TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF THE DUSTSTORMS OVER EAST ASIA*

The transports of dust are calculated using 3-dimensional(3-D) trajectory method for three cases of duststorms in the terrain-following coordinate system,and the synoptic processes are also discussed for each case.The case of 17-20 April 1980,a severe duststorm was associated with the rapid development of a cyclone over the Mongolia Plateau.The dust moved from west to east across several deserts,formed a typical dust path in spring.The other two were weaker and the dust was triggered by the strong wind behind the cold front from northwest or north.Because the vertical velocity is considered in 3-D trajectory analysis,trajectories calculated should better reveal the transport rule of the dust particles and the results seem to be more consistent with the synoptic processes.The trajectory analysis on the 2-D isobaric surfaces is simpler but can be used only in the conditions with weak vertical wind shear and weak vertical velocity.The difference of trajectories at lower levels between two methods may be caused by the different treatment of orography.     

论东亚梅雨锋的大尺度环流及其次天气尺度扰动

本文论述东亚梅雨锋的大尺度环流及其次天气尺度扰动,提出了以下的论点;东亚梅雨是印度季风体系与北太平洋哈得来(或信凤)体系之间的过渡带中产生的现象;梅雨锋是半热带、半温带性质的天气系统;梅雨锋暴雨的发展与梅雨锋上次天气尺度扰动有关。文中给出了东亚梅雨锋的大尺度环流及其扰动的概念模式。     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

东亚夏季风的年代际变化对中国降水的影响

选取了74个环流特征资料中的18个因子,分析了这些因子与我国九大气候区在不同尺度上的降水变化的关系。研究结果表明：不同的地区、不同尺度上的降水变化受不同的环流特征因子的影响。     

东亚的气候鋒

本文根据1955—1959年逐日02时(北京时)东亚地面天气图統計了鋒出現頻数的分布,給出1、4、7、10月东亚气候锋的位置.     

东亚夏季风的变化与中国降水

本文分析了1951—1980年东亚夏季风的强弱变化及其与我国降水分布的关系,发现夏季风强弱不同的时期,我国降水分布有明显差异。同时研究表明,随季风强弱的变化,相应的行星尺度环流亦发生明显改变。最后对夏季风强弱变化的可能原因进行了讨论.      

青藏高原及东亚邻近区域对流层顶气压场的时空演变结构分析

利用经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法,对1948～2004年青藏高原及东亚邻近区域对流层顶气压场的时空演变结构进行了分析.由EOF分解得到的第1模态所占的方差贡献率较大,对应的空间分布场及其时间系数变化均能有效地反映气压场的主要演变特征.各季节不同模态呈现的高纬度、副热带和热带地区的空间场结构形态具有共性与季节性特征,且对流层顶断裂带位置变化也较为清晰.零等值线的季节性摆动,在冬季处于最北端.热带气压场随时间的变化与时间系数的变化相似性最大,不同模态的时间系数变化具有明显周期振荡现象.同时,对各季节第1模态的时间系数变化进行Morlet小波分析,进一步得到了不同季节气压场年际和年代际变化的结构特征.对流层顶冬半年的时域演变尺度大于夏半年,并具有复杂的多时间尺度结构.     

东亚夏季风建立过程中的大气能量变化

本文利用1980、1981年4—6月资料,分析了0°—25°N、95°—120°E区域中的大气能量变化。发现在东亚夏季风建立过程中,该区域中能量水平收支和分布均发生了明显的变化,并能较好地反映出东亚夏季风的建立早晚和强弱差异。对总能量各项的计算结果表明:潜热能是东亚夏季风建立过程中的一个重要影响因子。 文章还初步研究了东亚夏季风建立前期,中低纬环流之间相互作用的动力学表现。指出90°—125°E之间,前期越过35°N向南输送的涡动动量对东亚夏季风建立具有触发作用。      

冬半年欧亚雪盖变化对东亚环流的影响

对1973～1994年期间欧亚雪盖和东亚500hPa高度距平资料进行旋转扩展主成分分析,研究了冬半年欧亚雪盖异常与后期夏半年东亚环流分布连续演变的关系及其可能机制。结果表明前期秋冬春季欧洲、中亚和东亚中高纬雪盖异常不同的动态变化激发出具有不同持续性的东亚低频流型,而夏半年东亚副热带环流纬向扩展型演变与前期冬半年欧亚雪盖异常无关。     

