岩石变形破坏过程中渗透率演化规律的试验研究

利用伺服试验机对灰岩和砂岩进行了应力应变全过程渗透性试验,研究了岩样变形和破坏过程中的轴向应变与渗透率之间的关系,分析了岩样环向应变对渗透率的影响规律,探讨了岩样变形破坏前后渗透压差随时间的变化关系。结果表明,岩样渗透率与应力状态密切相关,渗透率的峰值滞后或超前于应力应变峰值,这与岩石介质本身的特性有关;渗透率-环向应变曲线与渗透率-轴向应变曲线有相同的变化趋势,但岩石环向变形比轴向变形更能灵敏地反映渗透率的演化规律;岩样变形破坏峰值前后的渗透压差与时间均遵循负指数关系。最后对岩石变形破坏过程中的渗透机理作了讨论。     

An Experimental Study of the Fracture Coalescence Behaviour of Brittle Sandstone Specimens Containing Three Fissures

To analyse the fracture coalescence behaviour of rock, rectangular prismatic sandstone specimens (80?×?160?×?30?mm in size) containing three fissures were tested under uniaxial compression. The strength and deformation behaviours of the specimens are first analysed by investigating the effects of the ligament angle β₂ on the peak strength, peak strain and crack initiation stress of the specimens. To confirm the sequence of crack coalescence, a photographic monitoring technique is used throughout the entire period of deformation. Based on the results, the relationship between the real-time crack coalescence process and the axial stress–strain curve of brittle sandstone specimens is also developed, and this relationship can be used to evaluate the macroscopic deformation characteristics of pre-cracked rock. The equivalent strain evolution fields of the specimen, with α?=?β₁?=?45° and β₂?=?90°, are obtained using the digital image correlation technique and show good agreement with the experimental results of pre-cracked brittle sandstone. These experimental results are expected to improve the understanding of fracture mechanisms and be used in rock engineering with intermittent structures, such as deep underground excavated tunnels.     

The relationship between the deformation mechanism and permeability on brittle rock

In order to study the relationship between the deformation mechanism and permeability on brittle rock, the curves of stress–strain and permeability–strain of brittle rock were analyzed, the results indicated that the permeability of brittle rock increased rapidly at the critical failure point due to the microstructure changed seriously during the compaction, elastic deformation, and progressive failure process. When the rock bridges or asperities on the internal structural plane were ruptured partly or completely after the peak stress, a sudden decrease in rock strength occurred and the peak permeability could be the maximum. The strain at the critical point and turning point on the stress–strain curve corresponded to that at the rapid increase point and the peak point on the permeability–strain curve according to the renormalization theory and curves of stress–strain and permeability–strain. In addition, the ratios could be described by mathematical expressions. The conclusions could be proved reasonably by the experimental studies and examples of statistical analysis.     

基于数字图像相关方法的裂隙砂岩应变场演化规律及前兆识别

目前数字图像相关方法在岩石力学领域的应用主要集中于获取变形场云图,缺乏结合一些指标对变形数据进行定量分析。采用数字图像相关方法对裂隙砂岩试件压缩加载过程进行非接触式、实时变形测量,结合方差量化描述应变场分异特征;而后对应变场方差变化曲线进行有限差分求导,量化描述应变场分异速率,分析应变场演化规律及前兆特征。研究结果表明:裂隙砂岩试件的变形破裂过程可划分为压密、弹性变形、裂纹稳定扩展、裂纹快速扩展及破坏等4个阶段。加载过程中裂隙砂岩试件的裂纹萌生和扩展行为,在应变场上表现为应变局部化带的产生与发展,进而导致应变场方差和分异速率发生变化。应变场方差-轴向应变曲线表现出阶段性特征,可划分为稳定分异、加速分异以及加加速分异等3个阶段。应变场分异速率-轴向应变曲线在张拉裂纹起裂时均出现第一个尖峰,可作为裂隙岩体失稳破坏前的前兆信号,对应的前兆应力与峰值应力之比为0.80～0.96。研究成果对工程岩体失稳预测具有较好的理论参考价值。     

