AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MEANDERING TRACKS OF TYPHOONS

Criteria of the free meandering tracks of typhoons are derived from the genera! solutions of typhoon motion equations. It is suggested that the meandering motion of a typhoon is caused by the combination of the internal force, the initial speed of the typhoon and the average pressure gradient force of the typhoon volume affected by the environmental pressure field. It is also revealed that under specified circumstances, the meandering may be caused only by the typhoon's internal force. Finally two examples of fitting calculation are given for illustration.     

ELEMENTARY VIEW OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT OF THE ATMOSPHERES OF VARIOUS PLANETS

The global mean temperatures of the atmosphere and the surface of various planets of the solar system are deter-mined by taking the system as in radiative equilibrium,with the atmosphere taken as transparent to solar radiation butwith an albedo α,and composed of N layers each of which absorbs all infrared radiation that falls on it,and a top layerof partial absorptivity a,while the surface is taken as black.It is found that,for the earth's atmosphere with α=0.33,N=0,a=0.83,it gives the current observed mean surface temperature T_s=15℃ and the effective mean radiative temper-ature of the atmosphere T_a=242.6K.On the other hand;the atmosphere of Venus is characterized by α=0.70 andN=70,which yields a surface temperature of about 700K.It is also found that surface evaporation and absorption of solar radiation by the atmosphere tend to lower the sur-face temperature.     

ON DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ENERGY FIELDS OF EXPLOSIVE ENHANCEMENT OF TYPHOON OFFSHORE

The energetics process of offehore typhoon in three kinds of explosive enhancement (T_EE) are ana lyzed using ECMWF data. The results are as follows: (a) During the explosive development process,the enhancement of the rotational kinetic enersy (K_W) is mainly in the lower troposphere while that ofthe potential energy (PE) is in the upper troposphere. The magnitude of rotational kinetic energy islargely bigger than that of divergent enersy (K_Χ). (b) The environmental energy advected into the typhoon was about 30% of the internal increment of typhoon energy. The magnitude of energy was an order larger than increment of typhoon energy. (c) Among those three kinds of explosively developed typhoon, the enersy transformation mechanisms are different. (d) The influence of environment fields onabrupt intensification of typhoons couldn't be overestimated.     

ANALYSIS OF AMBIENT FIELDS AND SATELLITE IMAGERY CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECT OF BAY OF BENGAL STORMS ON LOW- LATITUDE PLATEAU

Based on the composite analysis method, 12 rainstorms triggered by Bay of Bengal storms(shortened as B-storms hereafter) across the whole province of Yunnan were studied, and some interesting results of rain and circulation characteristics influenced by the storms were obtained for low-latitude plateau.Usually, when a rainstorm weather occurs in low-latitude plateau, the B-storm center locates in the central,east or north parts of the Bay of Bengal. At the same time, the subtropical high ridge moves to 15°N - 20°Nand the west ridge point moves to the Indo-china Peninsula from the South China Sea and the low-latitude plateau is controlled by southwest air streams coming from the front of the trough and the periphery of the subtropical high. The southwest low-level jet stream from the east side of the bay storm has great effect on heavy rains. On the one hand, the southwest low-level jet stream is playing the role of transporting water vapor and energy. On the other hand, the southwest low-level jet stream is helpful to keep essential dynamical condition. From the analysis of the satellite cloud imagery, it is found that mesoscale convection cloud clusters will keep growing and moving into the low-latitude plateau to cause heavy rains when a storm forms in the Bay of Bengal.     

AN IMPROVEMENT OF STATISTICAL PREDICTION OF TYPHOON TRACKS

In this paper, a statistical interpretation composite forecast model for typhoon track is set up by using numerical forecast products and several forecast schemes. Tested in 1994 typhoon season, its forecastperformance is much better than that of a previous statistical forecast model. The test shows that it is aneffective method that sufficiently Anproves objective forecast of typhoon track using the numerical forecast output products obtained in forecast and adopting several schemes in composition.     

AGROCLIMATIC BASIS OF OPTIMUM SEEDING TIME OF CROPS

In this article the theoretical method to determine the optimum seeding time of wheat and maize isestablished.For wheat,it is based on the close relationship between accumulated temperature and numberof leaves on the main stalk as well as number of stalks per plant of wheat,and for maize,based on theclimatic potential productivity model of maize.Using these models,we found that the optimum seeding time should be,for winter wheat,decided byaccumulated temperature from seeding date to the beginning of dormancy,and for maize,postponed forabout 30 days for medium variety and about 50 days for early variety in contrast with traditional seedingtime.Besides,through analysing climatic data the agroclimatic pattern of optimum seeding time for bothcrops in Beijing area has been found as well.     

GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS OF COLUMN ABUNDANCE OF OZONE AN

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EQUATORIAL WESTERLIES

The real-time data of the high level atmosphere obtained by the R/V Xiangyanghong No.5 involved in the international TOGA-COARE project at 2°S, 155°E and at fixed real time of 05, 11, 19 and 23 h GMT each day from Nov. 5, 1992 to Feb. 18, 1993 are used to analyze diagnostically the vertical structure of wind and humidity over the central area of the warm pool. The results show that (1) the lowfrequency oscillation of the equatorial westerlies (i. e. reconstruction-development-decline) is closely related to the vigour and interruption of the Asian-Australian monsoon (including air flow across the equator caused by East Asia cold wave), (2) the variabilities of the vertical structure of wind and humidity, and the processes of precipitation and gale weather in the troposphere of the warm pool area are closely related to the intensity of the equatorial westerlies, and (3) there are strong wind belts over the high and low level atmosphere in the western equatorial Pacific at the inception of the ENSO event, and jet flow at the high and low level atmosphere during the equatorial westerly burst.     

A THEORETICAL STUDY OF MULTI-WAVELENGTH LIDAR EXPLORATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS

Feasibility is investigated of multi-wavelength lidar exploration of size distribution patterns (SDP) and -complex refractive indices (CRI) of aerosols in different layers of a stratified atmosphere, and an improved observational scheme is worked out for the optical parameters (extinction coefficients, angular scattering coefficients and their ratios) of the substance in layers homogeneous horizontally in optical depth obtained by a bi-static lidar system. Variations are examined of these parameters versus CRI (whose real part is 1.33-1.63 and imaginary 0.00-0.1) and working wavelengths (0.3472, 0.53, 0.6943 and 1.06 μm) in such SDP as Junge-3, 4 and 5. The Deirmendjian Haze M and L. A method is thereupon developed for retrieval of aerosols' SDP and CRI from these parameters and tested by suitable numerical experiments.     

INFLUENCES OF DIURNAL CHANGE OF SOLAR RADIATION ON SIMULATED PROPERTIES OF SUMMER MONSOON

Comparative experiments with and without the diurnal change of solar radiation are made inthis paper by use of an air-sea coupled 7-layer primitive equation modeling system in a zonal domainbetween 60°S and 60°N.The results show that the quasi-stationary patterns of the mean monsooncirculations are not evidently affected by the diurnal change of solar radiation.The main influencesmay come from the land-sea distribution and the orography.However,the inclusion of the diurnalchange of solar radiation into the model system may improve the intensities of the simulatedmonsoon circulations both at the high and the low levels.It can influence the distributive patternof precipitation to a larger extent.Without the diurnal change,precipitation in the interior of landwould decrease and in the coastal regions it would increase.The changes of the soil temperatureand the soil moisture are fairly correspondent to that of precipitation.The areas with increasingprecipitation and the areas with decreasing precipitation are distributed in the wave form.As to theinfluences on the monsoon development,the results indicate that the diurnal change of solarradiation can speed up the development of the monsoon in the early stage.Therefore,the inclusionof the diurnal change of solar radiation can make the model equilibrium state to reach earlier.     

一次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟———中尺度对流系统形成发展机制

2008年6月11-13日在华南地区出现了特大暴雨,这主要是由一系列中尺度对流系统(MCS)的相继生成,合并和强烈发展导致的.该研究利用新一代中尺度数值模式WRF对此次暴雨过程进行数值模拟,重点研究此次强降水过程中MCS发生、发展和演变过程及其相关物理机制.在MCS的生成过程中,由于西南涡的存在导致MCS始终处于正涡度环境中,正涡度导致的低层辐合与大气静力不稳定都是重要的MCS启动机制,这两者的共同作用有利于MCS的生成与加强.MCS形成后,在强垂直切变的环境中,倾斜抬升机制发生作用,更进一步加强了环境涡度,形成有利的正反馈过程,造成MCS迅速发展.这些加强的MCS和大尺度环境流场相互作用,造成了它们的合并.在MCS的分裂过程中,马氏力起着重要作用.     