近百年东亚登陆台风的长期振动

按不同地段统计分析了1884—1980年期间东亚登陆台风个数以偏多期与偏少期交替为特征的长期振动。发现东亚沿太平洋的多数地段上登陆台风数的长周期振动的主要周期为20年左右,较短周期的振动主要有5～6年和2～3年周期。不同地段上长期振动的差异主要表现在周期、位相和振幅上。还发现登陆台风数的长期振动与春夏季节关键地区的大型气压环流的低频振动有某种关联。      

VARIATIONS OF CLOUD FRACTION OVER EAST ASIA UNDER GLOBAL WARMING CONDITIONS IN THE PAST 20 YEARS

Based on the variation of cloud fraction revealed by D2 Cloud Climatic Data of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and trend analysis methods, the trend of different types of cloud fraction over East Asia during 1984-2006 is obtained. The analysis focuses on the relationship between temperature and different cloud fraction under the background of globe warming. The result shows a fluctuating decreasing tendency in the total cloud fraction, high-level cloud and low-level cloud over East Asia with the decrement being 2.24%, 1.65% and 1.68%, respectively, while the mid-level cloud increases by 1.07%. In addition, there are great regional differences in cloud fraction. Temperature and water-vapor content variation caused by the greenhouse effects over East Asia is the primary reason for the variation of cloud fraction. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the Bay of Bengal and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the temperature is negatively correlated with high-level cloud, but positively correlated with mid- and low-level cloud. However, over the West Pacific and the ocean east and north of Japan, the temperature is negatively correlated with low-level cloud but positively correlated with high-level cloud.     

用轨迹法研究寒潮个例

本文利用FGGEⅢ_bSOP(Ⅰ)资料,计算了1979年1月24日—31日的一次东亚寒潮过程中空气质点的三维运动轨迹。结果表明:这例寒潮高压不是原来在欧亚交界处的早期冷高压的东移加强而成,而是在后者的前部巴尔喀什湖及其附近地区再发展而成。整个寒潮酝酿过程实质是一次地面冷高压的替换过程。根据轨迹分析,这例寒潮高压的形成主要是由于在亚马尔半岛及其附近地区对流层中层具有极地冷空气特性的气团南下、到巴尔喀什湖及其附近地区的堆积;同时,这一地区空气本身的绝热上升冷却也起到一定的作用。寒潮爆发阶段,冷空气主体自对流层低层作扇形散开。冷空气的整个活动过程是堆积—散开—再堆积—再度散开的过程。     

THE INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY OF EAST ASIA MONSOON AND ITS EFFECT ON THE RAINFALL OVER CHINA

1 INTRODUCTION It is known early on that the intensity of East Asia monsoon affects the climate change in China and prompts much research in this aspect[1, 2]. The research also shows that the East Asia monsoon plays a more important role than the Indian …     

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING THE TRANSFORMATION OF COLD AIR OVER LAND AFTER OUTBREAK OF COLD WAVES IN EAST ASIA

Authors have studied the transformation processes of cold air over land in East Asia for eight cases which occurredin different months of 1981.First,the surface eddy sensible and latent heat fluxes,and drag coefficient were estimatedaccording to the approach of similarity theory.Then,the apparent heat source,the apparent moisture sink,and solarand long-wave radiative heating(or cooling)were further calculated through the budget method and physicalparameterization algorithm.It has been found that the cold air immediately starts the transformation process over landonce it moves away from its region of origin.In winter,the degree of transformation of cold air mass gradually intensi-fied as it travelled southeastward;while arriving in the ocean,the cold air mass underwent the most significant transfor-mation process.In summer,the most vigorous transformation of thermal and moisture fields was observed in NorthChina and Mongolian region,with much greater intensity than that in winter.     