动态扰动对应力松弛岩石变形行为影响的试验研究

利用自主研发的岩石松弛-扰动试验装置,测试了岩石加载、松弛、动态扰动和扰动后4个阶段的轴向应力、轴向应变和声发射响应,观察到了岩石试样在动态扰动后应变增加、应力降低的现象,砂岩试样的这种特征比花岗岩明显。初步分析认为,产生该现象的原因一方面由于松弛-扰动过程导致岩石内部出现不可逆的损伤,另一方面则是扰动去除后试样的残余变形。在初始压密和弹性阶段,砂岩试样的声发射撞击数少;在接近应变峰值阶段,撞击数骤增;在应力松弛阶段撞击数骤减;在动态扰动阶段,撞击数骤增。声发射是由于岩石损伤引起的,声发射数据反映了岩石的损伤是引起松弛试样在动态扰动后应变增加、应力降低的一个原因。另外,基于砂岩和花岗岩的准静态循环加、卸载试验,对砂岩、花岗岩在不同应变等级下的残余应变进行了定量化;砂岩的残余应变远高于花岗岩,这与砂岩试样在历经松弛-动态扰动后应变增加、应力降低较为明显的趋势相对应。同时,无论是松弛-动态扰动试验还是准静态循环加、卸载试验,岩石的残余变形都会随着卸荷初始应变的提高而增加。岩石的损伤与残余变形是密切相关的,两者的综合作用引起了动态扰动后岩石试样的应变增加、应力降低现象。     

不同粒径黄砂岩微观−宏观裂纹演化机制研究

为了探讨粒径对黄砂岩微观-宏观裂纹演化机制的影响,系统地开展了不同粒径黄砂岩单轴压缩声发射试验。基于声发射监测技术以及震源机制反演方法,对岩石变形破坏过程中微裂纹演化机制进行了研究,同时利用电镜扫描技术与几何分形理论,对破坏后的砂岩表面裂隙宏观形态及试件断口的微观形貌特征进行了分析。试验结果表明：粒径的大小、胶结物类型的不同均可影响岩石强度,通过室内试验得出随着黄砂岩粒径的逐渐增大,其峰值应力呈逐渐下降的变化趋势;对比不同粒径黄砂岩试件变形破坏过程中的声发射改进 b 值（ bI 值）与平均声发射能率,所有试件峰值破坏前平均声发射能率均存在“激增”与“激降”现象,且声发射 bI 值在砂岩试件达到峰值破坏时下降到最小值,该现象可以作为岩石的失稳破坏前兆特征;随着构岩矿物颗粒粒径的增大,岩石内部微裂纹的破坏模式由张拉型为主导向剪切型为主导进行转变;破坏后岩样表面宏观裂隙的分形维数随着岩石粒径的增加呈现下降的变化趋势,即粒径大小对岩石表面宏观裂隙演化过程具有一定控制作用。     

应变率对红砂岩渐进破坏过程和特征应力的影响

为了深入研究脆性岩石的渐进破坏过程,利用RMT-150C型岩石力学试验系统对产自鲁南地区的一种红砂岩进行了系统的力学性质试验研究,得出该类型砂岩试样在不同应变率条件下的力学表现。将试件的渐进破坏过程通过特征应力分为裂纹闭合阶段、线弹性变形阶段、裂纹起裂和稳定扩展阶段以及裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,通过对应力-应变曲线、轴向变形刚度、体积应变曲线和裂纹体积应变等数据的分析,以及采用动点回归技术确定了试样的起裂应力和致损应力,并进一步研究了该类红砂岩的渐进破坏过程及红砂岩峰值强度、起裂应力等参数和应变率之间的关系。试验结果表明,随着应变率的增加,红砂岩试样的峰值强度先降低后提高,起裂应力及致损应力与峰值强度的比值均有所降低。分析了红砂岩峰值强度变化的物理机制并给出了解释,研究了应变率对红砂岩渐进破坏过程的影响     

Experimental Researches on Hydro-Mechanical Properties of Altered Rock Under Confining Pressures

Altered rock, as the abutment materials of Xiaowan Hydropower Station in China, is a kind of geological defective rock mass. It is loosely structured and its strength is low, with some development of pores and cavities. Research on the hydro-mechanical coupling of the altered rock are of important significance to hydropower projects. In this study, the advanced fully automatic triaxial fluid flow-rheological test servo system is employed to study the hydro-mechanical coupling characteristics of the altered rock, and the water pressures and confining pressures in the laboratory tests are set to simulate the conditions of excavation and impoundment of Xiaowan Hydropower Station. Based on the test results, the stress–strain laws of the rock specimens under the effect of complete hydro-mechanical coupling, as well as the lateral strain and volumetric strain characteristics, are studied. The fluid flow laws of the rock specimens and the effects of the confining pressures on the fluid flow are analyzed. The fluid flow failure characteristic under the effect of the complete hydro-mechanical coupling is discussed. The research achievements show that with the change of the stress states, the permeability of the rock also changes, and the permeability evolution shows the phase characteristic during the process of stress and strain. The impacts of the confining pressures on the strength and deformation and permeability of the altered rock are obvious. The failure behaviours of the rock specimens under the effect of coupling relates to the confining pressures, including two kinds of splitting failure and shear failure. The fluid flow failure characteristic of the rock specimens depend upon the initiation, growth and coalesce of micro-cracks, heterogeneity, confining pressures and properties of the rock.     