WRF模式对弱强迫系统中雷暴预报个例研究

用WRF2．2版本,针对2006年7月13日洛阳市区,发生在副高边缘偏东南暖湿气流中的雷暴进行了模拟预报,结果表明WRF模式能描述弱强迫天气尺度系统中的中小尺度对流系统,能捕捉到常规天气图上难以分辨出来的雷暴单体。模式输出的中尺度要素场可以确定雷暴发生的地点;模式探空的对流有效位能、抬升指数、沙瓦特指数、K指数随时间演变曲线的拐点,能指示雷暴发生的时间。个例分析表明WRF模式在预报弱强迫天气系统雷暴时具有较好的性能,用WRF模式来作雷暴的分析预报早一条可行的徐径。     

垂直分辨率对广州"5·7"特大暴雨数值模拟影响的研究

精细化的垂直分辨率能够更好地反映大气动热力环境和中尺度系统生消演变过程,不同层次高度垂直分辨率的加密对暖区对流系统触发及组织发展机制的影响有待深入研究。本文针对2017年5月6日（UTC）广州局地突发的特大暴雨受复杂地形影响、其对流中尺度系统局地触发、后向传播及组织化的特点,运用WRFV3.9.1,采用GFS资料较好地模拟和再现了此次大暴雨过程,并进行了不同高度垂直分辨率的敏感性试验,以探究垂直分辨率对此次暖区暴雨触发及组织化过程的影响。结果表明:低层垂直分辨率加密试验能够模拟出更强的偏南回流、偏东风和较强的低层风场辐合以及较强的温度扰动,进而引起更强的对流触发;中层垂直分辨率加密更有利于大范围的强干冷空气侵入对流系统,其造成的潜热和不稳定能量的释放,是对流系统发展的重要原因;高空垂直分辨率的加密试验则描述出了对流系统上部与高空急流出流相关的高空辐散中心、对流系统周围的高空强辐散中心以及相邻对流单体的垂直环流,细致再现了对流单体合并为对流系统的组织化过程。     

江淮流域持续性强降水过程的多尺度物理模型

本文对江淮流域持续性暴雨事件（PHREs）的多尺度物理模型和能量转换特征以及青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响下游地区降水的研究成果进行了总结。从欧亚大陆Rossby波列能量频散的角度揭示了江淮流域PHREs中纬度系统槽脊稳定的机制,定量分析了冷暖空气的源地和输送路径,提出了江南型和江北型PHREs的多尺度物理模型。从天气尺度和次天气尺度之间的能量转换角度呈现了不同尺度系统相互作用的物理图像,指出背景场的能量供给是直接触发暴雨的次天气尺度系统维持的最重要因子,尤其是在对流层的低层,动能的降尺度级串（即能量由背景场传递给次天气尺度系统）最强。研究表明青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响江淮流域的降水是一系列天气系统配合和活跃的结果,主要由青藏高原和四川盆地、二级地形和东部平原之间的热力环流、西南涡、二级地形以东中尺度涡旋和对流系统的共同影响。除了本文总结的内容,还有一些影响PHREs的因子值得深入研究,多尺度相互作用中的Rossby波源及其波列如何影响天气系统,中尺度系统对其背景场的能量反馈等。     

江苏一次突发暴雨的数值模拟

采用中尺度WRF模式（WRF3．4）和WRF-3DVAR系统,同化GTS常规观测资料和GPS反演的探空廓线资料,对2012年8月10日发生在江苏东北部地区的一次突发性特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并利用高分辨率的模式输出数据对此次暴雨过程进行多尺度分析和对流不稳定性研究。结果表明：模拟结果较好地再现了此次过程;台风低压和中纬度槽脊系统相互作用,中低层弱冷空气扩散和高、低空急流耦合为此次暴雨过程提供了有利的大尺度背景;地面中尺度辐合线和迅速发展的β中尺度对流系统（M8CS）是直接导致此次局地突发性暴雨的中尺度系统,地面中尺度辐合线的位置和暴雨的落区基本一致,M8CS的强烈发展对应于暴雨的最强阶段;暴雨发生前和暴雨发生时,对流系统中等日。线密集而陡峭,不稳定能量的突然性释放造成αθ／Oz迅速减小,口。垂直剖面呈伸向低空的“漏斗状”分布,有利于垂直涡度和对流不稳定发展。     

