南黄海夏季表层海水中pCO2分布的初步探讨

作者在 1 999年夏季的航次中 ,获得了南黄海表层海水 p CO2 的实测数据。本文结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料 ,对影响 p CO2 分布和变化的某些重要现象进行了初步探讨。研究表明南黄海表层海水 p CO2 的分布存在较大的不均匀性 ,这是边缘海区海水中生物、物理和化学因素复合作用的结果。除长江口门外的 p CO2 高值区外 ,南黄海表层海水的 p CO2 值与叶绿素、水温大体呈负相关 ,而与海水的盐度基本上呈正相关。     

黄河口附近海域营养盐特征及富营养化程度评价

根据 2005 年 5 月、8 月 2 个航次对黄河口附近海域 33 个站点(38 °02′00 ″ ～ 37 °20′00 ″N, 119 °03′24 ″ ～ 119 °31′00 ″E)的海水化学调查资料,研究了该海域的活性硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)和无机氮(DIN)等营养要素的特征及富营养化水平.结果表明,营养盐的高浓度区域分布在黄河口南部海域,8 月 SiO3-Si 和 PO4-P 的浓度高于5月,而 DIN 的浓度则相反.表层海水 SiO3-Si 和 DIN 的浓度与表层海水盐度都呈显著负相关性(P<0.01),DIN 与 COD 呈显著正相关性(P<0.01).黄河口附近海域DIN:P值5月为136,8月为 54.3,为磷限制性营养状态.黄河口附近海域富营养化指数(EI)的平均值大于1,黄河口南部海域富营养化现象严重,COD 和 DIN 是造成海域富营养化的主要因子.     

黄海、东海颗粒有机碳的分布特征及其影响因子分析

分析研究了2001年春季黄海、东海颗粒有机碳(POC),结果表明POC的浓度为2~3815μg/dm3,其平面分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特点.海水表层POC浓度与三磷酸腺苷(ATP)呈显著的正相关,这表明2001年真光层POC主要是海洋生物源.对不同海区POC垂直分布的影响因素做了探讨:长江口附近受总悬浮颗粒物浓度的影响,POC呈现表层低、底层高的特征;陆架区POC的垂直分布是生物活动与水文条件(海水混合、层化)等因素共同作用的结果;在离岸较远的深水区,影响POC垂直分布的主要因素是大洋海水的性质.由海区4个周日连续站的观测结果得知黄海区POC的周日变化主要受生物周日活动的影响,而在东海区POC周日变化除了受生物周日活动影响外,还分别受到潮汐作用以及海水水团周日变化等因素的影响.     

2017年春、夏季南黄海西部营养盐的分布特征及其与浒苔暴发的关系

基于2017年4月、5月、6月和8—9月在南黄海西部海域4个航次的现场调查,分析了春至夏季逐月的营养盐分布特征及其影响因素,初步探讨了营养盐与浒苔绿潮暴发的关系。结果表明：春至夏季苏北近岸浅水区总体呈现出高温、低盐、高营养盐的特征,且各理化要素垂向差异不明显;同时该海域表层水体中的营养盐含量自4月至5月有所下降,而后开始上升,至8—9月达到最大浓度。受长江冲淡水的影响,调查海域西南部表层存在向东北方扩展的低盐、高营养盐水体,在夏季与苏北海域向外扩展的营养盐高值区连成一体。在调查海域的中部至东北部深水区,入春后表层海水不断升温,至夏季于底层形成显著的黄海冷水团,并在其周围呈现出锋面特征;受初级生产过程和温跃层的影响,入春后该海域的上层营养盐浓度总体呈现出下降的趋势并在夏季维持了较低的水平,而底层营养盐浓度从春季至夏季有所升高且影响范围不断向西南方向扩展,至8—9月达到最大范围。苏北近岸海域丰富的营养盐为入春后大型藻类的生长和暴发提供了重要的物质基础,而且5月南黄海西部相关海域表层营养盐浓度降低与浒苔、马尾藻等大型漂浮藻类暴发对营养盐的吸收利用有关。     

2013 年夏秋季黄海溶解无机氮的分布及季节变化特征

依据2013 年夏季和秋季对黄海海域两个航次的调查结果,对该海域溶解无机氮的季节变化,垂直变化,平面分布状况及其影响因素进行了初步分析和探讨。结果表明,该海域溶解无机氮的分布及组成存在明显的季节性：秋季NO3-N的平均浓度为（7.09±4.15）μmol/dm3,远高于夏季（3.21±3.31） μmol/dm3;夏季NH4-N 含量（0.99±0.95）μmol/dm3 较秋季（0.79±0.82）μmol/dm3 高;夏、秋两个季节溶解无机氮的主要组成部分均为NO3-N,其比例约为70 %和90 %。受浮游植物生长、海水层化以及黄海冷水团存留的影响,调查海域夏季表层溶解无机氮的浓度较低,底层浓度较高;此外,研究海域表层溶解无机氮的分布明显受陆源输入控制,表层溶解无机氮的整体呈现出近岸高外海低的现象,NH4-N的高值区主要出现在靠近城市的近岸海区。该论文可以为该海域氮盐的海洋化学循环研究及赤潮等有害藻华的预防提供科学的理论依据。     

