岩石卸荷破坏特征与岩爆效应

岩爆是在地下洞室开挖卸荷过程中发生的,岩爆特征与岩石卸荷破坏特征密切相关．本文设计了模拟洞室开挖过程的三轴卸荷实验,探讨了岩石在不同卸荷速率条件下的变形破坏特征及其岩爆效应     

西藏扎墨公路嘎隆拉隧道岩爆倾向性实验研究

岩爆是高地应力山区硬岩隧道施工主要地质灾害之一,岩爆倾向性分析是研究、预测岩爆的主要方法。西藏扎(木)墨(脱)公路嘎隆拉隧道埋深大,地应力高,岩性主要为花岗岩,发生岩爆的可能性大。结合嘎隆拉隧道工程实践,在隧道钻取了岩芯试样,进行了岩石单轴压缩实验、单轴压缩加载和卸载实验以及Kaiser效应声发射实验,开展了岩爆倾向性研究。实验结果表明,岩石冲击性能指标WCF(峰值荷载以前的能量积累与峰后的能量耗散之间的比值)皆>3.0,大多数试样的弹性变形能指数WET(全应力—应变曲线峰值前区卸载曲线下面的面积与加卸载曲线之间的面积之比)>2.5,岩石具有强岩爆倾向;岩石声发射(AE)撞击数累计数-时间曲线特征属于第III类,当应力接近峰值时声发射突然迅速增大,岩石很快发生突然而猛烈的破坏,其岩爆倾向性强。隧道施工实践表明,在研究区段有岩爆现象发生,但由于地下水较发育,定为弱岩爆现象。岩爆倾向性研究为嘎隆啦隧道安全施工和支护设计优化提供了信息,也为西藏复杂地质条件下类似工程建设提供一定的借鉴。     

动力扰动对岩爆的影响分析

弹性应变能的积聚是产生岩爆的内因,但岩爆的发生往往具有外界因素的扰动．据些首先分析了动力扰动对岩爆触发的机理,然后结合某水电站引水隧洞岩爆实例,利用复反应分析原理计算了动力扰动过程对岩爆的影响．     

影响深埋长隧道岩爆的主要因素分析

岩爆是深埋长隧道的主要工程地质问题之一。影响岩石发生岩爆的主要因素有围岩性质、埋深、区域构造应力、地形地貌、活断层和地震等。文中对上述因素对岩爆的影响进行了分析,并指出精细的地面地质调查是合理评价深埋长隧道岩爆的基础。     

顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围分析

顺层滑移-拉裂是顺层岩质边坡中常见的一种破坏模式,顺层滑动岩体范围大小是该类边坡稳定性分析及其加固支挡结构设计的基础,是设计人员最关心的问题。考虑边坡开挖卸荷效应对边坡岩体力学参数的影响,建立了顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围的计算式,利用重庆至怀化铁路沿线顺层岩质路堑边坡失稳破坏的调查资料进行对比分析,结果吻合较好。     

三峡工程永久船闸边坡岩体卸荷特性

从地貌学角度,分析了三峡工程永久船闸边坡岩体的自然及人为卸荷特性,指出了地表侵蚀、河流下切、开挖船闸等自然及人为地貌过程诱发了岩体的基本卸荷过程,构筑了一个三峡工程永久船闸边坡岩体卸荷特性的宏观模式。实地调砥及数值计算成果均表明,地貌分析法在分析实际岩体工程中,岩体卸荷特性方面具有较强的应用价值。     

一种垂向卸荷型浅生时效构造的地质力学模拟

采用地质力学模拟方法 ,再现了铜街子水电站浅生时效构造的形成演化过程。研究表明 ,它是区域性剥蚀卸荷过程中因岩体中残余应变能释放、时效变形而在浅部岩体中形成的一种垂向卸荷型变形破裂迹象。     