泥质砂岩蠕变特性与锚固控制效应试验研究

通过泥质砂岩单轴压缩蠕变试验,揭示岩石蠕变变形与破坏的特点,反映了不同应力路径下的岩石蠕变速率与发展过程,建立了泥质砂岩的非线性蠕变模型,并通过对试件施加侧向刚性约束和锚固约束,以反映地下工程围岩在平面应变状态和支护状态下的蠕变特性。研究结果表明,锚固约束可以显著提高岩石发生稳定蠕变的应力阀值,减缓蠕变速率。根据改进的蠕变方程进行试验数据的拟合,确定了改进的西原模型蠕变方程中的各物理量。与单轴蠕变试验结果对比表明,该模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,说明改进的西原模型可较好地反映岩石加锚后的蠕变特征。研究结果对深部地下工程围岩的变形与稳定控制研究具有重要的指导意义。     

考虑弹性核作用下的冲击地压形成机理模型试验

使用CCD相机搭建实验图像数据采集系统,采用花岗岩模拟坚硬顶底板、红砂岩模拟软岩层组合成岩层结构,近似还原顶板来压过程中软岩层的变形破坏过程,研究帮部"弹性核"对冲击地压至灾的影响机制。研究结果表明:(1)上覆顶板来压时,可将软岩层划分为塑性破坏区、弹性承压区、原岩应力区,弹性承压区易形成较大的弹性核。(2)软岩层变形能在弹性承压区大幅度积累,其积累过程是波动式上升的;在峰值荷载前,变形能积累和释放的频率加快;达到峰值荷载时,弹性承压区变形能存在明显的释放过程。(3)冲击地压发生时,塑性破坏区冲击并反作用于临近岩体使其短暂收缩。(4)冲击地压是一个渐进性的过程;一方面,由于水平约束的消失,弹性承压区的受力状态由水平方向受约束的压缩状转入单轴压缩态,导致其承载能力减弱;另一方面,承载区面积快速减小,导致软岩层承压区域承担的竖向荷载突增;两者共同作用导致冲击地压出现渐进性的冲击和破坏。     

含折线型裂隙砂岩试件翼型裂纹起裂与扩展机制研究

岩体内部赋存的裂隙很多表现为折线型,为探究这类岩体的断裂机制,制备含折线型裂隙砂岩试件并对其进行单轴压缩试验。采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法计算加载过程中的变形场演化,根据新生裂纹两侧的位移差异识别裂纹类型;运用扩展有限元法(XFEM)模拟断裂过程,根据应力分布特征解释翼型裂纹起裂与扩展机制。DIC计算结果表明,新生裂纹处出现应变局部化带,裂纹两侧发生相对分离;含直线型和折线型裂隙砂岩试件的翼型裂纹分别萌生于预制裂隙端部以及折角处,这是因为裂隙几何形态会改变拉应力集中位置;含折线型裂隙砂岩试件的起裂应力小于含直线型裂隙砂岩试件,这是因为相同加载条件下前者的最大拉应力值更大;这2类试件的裂纹扩展均是由于裂纹尖端集中的拉应力引起的,裂纹依然呈张开状态;裂隙几何形态未改变试件的最终破坏模式,均表现为对角剪切破坏。     

砂岩三轴循环加卸载条件下的渗透率研究

渗透率是地下工程的流-固耦合分析中的一个关键因素。对多孔红砂岩进行了三轴压缩试验,在不同变形阶段实施了轴向应力循环加卸载,并在试验全过程中测量轴向渗透率,得到了试样破坏全过程的渗透率演化规律。从平均应力和循环加卸载对渗透率的影响等两方面进行了深入分析,结果表明,（1）随着轴向变形的增加,初始压密阶段和弹性变形试样渗透率均匀减小;进入塑性变形阶段,渗透率与轴向变形的曲线逐渐趋于水平,低围压条件下渗透率略有增加。（2）轴向加载使骨架颗粒被压缩,引起孔隙减小,造成渗透率减小;采用经验公式定量描述了渗透率和平均应力之间的关系。（3）轴向应力循环加卸载过程中,骨架颗粒的不可恢复变形引起渗透率产生不可恢复现象。（4）峰值后渗透率只发生少许突跳,说明对于多孔砂岩,孔隙和裂隙对渗透率的影响相当,且渗透率的突跳程度随着围压的升高而降低。     