桑沟湾海域石油烃的分布特征及其与环境因子的相关性

2009-04-2010-02对山东荣成典型养殖海湾-桑沟湾海区表层海水的石油烃进行6个航次的监测,分析该海区石油烃的污染现状,探讨石油烃在桑沟湾表层海水中的分布特征,以及与水温、叶绿素a、营养盐等环境因子的相关性.结果表明,桑沟湾表层海水石油烃质量浓度的季节变化大致呈现春夏季高,秋季偏低,冬季最低的特点;水平分布基本...     

流沙湾海水中总有机碳的时空分布及其影响因素研究

于2008年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)对流沙湾进行了4次采样调查,研究分析了流沙湾海水中总有机碳的空间分布和季节变化特征,并探讨了TOC与温度、盐度、pH、叶绿素a和底泥TOC之间的相关关系.结果发现,在2008年度流沙湾海水TOC的浓度为0.992 ～ 5.437 mg/L,平均值为2.414 mg/L,呈现春季＞夏季＞秋季＞冬季的变化趋势,整个流沙湾海域海水TOC的平面分布相对比较均匀,表层稍大于底层.在内外湾分布上,冬、夏季节内湾TOC大于外湾,而春、秋季节外湾大于内湾;在垂直分布上,冬、夏和秋季表层大于底层,而春季底层大于表层;在地域分布上,冬、夏季节从流沙镇一侧海域到西联镇一侧海域逐渐减小,秋季变化趋势相反,春季时,两侧无明显变化.相关关系的分析结果表明,流沙湾海水TOC与温度、pH呈现出正相关关系,与温度的相关关系较为显著,与盐度则呈现不显著的负相关关系;与叶绿素a存在一定的相关关系,在叶绿素a浓度小于2.6μg/L,两者呈现正相关关系,而在叶绿素a浓度大于2.6 μg/L,两者呈现负相关关系;与底泥TOC呈现出了一定的正相关关系.     

罗源湾海水中粪大肠菌群的分布和年际变化

本文于2003年1月到2005年12月对罗源湾海区表层海水中的粪大肠菌群数量和分布进行了调查监测。监测结果表明：罗源湾表层海水中粪大肠菌群的数量在〈2～540个／100mL之间,3年中月平均高值出现在8到10月份,低值出现在1到4月份,且年平均值呈逐年递增。原因分析发现,影响湾内海水中FCB的月平均值数量变化的最主要因素是降水量。另外通过多点采样结果比较,发现罗源湾表层海水中FCB的空间分布呈现为：湾内腹海区〉湾中间海区〉湾口海区。通过国家海水水质标准（GB3097-1997）对本次的调查监测结果进行评价,从2003年到2005年罗源湾海区海水中粪大肠菌群的达标率分别为100％,98．0％和97．9％,表明罗源湾海区表层海水的FCB污染相对较轻。     

中国近海大气气溶胶的时间和地理分布特征

通过对中国近海10个航次气溶胶观测资料的统计分析得出:(1)从黄海、东海至日本以南海域气溶胶中地壳元素年平均浓度明显减小,在春季尘暴多发期间地壳元素浓度离到岸距离接指数规律递减.污染元素气溶胶浓度分布与陆源排放量和离岸距离有一定关系.(2)海上陆源气溶胶浓度的季节分布为:春季最大,秋冬次之,夏季最小.受日本排放源的影响,日本以南海域污染元素浓度最大值出现在冬季.(3)Se元素浓度与海洋源密切相关.海盐元素从黄海、东海至日本以南海域浓度逐渐增加,主要受周围海况影响,与风速呈现一定程度的正相关.影响近海气溶胶浓度的主要因素有陆源气溶胶排放量、降水分布和大尺度天气形势.     