花岗岩残积土开挖边坡的工程特性

为研究开挖效应对花岗岩残积土工程特性的影响,进行压缩性和抗剪强度试验,研究应力卸荷、饱和软化、失水干缩的影响以及注浆加固效果,然后从几何微结构及其损伤角度,研究其开挖边坡滑动的微观机理,主要结果有:边坡开挖后,随着临空面的形成和暴露,失水干缩、应力卸荷及饱和软化等开挖效应将导致土体弱化,而且当它们共同作用时,弱化效应叠加;对花岗岩残积土注水泥浆,可修复并增强土体的微结构,减弱开挖效应;提出的微结构几何模型,基本反映了花岗岩残积土的微观特征,可较好地解释开挖效应,揭示开挖边坡的滑动破坏机理。研究成果可为花岗岩残积土开挖边坡防护的设计、施工及新技术研究提供概念上指导和参考。     

分析软弱岩石峰后应变软化力学特性

软弱岩石在采矿工程当中给巷道支护与维护带来许多棘手的问题,深入探讨软弱岩石的受力变形与破坏机制和规律,对于确保围岩的稳定与安全拥有非常重要的意义。经过对软弱的泥岩所做的常规的三轴压缩实验,得到了不一样围压下,全应力与应变的关系曲线,以应力状态符合Mohr-Coulomb极限破坏为前提,创建软弱岩石屈服面的模型,用广义的黏聚力c与广义的内摩擦角?这两个状态参数表达。     

雅砻江上游深层倾倒体发育特征及形成演化机制

深层倾倒是雅砻江上游层状斜坡变形破坏的主要模式。利用基于演化过程的工程地质研究方法,分析深层倾倒体工程地质特性和内部变形破坏-力学机制,进行工程地质分区评价,并从变形过程和演化阶段上定性认识斜坡的整体稳定性。研究表明:区内深层倾倒体发育规模巨大、变形程度剧烈,且具有明显的分区性,为典型的互层倾倒;软硬相间的岩性组合、陡倾的岸坡结构,加之垂直层面密集节理的切割是深层倾倒体形成的控制性因素。在叠加有残余构造应力的自重应力场中,互层倾倒是受节理面和层面控制的复合倾倒模式,即:硬岩发生块状-弯曲倾倒,而软岩发生弯曲倾倒;受河谷演化控制,深层倾倒体主要经历4个演化阶段:卸荷回弹陡倾面拉裂阶段,初始变形阶段,板梁根部折断、剪切面贯通阶段以及破坏阶段,并最终转化为蠕滑-拉裂模式形成滑坡;变形破坏模式的转化是深层倾倒体进入累进性破坏阶段的重要标志,该滑动面受倾向坡外结构面控制,主要发生在强变形岩体中,而并非沿最大弯折带发育。     

Strength of Stacking Technique of Ensemble Learning in Rockburst Prediction with Imbalanced Data: Comparison of Eight Single and Ensemble Models

Rockburst is a common dynamic geological hazard, severely restricting the development and utilization of underground space and resources. As the depth of excavation and mining increases, rockburst tends to occur frequently. Hence, it is necessary to carry out a study on rockburst prediction. Due to the nonlinear relationship between rockburst and its influencing factors, artificial intelligence was introduced. However, the collected data were typically imbalanced. Single algorithms trained by such data have low recognition for minority classes. In order to handle the problem, this paper employed stacking technique of ensemble learning to establish rockburst prediction models. In total, 246 sets of data were collected. In the preprocessing stage, three data mining techniques including principal component analysis, local outlier factor and expectation maximization algorithm were used for dimension reduction, outlier detection and outlier substitution, respectively. Then, the pre-processed data were split into a training set (75%) and a test set (25%) with stratified sampling. Based on the four classical single intelligent algorithms, namely k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), deep neural network (DNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN), four ensemble models (KNN–RNN, SVM–RNN, DNN–RNN and KNN–SVM–DNN–RNN) were built by stacking technique of ensemble learning. The prediction performance of eight models was evaluated, and the differences between single models and ensemble models were analyzed. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, revealing the importance of input variables on the models. Finally, the impact of class imbalance on the prediction accuracy and fitting effect of models was quantitatively discussed. The results showed that stacking technique of ensemble learning provides a new and promising way for rockburst prediction, which exhibits unique advantages especially when using imbalanced data.