1979年7、8月东亚地区赤道缓冲带的结构及其活动

本文利用美国华盛顿气象中心发布的1979年7、8月逐日格点风资料(范围35°S—35°N、85°—145°E),分析了东亚赤道缓冲带结构及其活动特征。结果表明东亚赤道缓冲带为对流层中低层不对称暖性系统,其内为负涡度、辐散下沉区;并发现7、8月它的活动是不相同的,7月缓冲带活动在1°N—1°S赤道附近,8月稳定在2°N以北地区。文中指出7、8月赤道缓冲带活动不相同是由于在这个期间西太平洋副热带高压第二次季节性北跳,经向大尺度环流产生一次明显的调整造成的。      

东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流

文中从夏季东亚热带、副热带环流系统特点出发 ,定义了能较好表征东亚夏季风环流年际变化的特征指数 ,并分析了东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流及夏季中国东部降水的关系。文中定义的东亚夏季风指数既反映了夏季东亚大气环流风场的变化特征 ,也较好地反映了夏季中国东部降水的年际变化特征。此外 ,还探讨了东亚夏季风指数变化的先兆信号     

夏半年青藏高原东部大气热源异常对环流和降水的影响

本文利用高原２３个测站探空资料，经客观分析求得的１９８３－１９９２年夏半年逐月青藏高原东部大气热源和水汽汇积分值，讨论了高原东部大气热源对北半球大气环流以及对我国降水的影响。月距平均资料显示，高原东部大气热源在ＥＮＳＯ年一般有所加强，与此相应，５００ｈＰａ高度场从高原到淮河流域为一低值区，蒙古一带为高压区，１００ｈＰａ高度场高原上空为高压区，我国东北，朝鲜和日本一带为低值区。     

东亚的梅雨期与亚洲上空大气环流季节变化的关系

本文根据气候的资料以及1951—1957年的高空资料,对东亚的梅雨期气候特点,以及梅雨期跟亚洲上空大气环流季节变化的关系,作了分析.作者发现,东亚梅雨期的开始和结束是很有规律性的,梅雨期与亚洲上空大气环流的季节变化有着很密切的关系.这个时期是发生在亚洲上空行星风带向北突然推进的时期.东亚梅雨期开始的日期跟印度季风在印度加尔各答建立的日期是相一致的.梅雨期的结束跟日本馆野高空西风急流消失并且东风出现的日期很接近.这种在亚洲上空出现的大气环流季节变化,在年与年之间,虽然在时间上有一些出入,但变化的型式却是一致的.这种现象的揭露,对于东亚梅雨的了解及预报问题是有帮助的.     

RegCM3对东亚环流和中国气候模拟能力的检验

使用RegCM3区域气候模式,嵌套ERA40再分析资料,对东亚地区进行了15年（1987～2001年）时间长度的数值积分试验,分析了模式对东亚平均环流及中国地区气温和降水的模拟。结果表明,模式对东亚平均环流的特征和中国地区降水、地面气温的年、季地理分布和季节变化特征均具有一定的模拟能力,对气温和降水年际变率的模拟也较好。此外模式模拟在测站稀少地区,可以提供局地如降水分布更可靠的信息。模式对气温的模拟存在1-3℃的系统性冷偏差;对中国地区降水地理分布的模拟也存在一定偏差,如对年平均降水的模拟中,降水最大值位置与观测有一定差距,特别是对冬季降水中心的模拟存在较大偏差。模式模拟的夏季降水,在中国北方地区总体偏大100-200 mm,南方总体偏小100-200 mm。模式对地面气温的模拟效果好于降水。     

CMIP3气候模式对东亚冬季大气环流模拟能力的评估

利用1960—1999年ECMWF月平均再分析资料(ERA40)和耦合模式比较计划(Phase 3 of the CoupledModel Intercomparison Project,简称CMIP3)21个气候耦合模式对20世纪气候模拟试验的模式结果,从气候态和年际变化两个方面,评估了CMIP3气候模式对东亚冬季大气环流的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)模式对东亚地区冬季海平面气压、850 hPa纬向风、经向风和500 hPa高度场气候态的模拟存在不同程度的偏差,但均能较好模拟出上述要素气候态的空间分布特征。总体而言,模式对500 hPa高度场气候态的模拟效果最好,而对850 hPa经向风的模拟效果较差。(2)模式基本上能抓住近40年来东亚地区冬季500 hPa高度场的主要变化特征,但基本上不能模拟出冬季海平面气压、850 hPa纬向风和经向风的变化特征。此外,模式对阿留申低压、蒙古高压和东亚冬季风强度的变化特征几乎没有模拟能力。