北黄海西部海区营养盐季节变化及其影响因素探讨

根据2006-07-2007-10对北黄海4个航次调查资料,分析并讨论了北黄海西部海区营养盐四季变化及其影响因素。DIN,PO4-P和SiO3-Si的浓度从春季到冬季逐渐升高。春、夏、秋季营养盐底层浓度均远远大于表层的,冬季营养盐各层浓度相近。黄海冷水团是影响北黄海西部营养盐季节变化的主要因素,黄海暖流和鸭绿江水的输入对北黄海西部营养盐季节变化影响不显著;受北黄海跃层的影响,北黄海西部海区营养盐浓度除冬季外,垂直方向均呈现出分层现象,表层浮游植物吸收营养盐,使表层营养盐浓度低于底层的。     

上混合中剪切湍流和朗缪尔环流动力特征差异

Large eddy simulation(LES) is used to investigate contrasting dynamic characteristics of shear turbulence(ST)and Langmuir circulation(LC) in the surface mixed layer(SML). ST is usually induced by wind forcing in SML. LC can be driven by wave-current interaction that includes the roles of wind, wave and vortex forcing. The LES results show that LC suppresses the horizontal velocity and greatly modifies the downwind velocity profile, but increases the vertical velocity. The strong downwelling jets of LC accelerate and increase the downward transport of energy as compared to ST. The vertical eddy viscosity Km of LC is much larger than that of ST. Strong mixing induced by LC has two locations. They are located in the 2ds–3ds(Stokes depth scale) and the lower layer of the SML,respectively. Its value and position change periodically with time. In contrast, maximum Km induced by ST is located in the middle depth of the SML. The turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) generated by LC is larger than that by ST. The differences in vertical distributions of TKE and Km are evident. Therefore, the parameterization of LC cannot be solely based on TKE. For deep SML, the convection of large-scale eddies in LC plays a main role in downward transport of energy and LC can induce stronger velocity shear(S2) near the SML base. In addition, the large-scale eddies and S2 induced by LC is changing all the time, which needs to be fully considered in the parameterization of LC.     

北半球夏季中高纬海洋声散射层分布研究

利用第八次北极调查走航ADCP后向散射强度数据,结合太阳高度、海冰密集度和实测水体环境参数数据,统计分析了中高纬海洋声散射层的时空变化特征。结果表明,纬度越高,声散射层在海表滞留时间越短,即使在极昼期间及全海冰覆盖海域,虽然其迁移幅度和后向散射强度减弱,但仍受太阳高度变化影响,且二者具有较强的时序相关性;在北极中央海域,不仅声散射层迁移活动较弱,且出现无明显散射层的情况,可能是因为该海域浮游动物和鱼类聚集度相对较低且迁移活动微弱,超出了本文所用ADCP的探测精度范围;从鄂霍次克海至白令海西南海域,往返ADCP数据均显示有两个后向散射强度上高下低,但垂直迁移时间同步的声散射层,且二者间距随纬度增加而逐渐减小并合为一体,这可能是由不同生活习性的海洋生物造成的。     

渤海海峡冬季表层海水中溶解无机碳分布特征分析

根据2010 年2 月—2010 年3 月的调查数据, 探讨了冬季渤海海峡及其附近表层海水中溶解无机碳体系的分布特征。结果表明: 表层水体中TA、DIC 和HCO₃^- 的浓度分布总体上呈现出海峡西南部高东北部低的分布趋势。西南部出现的高值区, 与该区域靠近莱州湾, 受莱州湾水体污染影响有关。调查海域TA 与表层水的温度相关性明显, pH 与叶绿素的相关性较高。水温和Chl-a 浓度是影响水体中无机碳体系分布变化的重要因素。其中, 水温对HCO₃^- 的影响要明显强于DIC。海峡南北两侧水体交换的差异, 是导致海峡南部东西两端无机碳体系各参数监测数值的差异明显大于海峡北部的主要原因。     

Dissolved inorganic carbon and CO2 fluxes across Jiaozhou Bay air-water interface

On the basis of data collected in the Jiaozhou Bay in June and July 2003, the DIC distribution in seawater is studied,and an average air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated. The results show that the content of DIC inside the bay is markedly higher than outside the bay in June, but the contem of DIC outside the bay is markedly higher than inside the bay in July. The trend of DIC distribution inside the bay is similar, viz. the content is the maximum in the northeast, then decreases gradually toward the west, and the content is the minimum in the west. The total trend of vertical distribution is to increase gradually from surface to bottom. This characteristic of DIC distribution is determined by Jiaozhou Bay hydrology and there is a close relation between DIC and particulate N.P. Average CO2 flux across the air-sea interface is 0.55 mol/(m^2.a) in June and 0.72 mol/(m^2.a) in July. Jiaozhou Bay is considered as a net annual source for atmospheric CO2 in June and July, and the total CO2 flux from seawater into atmosphere is about 740 t in June and 969 t in July.     