     

Assessment of Rockburst Risk in Deep Mining: An Improved Comprehensive Index Method

With the increasing depth of underground engineering, the risk of coal–rock dynamic disasters such as rockburst is becoming more and more serious and complex, which seriously threatens the safety of coal resource, mine production and the surface ecological environment. However, the existing risk indices and methods used for evaluating rockburst risk cannot be fully applied to deep goal seam group (DCG) mining. For the safe exploitation of coal resources, in this paper, based on statistical analyses of 300 cases of rockburst, six new indices are proposed for evaluating rockburst risk in the DCG, namely dip angle, moisture content, stability of coal seam, advancing speed of working face, disturbance factors and support patterns. In addition, the influence of multiple factors coupling and superposition on rockburst risk was considered. Thus, the Comprehensive Index Method of rockburst risk of Deep Coal seam Group (DCG–CIM) based on analytic hierarchy process was established. Finally, rockburst risk in the evaluation area was quantitatively assessed into four grades, including “No rockburst risk”, “Weak rockburst risk”, “Medium rockburst risk” and “Strong rockburst risk”. Taking the 2233 working face of Hengda Coalmine as an example, the evaluation results show that the ranges of 0–184 m, 224–284 m, 324–384 m, 424–484 m, 524–584 m and 594–624 m from terminal line of haulage roadway on 2233 working face were the medium rockburst risk zones, which are in accordance with the on-site impact damage results and are more accurate than the traditional method. The DCG–CIM can consider more inducing factors and obtain more accurate and reliable evaluation results and is more suitable for deep coal seam group mining.

     

苏州绕城高速公路K19滑坡的工程地质特征及治理

以苏州绕城高速公路K19滑坡工程为例，对滑坡工程地质条件及特征、滑坡成因和形成机制进行了研究。结果表明，该滑坡受地形地貌和物质结构条件控制，受人为工程切坡和降雨诱发而形成的。最后，在确定影响滑坡稳定的主要控制因素和失稳机理的基础上，分析和评价了不同工况条件下的稳定性，提出了进行滑坡防治的工程对策。     

四川某矿山边坡失稳机理及稳定性评价

四川某矿山开采边坡迄今已有30余年,随采区规模的逐渐扩大,在矿区南坡构成一典型的顺层开挖边坡,因矿层中夹有不同数量的软弱夹层,在边坡前缘破坏坡角、并加上降雨及爆破振动影响,时常发生颁层滑坡,不仅给矿山人民生命财产带来严重危害,而且也严重制约矿山的正常发展。通过对典型开挖边坡所在部位的工程地质条件凋查,在确定影响边坡稳定的主要控制因素和边界条件的基础上。考虑四种工况条件下的稳定性分析和评价,为矿山下一步施工提出了较为合理的开挖方案。     

Use of fly ash with no water consumption for cold regions transportation infrastructure