北部湾海风锋暴雨气候特征分析

利用常规观测数据、地面自动气象资料及欧洲数值模式格点数据,对1990～2007年广西暖区暴雨过程的时空分布特征、主要影响系统进行统计分析,并重点就由于中-β尺度对流系统海风锋系统所引发的暖区暴雨天气过程个例进行了综合分析,首次指出海风锋系统作为一个中尺度系统,是触发北部湾暖区暴雨的一个重要中-β尺度系统,并归纳出北部湾海风锋暴雨海风锋系统环流配置的主要特征,得到概念模型。     

南海暖季天气系统与中尺度对流过程研究进展

本文总结了近几十年来暖季(5～10月)南海热带天气系统及中尺度对流过程的相关研究进展.聚焦暖季南海中尺度对流过程,概述性回顾了与南海中尺度对流过程相关的热带大气环流和夏季风的基本特征,影响南海中尺度对流发生、发展的重要天气系统,并着重归纳了南海中尺度对流系统的活动规律、结构特征与形成机理.在此基础上,探讨了当前及未来南...     

On the consideration of mesoscale transports in climate modelling

Summary The dynamical effect of land surface heterogeneity on heat fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is investigated using numerical simulations with a non-hydrostatic model over a wide range of grid resolutions. It is commonly assumed that mesoscale or dynamical fluxes associated with mesoscale and convective circulations simulated by a high-resolution model (subgrid (SG) model) on the subgrid scale of a climate model (large-scale (LS) model) represent additional processes in the ABL, which are not considered by the turbulence scheme of the LS-model, and which can be parameterized using the SG-model. The present study investigates the usefulness of this methodology for small-scale and large-scale idealized heterogeneities using a SG-model resolving mesoscale or even microscale circulations to compute the mesoscale fluxes on the scale of the LS-model. It is shown that the dynamical transports as derived from the SG-model should not be used to correct the parameterized turbulent fluxes of the LS-model. The reason is that the subgrid circulations simulated by the SG-model interact with the fields of wind and scalars in the ABL, which results in reduced turbulent fluxes in the ABL. Thus the methodology of previous studies to use mesoscale/dynamical fluxes for the correction of flux profiles simulated by climate models seems to be questionable.     

一次秋季强降水超级单体风暴过程分析

利用雷达、加密自动站、NCEP再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2011年11月4日发生在江苏中北部由超级单体产生的短时强降水过程,经分析表明:(1)本次过程中500 hPa为西南暖干气流,上下层温度平流差动不明显,上下层湿度平流差动是前期位势不稳定建立的主要原因。(2)超级单体风暴低层强烈的后侧入流,不断为其输入暖湿气流,其前侧为强烈的上升气流,而高空有较强的后向流出。在这种流场的作用下,超级单体风暴的发展得到加强和维持。(3)对流首先在700 hPa相对湿度梯度大值区与地面中尺度辐合线相交处被触发,整个过程中强对流回波出现在地面中尺度辐合线附近,并伴随其东移。东移的地面辐合线与盐城东部局地生成的对流风暴所造成的地面辐散出流相遇,演变为一条新的地面辐合线,地面辐合显著增强,导致短时强降水的发生。中尺度地面辐合线的移动和增强在这次超级单体风暴过程中起到了触发和维持、加强的作用。(4)对流发展初期,地面辐合区对应着未来对流回波生成区域,有很好的超前性;随着对流发展,地面负散度大值区与对流回波区逐渐重合,当散度场出现临近正负散度中心对时,对流发展达到最强。     

巢湖地区一次梅雨期强对流暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用地面气象观测资料、ERA5再分析资料、FY-2E卫星和多普勒雷达资料,对2011年7月17日发生在巢湖地区的一次强对流暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果显示:500hPa深槽、850hPa切变线及地面低压是此次暴雨过程的天气尺度影响系统,强降水发生在湿层和暖云层深厚、较低的抬升凝结高度、中等强度对流不稳定及弱垂直风切变条件下;FY-2E卫星云图分析表明,此次强降水过程主要是多个中尺度对流系统在巢湖合并所致,短时强降水落区主要落在中尺度对流系统TBB等值线密集区附近,TBB中心强度越强,TBB等值线梯度越大,对应的1h降水量越强;多普勒雷达分析揭示,短时强降水发生在两个对流回波合并期间,对流风暴移动缓慢,大于45dBz强回波均在6km以下,呈低层强烈气旋式辐合、高层辐散特征;地面中尺度辐合线是此次风暴的触发因子;湿位涡诊断结果表明,600hPa以下对流不稳定,600hPa以上对称不稳定,有利于暴雨和中尺度系统的发生发展。