cumulative curves or frequency polygons can be prepared on a single graph which is ready for publication photocopying, (4) automatic extrapolation of data points from a cumulative curve eliminates inconsistencies arising from manual extrapolation, and (5) the desk-top calculator is more convenient to use, eliminates punching of data cards, and can be operated by someone without a knowledge of computers and programming. Disadvantages of the program are: (1) some authors feel critical percentiles are more accurately read off cumulative curves plotted on a probability ordinate than on an arithmetic ordinate, (2) the cumulative curve is a series of straight-line segments, (3) the frequency polygon is not as accurate a representation of grain-size distribution as a frequency curve and (4) size class intervals for the histogram and frequency polygon are standardized at 0.5φ, even though gravel and mud fractions are analysed at whole φ intervals. For most studies, the advantages of the program outweigh the disadvantages.     

岩体结构统计均质区的划分

本文介绍由Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ提出的基本概率统计理论的关联表分析，结合施密特投影图研究岩体统计均质区的划分方法。对该法进行了适当的修改，编写了相应的计算机程序。并对三峡永久船闸地区的岩体结构，进行了岩体结构统计均质区的划分，获得了良好的效果。     

EH4仪器阻抗估算剖析

详细讨论了STRATAGEM(EH4)音频大地电磁测量系统资料处理过程中所隐含的重要步骤及其实现过程,特别是由时间序列资料经FFT变换后所产生的原始谱叠加后的频点与其相应的X文件(互功率谱文件)中的频点对应、归属与筛选问题,由X文件形成Z(阻抗)文件时X文件中频点与Z文件中频点的对应、归属与筛选问题。上述问题的解决,为相关研究人员利用该设备所采集资料而开发其他阻抗估算技术提供了基础。     

Pseudo-outcrop Visualization of Borehole Images and Core Scans

A pseudo-outcrop visualization is demonstrated for borehole and full-diameter rock core images to augment the ubiquitous unwrapped cylinder view and thereby assist nonspecialist interpreters. The pseudo-outcrop visualization is equivalent to a nonlinear projection of the image from borehole to earth frame of reference that creates a solid volume sliced longitudinally to reveal two or more faces in which the orientations of geological features indicate what is observed in the subsurface. A proxy for grain size is used to modulate the external dimensions of the plot to mimic profiles seen in real outcrops. The volume is created from a mixture of geological boundary elements and texture, the latter being the residue after the sum of boundary elements is subtracted from the original data. In the case of measurements from wireline microresistivity tools, whose circumferential coverage is substantially <100 %, the missing circumferential data are first inpainted using multiscale directional transforms, which decompose the image into its elemental building structures, before reconstructing the full image. The pseudo-outcrop view enables direct observation of the angular relationships between features and aids visual comparison between borehole and core images, especially for the interested nonspecialist.