The construction period in cold regions is very short due to problems related to excavation and use of frozen soils in embankment construction, which leads to excessive deformations upon thawing. Also, handling of compaction water is critical due to freezing temperatures. Coalburning thermal power plants are very common in cold regions to supply electricity. The inorganic part of the pulverized coal after burning produces fly ash, which is available in large volumes. Due to excavation difficulties and the poor engineering behavior of frozen soils in cold regions, the utilization of fly ash when it is readily available must be promoted. Any construction technique which utilizes alternative materials like fly ash and minimizes water consumption has a potential to extend the short construction season and even allow service and maintenance during extreme weather conditions. This paper presents two potential techniques to solve the moisture affinity of silt-sized materials like fly ash. One technique involves in-plant production of fly ash pellets using cold-bonding pelletization to manufacture aggregates of up to 40,000-μm diameter from 15- to 60-μm-diameter fly ash grains. Large disc pelletizers have annual production capacities of up to one million ton at a reasonable cost. The product has adequate strength for embankment construction even when no water is used and no compaction is applied. The second technique is an in situ mixing technique which uses snow instead of compaction water for fly ash. The snow is the main element in this technique to compact the embankment. Water is needed for the hydration reactions to form cementitious minerals in fly ash. The slower the hydration reaction, the greater the crystal growth of cementitious minerals. In the proposed technique, in situ snow is mixed with fly ash and is compacted on-site. The temperature increase due to the hydration reaction of fly ash upon contact with snow crystals provides water for continued long-term hydration, which results in high strength, a high void ratio, light weight, and high thermal insulation capability. The presented techniques have the potential to extend the short construction season in cold regions and will provide fill material, decreasing the need for excavation. Both techniques are well documented under laboratory conditions, the research results have been published, and the techniques are ready for field trials to assess implementability.     

STATISTICAL METHODS IN ROCK MAGNETISM

Summary. This paper describes the statistical techniques available to the experimenter in palaeomagnetic work. The theory of these methods is based on an assumed probability distribution of errors. It is shown that the mathematical requirements of this distribution are obeyed by the observations from rock samples which are known to possess a stable magnetization; observations on rocks with unstable magnetization however do not conform to it. A theoretical derivation is given for this probability distribution.
The problem of estimating the mean direction of magnetization of a geological formation has in recent years become a matter of the greatest geophysical interest since it is from such estimates that the position of the pole of the Earth in past geological ages is determined. This problem is largely one of the judicious choice of samples and a procedure is suggested whereby such estimates may be achieved with the greatest sample economy.     

中天山石冰川特征研究

中天山研究区内石冰川有数百条之多,在86°E以西地区以阿尔卑斯型为主,东部则以科罗拉多型为主。前者具有规模大、活动性强的特点,后者正相反。东部叶状石冰川在结构上分为三层,具有“一冻到底”的特点。作者认为本区石冰川东西间分布差异主要是因西部更冷湿所致,地形、岩性、冰川和灾害地貌过程等因素促进了这种差异的形成。     

斜坡破坏过程的断裂力学分析

本文运用断裂力学的原理和方法,分析了斜坡破坏过程中后缘开裂、滑动面的形成和结构面连通的机理,以及破坏中所遵循的轨迹。通过模拟实验、数值分析和应用,证明断裂力学方法是一种分析斜坡破坏机理的有效方法。     

Nature rehabilitation by floodplain excavation: The hydraulic effect of 16 years of sedimentation and vegetation succession along the Waal River, NL

The “Ewijkse Plaat” is a floodplain along the Waal River, NL. In 1988, the floodplain was excavated as part of a program for enlargement of the discharge capacity and was assigned as a nature rehabilitation area. This paper describes the combined geomorphological and vegetation evolution of the floodplain until 16 years after the initial excavation using elevation data and data on vegetation structure derived from detailed aerial stereographic imagery. The impact of these processes on flow velocity and water surface elevation was evaluated by using a hydraulic model. Within 16 years, the excavated amount of sediment was redeposited in the area. The dominant geomorphological process after excavation was vertical accretion of the floodplain which resulted in the formation of natural levees. The amount of sedimentation was correlated to the across-floodplain flow (R² = 0.89). In the research period, 41% of the sedimentation took place during two single major flood events. The creation of pioneer stages by excavation promoted softwood forest establishment, which influenced the sedimentation pattern significantly. The landscape evolved toward structure-rich vegetation. Nine years after excavation the initial hydraulic gain was lost by the combined effect of sedimentation and vegetation succession. Implications for river and nature management are discussed.