基于无网格法的含缺陷岩石变形局部化数值模拟研究

利用自主开发的基于无网格法的岩石力学计算分析程序,采用Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,考虑材料塑性屈服后的软化特性,研究单轴压缩条件下含一个缺陷的岩石试样的变形特性,探讨含缺陷材料的岩石变形局部化的演化规律。计算结果表明,岩石试件的破坏是一个渐进破坏的过程;加载过程中试件中的缺陷弱粒子首先出现粒子破坏并产生声发射,随加载进行试件产生微裂隙并扩张形成一个变形局部化带,局部化带扩张、发展,最终形成一个明显的剪切破坏带,缺陷粒子对试件的破坏起到了控制作用。岩石的声发射记录了岩石材料的塑性破坏过程,岩石试件的剪切破坏带与塑性区的发展具有非常类似的规律,但塑性区面积要大于剪切破坏带,从所处位置来看剪切破坏带位于塑性区之内,通过研究声发射特征信息发现变形局部化发生在应力-加载步（应变）达到峰值强度前。     

岩石低周疲劳损伤模型与损伤变量表达方法

在岩石（体）工程领域,周期荷载作用下岩石的疲劳破坏特性与岩体的长期稳定性密切相关。针对目前对混凝土疲劳损伤研究较多,但对岩石疲劳损伤研究相对较少这一现状,运用损伤力学方法对以累积塑性应变表达的损伤变量进行了分析,指出了目前常用的以累积塑性应变表达的损伤变量表达式存在的理论上的缺点,建立了一种新的岩石疲劳损伤变量表达方法。为研究岩石在疲劳荷载作用下力学性能不断劣化的过程,从连续介质损伤力学的基本理论出发,分析岩石在疲劳荷载下的损伤发展和变形规律,并考虑岩石材料的硬化特性,推导了低周疲劳损伤演化方程,经低周疲劳试验数据分析,所建模型可以较好地反映岩石的疲劳损伤演化规律,可用于岩石在低周疲劳荷载作用下的有限元分析。     

饱水岩石加载变形过程中视电阻率–渗透率的关联性

根据岩石受载变形破坏过程中视电阻率和渗透率的演化规律,分析了岩体破坏过程中视电阻率和渗透率变化的关联性,指出饱水条件下岩石变形破坏过程中视电阻率与渗透率关系密切.基于Archie公式和Carman-Kozeny公式,推导出了饱水岩石渗透率和视电阻率之间的关系式.同时,从岩石加载过程变形破坏的细观分析角度,探讨了渗透率-视电阻率关系式的合理性,进而指出了其成立的基础条件和应用意义.     

煤岩两体模型变形破坏数值模拟

采用拉格朗日元法,在弹性岩石与弹性-应变软化煤体所构成的平面应变两体模型的上、下端面上不存在水平方向摩擦力条件下,模拟了模型的破坏过程、岩石高度对模型及煤体全程应力-应变曲线、煤体变形速率、煤体破坏模式及剪切应变增量分布的影响。结果表明,当模型的全程应力-应变曲线达到峰值时煤体内部的剪切带图案已经十分明显,在模型的应变硬化阶段,煤体中的应变局部化可视为模型失稳破坏的前兆,随岩石高度的增加,模型应力-应变曲线的软化段变得陡峭,这与单轴压缩条件下的解析解在定性上是一致的;煤体应力-应变曲线的软化段变得平缓,煤体消耗能量的能力增强;弹性阶段煤体的变形速率降低;煤体内部的剪切应变增量增加。煤体应力-应变曲线的软化段的斜率、弹性阶段煤体的变形速率、煤体内部的剪切应变增量及塑性耗散能都受岩石高度的影响,说明了岩石几何尺寸对煤体的影响(煤岩相互作用)是不容忽视的。     

Mechanical behaviors of conjugate-flawed rocks subjected to coupled static–dynamic compression