Dissolved inorganic carbon and CO2 fluxes across Jiaozhou Bay air-water interface

On the basis of data collected in the Jiaozhou Bay in June and July 2003, the DIC distribution in seawater is studied,and an average air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated. The results show that the content of DIC inside the bay is markedly higher than outside the bay in June, but the content of DIC outside the bay is markedly higher than inside the bay in July. The trend of DIC distribution inside the bay is similar, viz. the content is the maximum in the northeast, then decreases gradually toward the west, and the content is the minimum in the west. The total trend of vertical distribution is to increase gradually from surface to bottom. This characteristic of DIC distribution is determined by Jiaozhou Bay hydrology and there is a close relation between DIC and particulate N,P. Average CO2 flux across the source for atmospheric CO2 in June and July, and the total CO2 flux from seawater into atmosphere is about 740 t in June and 969 t in July.     

海气交换与呼吸作用调控下杭州湾碳酸盐体系的特征

杭州湾作为典型的高浑浊度海湾,对其水体碳酸盐体系分布特征的研究相对较少.本文基于两个夏季航次(2018年和2019年)获取的调查资料,阐述夏季杭州湾水体中碳酸盐体系参数的空间分布特征,并进一步分析影响溶解无机碳偏离保守混合作用的主要过程及相对贡献.数据结果表明,杭州湾内表层溶解无机碳浓度与总碱度的变化范围分别为1553...     

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea：focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system,the diel vertical migration(DVM) of the sound-scattering layer(SSL) in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW) of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April(spring) and August(summer) of 2010 and 2011.For each survey,13–27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station.The acoustic volume scattering strength(Sv) data were analyzed with temperature profile data.In the spring of both 2010 and 2011,the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column,moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day.Conductivity,temperature,and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8 C.However,the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011.In the summer of 2010(28 C at the surface),the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day,but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10–30 m at night.In the summer of 2011(20 C at the surface),the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night,possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area.It was concluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.     

Reconstruction of subsurface DIC and alkalinity fields in the North Pacific using assimilation of upper ocean data

The subsurface water beneath the summer mixed layer is important to air–sea carbon flux, while its geochemical properties are not frequently observed. A data assimilation method is applied to determine the geochemical fields in the subsurface (i.e., 100 m) from the data collected at the surface in the North Pacific. This method, in the family of the inverse methods, is constructed on a one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model. In addition to temperature and salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity are also considered as model variables, whereas biological productivity is omitted. The geochemical properties increase from the fall to the winter, which is the period simulated by the model, as the mixed layer develops and entrains subsurface water rich in DIC and alkalinity. Consequently, the geochemical fields in the mixed layer must have extremely sharp north–south gradients in the western region of the North Pacific and can be reproduced only by enhancing the north–south gradients in the subsurface. The fields reconstructed by the data assimilation provide useful information about the biogeochemical cycles. It is suggested that the large difference in DIC between the surface and the subsurface in the northwestern region is produced by transporting DIC from the mixed layer to the subsurface in the summer, implying extremely high biological productivity. Furthermore, it is suggested that high DIC in the ambient water is maintained by the upwelling of lower layer water.     

透明胞外聚合颗粒物碳输运新途径

目前大家普遍认为,透明胞外聚合颗粒物(Transparent Exopolymer Particles,TEP)因其独特的凝聚效应导致碳通量向海底输出。但是,近几年的研究表明TEP不仅影响了碳沉降途径,其本身能够悬浮甚至向海水表层迁移,导致其在海洋微表层(Surface Micro-layer, SML)积累,最终显著影响海洋表层碳通量。TEP和其他颗粒物聚集形成凝聚物后,其运动趋势则由凝聚物中TEP的含量占比,即最终颗粒物密度所决定。一个新的值得注意的现象是,密度低的TEP通过与其他微粒聚合形成表面活性物质(Surface-active Substances, SAS),会在海洋–大气界面形成薄膜,显著影响海–气CO₂交换通量,甚至对全球气候变化造成影响。     

A role for a superficial sediment layer in upward nutrient fluxes across the overlying water–sediment interface

A superficial sediment layer (SL) is the top 2–3 mm layer of surface sediment that may contribute to high upward nutrient flux. To study the characteristics and the biogeochemical processes in the superficial layer, the seasonal variation in the total phytopigments (chlorophyll a and pheo-pigments), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) of the surface sediments in a shallow coastal area, Shido Bay, were measured, and the influence of the superficial sediment layer on nutrient flux at the sediment–water interface was investigated. TOC and TN content were relatively constant for the SL and subsurface layers (0–1 and 1–2 cm) during the study period. In contrast, total phytopigments content was higher in the SL layer than in the subsurface layers. The results of upward nutrient flux experiments showed higher nutrient release within the whole sediment core (SL remaining) than the SL-less (SL removed) core. Moreover, high nutrient fluxes were observed during the high temperature season, indicating that seasonal variation in nutrient flux was regulated by temperature. Moreover, in the low temperature season, the SL seemed to absorb nutrients, probably because of microphytobenthos photosynthesis that took up the nutrients under the sufficient light penetration to the sea floor.