Conjugate flaws widely exist in rock masses and play a significant role in their deformation and strength properties. Understanding the mechanical behaviors of rock masses containing conjugate flaws is conducive to rock engineering stability assessment and the related supporting design. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of conjugate-flawed sandstone specimens under coupled static–dynamic compression, thereby providing insight into how conjugate fractures interact to produce tracing tensional joints. Results indicate that the coupled compressive strength and the dynamic elastic modulus of conjugate-flawed rock specimens show remarkable loading rate dependence. For a fixed strain rate, the specimen with a static pre-stress equal to 60% of its uniaxial compressive strength has the highest coupled strength. Besides, both higher static pre-stress and strain rate can induce smaller mean fragment size and greater fractal dimension of the specimen, corresponding to a more uniform distribution of the broken fragments with smaller sizes. When the static pre-stress is lower than 80%UCS, the flawed specimen under a higher strain rate is characterized by higher absorbed energy. However, when the pre-stress equals 80%UCS, the value of the energy absorbed by the specimen in the dynamic loading process is negative due to the release of the preexisting considerable elastic strain energy input from the static pre-loading. As for the failure modes, cracks always penetrate the preexisting ipsilateral flaw tips to form anti-wing cracks. Under dynamic loading, the conjugate-flawed specimen generally shows tensile failure at a low strain rate, while the shear failure dominates at a high strain rate. In addition, based on progressive failure processes of the conjugate-flawed rock specimens, the evolution of tracing tensional joints in the field is discussed.

     

采动煤岩渗透率演化模型及数值模拟

为描述采动煤岩渗透率演化过程,引入强度退化指数,基于Hoek-Brown强度准则,建立了考虑围压影响的煤岩应变软化力学本构模型。给出了体积应变和渗透率的关系方程,结合应变软化模型建立了采动煤岩渗透率演化模型,并在FLAC下予以实现。通过数值模拟研究了不同围压下圆柱岩样的峰后应变软化力学行为和某煤矿工作面开采过程中煤岩的渗透率演化过程,结果表明：（1）该模型能较好地反映围压对煤岩峰后应变软化行为的影响;（2）随着工作面推进,越来越多的煤岩单元破坏,渗透率也不断增长,逐渐成为瓦斯等流体运移的主要通道。（3）模型能再现采动煤岩渗透率演化的动态过程,从而为煤与瓦斯共采、煤层瓦斯抽放和瓦斯灾害防治提供指导。     

砂岩储层射孔压实带孔隙度与渗透率损伤研究

射孔孔眼是储层油气进入生产井筒的通道,聚能射孔过程会在孔眼周围砂岩储层产生不同程度的损伤。基于射孔效能物理试验和数值模拟,提出了一种用于定量评价射孔压实带孔隙度和渗透率损伤程度的方法。应用塑性随动强化材料模型表征高应变率冲击载荷下的砂岩形变特性,通过显式动力分析程序LS-DYNA数值模拟孔眼压实区域的砂岩动力学响应,获得了砂岩骨架应力、塑性应变、体积应变等关键数据,结合射孔压实带孔隙度与渗透率演化模型,量化分析了砂岩射孔压实带损伤程度。以胜利油田粒间孔隙砂岩靶为例,数值结果与靶心流动效能测试、CT扫描数据能够较好地吻合,验证了定量评价方法的有效性。结果表明,聚能射孔对压实区域砂岩的损伤主要表现为塑性挤压和剪胀两种机制。在孔道内壁区域,砂岩骨架主要受剪胀作用,孔隙度增加;但塑性挤压又改变了原始孔隙结构,造成流动通道阻塞,渗透率降低。     

Numerical experimental study on failure process of sandstone containing natural damage under freeze-thaw cycle北大核心CSCD

Natural damage such as fissures and pores make the rock microstructure show strong heterogeneity,which influences the failure process and mode. In this paper,the numerical test of freeze-thaw sandstone splitting failure with natural damage was carried out based on CT non-destructive identification technology,combined with digital image processing technology and CASRock numerical simulation software. The analysis of splitting failure mode,deformation localization and crack evolution process of freeze-thaw sandstone with natural damage reveals the failure mechanism of sandstone with natural damage under freeze-thaw and load. The results show that the expansion of primary pores（cracks）and the formation of new pores in sandstone are the main forms of freeze-thaw rock failure evolution. The failure of rock containing natural damage under freeze-thaw and load is related to the degree and distribution of natural damage. The generation of secondary cracks mostly occurs in natural damage-intensive areas. During the loading process,the stress in the localized damage zone is far greater than sandstone’s overall stress,and rock’s failure in the localized damage zone is synchronized with the energy release and stress release in the region. Localized damage reflects the evolution of cracks in rocks and helps to predict the direction of sandstone crack development. The failure mode of rock is related to the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The freeze-thaw cycles make the sandstone with natural damage gradually change from brittle failure to ductile failure,and the change of the overall strength of the rock is a gradual deterioration process. © 2022 Science Press (China).