有机质饱和烃和δ13Corg.记录的博斯腾湖早全新世晚期以来生态环境演变

通过对新疆博斯腾湖湖芯沉积物中有机质饱和烃、有机质碳同位素组成（δ13Corg.）以及与前人得到的环境代用指标结果综合分析,重建了博斯腾湖从早全新世晚期以来古生态环境和湖泊水文的变化历史。结果表明,博斯腾湖大约在8130cal.a B.P. 之前气候冷湿,湖泊不发育; 约在8130~6400cal.a B.P. 为暖湿的全新世适宜期,博斯腾湖流域降水和开都河径流量增加,湖泊水位上升外溢,水生植物及陆生植物发育; 6400~5500cal.a B.P. 左右冷湿,有效湿度较高,湖泊仍处于较高水位; 5500~3000cal.a B.P. 左右气候波动明显,为温干时期,而大约在4500~3900cal.a B.P. 期间降温,为冷干环境; 3000cal.a B.P. 以来气温降低,2300~1250cal.a B.P. 左右气温有所回升,大约自1250cal.a B.P. 以来博斯腾湖地区自然环境逐渐干旱恶化,陆生植物发育较差,而湖泊中沉水植物发育较好。     

西藏西部聂尔错古湖近20 000-2 000年的微体古生物与环境及气候变化

西藏西部聂尔错古湖37/ZK7的钻孔剖面深10m,含丰富的介形类和轮藻类等微体水生生物化石。介形类数量多,但分异度低。频繁出现、含量较多的是LeucocytheremirabilisKaufmann和LimnocytheredubiosaDaday,其他是为数不多的Limnocytherellina,Eucypris和Candona。轮藻类产出层位多,但其藏卵器保存不好,多系营养体碎片及卵膜。据介形类生态环境分析,结合剖面铀系测年和沉积物特征及相关地化背景值等,聂尔错古湖在近20000-2000年间的古环境变化大致情况如下：①距今20000年前后,湖水较深,水温较低,水质微咸,气候较凉湿转暖湿。②约18700-18100aBP,湖水蒸发量较大,湖泊收缩,湖水逐渐变浅,含盐度增加,气候偏暖干。③约18100-11800aBP,气候冷湿、湖水较深,水温偏低,水质较淡,但是其间有多次气候波动,随着气候的波动,湖泊水体深度和水化学性质发生变化,显示湖区气候较冷湿与凉偏湿频繁交替,晚期凉偏干。④约11800-10000aBP,气候偏暖湿（11800-11000aBP）转冷干（11000-10000aBP）,湖泊生态环境恶化,介形类数量急剧减少,应是对全球仙女木事件的响应。⑤10000aBP进入全新世后,气候偏暖湿（10000-8700aBP,7000-4800aBP）间偏冷湿（8700-7000aBP）;4800-3000aBP转为偏暖干（4800-4600aBP,4400-4300aBP,3800-3000aBP）与偏冷湿（4600-4400aBP,4300-3800aBP）交替;3000-2100aBP以冷干气候为主,湖泊趋于干涸。Micropaleontology,environmentalandclimaticchangesoftheNyêrCopaleolakeinwesternTibetbetween20000-2000aBP     

High-Resolution Records of the Holocene Paleoenvironmental Variation Reflected by Carbonate and Its Isotopic Compositions in Bosten Lake and Response to Glacial Activities

Abstract: The Early Holocene paleoclimate in Bosten Lake on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang, is reconstructed through an analysis of a 953 cm long core (BSTC2000) taken from Bosten Lake. Multiple proxies of this core, including the mineral components of carbonate, carbonate content, stable isotopic compositions of carbonate, Ca/Sr, TOC and C/N and C/S of organic matter, are used to reconstruct the climatic change since 8500 a B.P. The chronology model is made by nine AMS 14C ages of leaves, seeds and organic matter contained in two parallel cores. The climate was cold and wet during 8500 to 8100 a B.P. Temperature increased from 8100 to 6400 a B.P., the climate was warm and humid, and the lake expanded. The lake level was highest during this stage. Then from 6400 to 5100 a B.P., the climate became cold and the lake level decreased slightly. During the late mid-Holocene, the climate was hot and dry from 5100 to 3100 a B.P., but there was a short cold period during 4400 to 3800 a B.P. At this temporal interval, a mass of ice and snow melting water supplied the lake at the early time and made the lake level rise. The second highest lake level stage occurred during 5200 to 3800 a B.P. The climate was cool and wet during 3100 to 2200 a B.P., when the lake expanded with decreasing evaporation. The lake had the last short-term high level during 3100 to 2800 a B.P. After this short high lake level period, the lake shrank because of the long-term lower temperature and reduced water supply. From 2200 to 1200 a B.P., the climate was hot and dry, and the lake shrank greatly. Although the temperature decreased somewhat from 1200 a B.P. to the present, the climate was warm and dry. The lake level began to rise a little again, but it did not reach the river bed altitude of the Konqi River, an outflow river of the Bosten Lake.     

太白山佛爷池剖面的全新世环境变化信息

太白山佛爷池海拔3410m,是一个发育在古冰斗中的冰蚀湖。自湖中210cm沉积剖面进行沉积物粒度、孢粉和测年采样分析,表明自8200aBP以来的环境经历了明显的冷暖干湿变化。8200~6800aBP温暖湿润,在7200aBP出现明显增温;6800~5900aBP气候开始波动,大约在6300aBP有一次短暂的变冷,在6000aBP前后出现明显暖期;5900~4800aBP气温下降,大约在5200aBP达到最低,然后气温缓慢回升;4800~2600aBP气候较为温暖湿润,大约在3000aBP达到最高;2600~900aBP气候变冷湿,大约1500aBP达到最低;900aBP~现代变好。      

青藏高原腹地湖泊沉积纪录的“仙女木期”古气候颤动事件

通过对青藏高原腹地钻孔岩心剖面的最新研究,用层序地层学与年代地层学和气候地层学相结合的方法,分辨出可可西里地区苟弄措湖泊沉积记录(孔深7.25 m)约30 ka BP以来的古气候变化,并在孔深3.32～1.98 m处识别出“仙女本期”的3个气候颤动事件,即:①老仙女术事件(孔深3.32～2.62 m);②中仙女本事件(孔深2.62～2.43 m);③新仙女本事件(孔深2.43～1.98 m)。这3个气候颤动事件都是以冷干时段开始、以冷湿时段结束的,并有越向后期其冷干的时段越长的变化趋势,而其后的冷湿时段却具有等时的变化趋势。岩心沉积物的有机碳、有机氮和磁化率以及化学元素含量的变化,都与仙女本期气候变化具有十分吻合的变化态势。仙女术期气候在湖泊沉积物中的响应,在青藏高原环境演化中还是首次发现,为研究第四纪末次冰期冰消期以来的气候变化提供了新的信息。     

近1500年来新疆艾比湖同位素记录的气候环境演化特征

利用介形虫壳体δ18O,δ13C及其沉积物有机质δ13C同位素组成等环境代用指标,重建了西北干旱区艾比湖地区近1500年来气候环境演化特征。结果表明,气候不稳定性不但出现在时段约660～760A.D.及约1380～1500A.D.由暖干变冷湿的气候转换时期,也出现在时段约1050～1150A.D.及约1850～1940A.D.由冷湿变暖干的转换时期。尤其是由冷湿到暖干的气候转换时期,频繁而大幅度的气候变化影响湖泊水环境的稳定连续性,限制了介形虫等湖泊生物的生存,造成湖泊生态环境系统的破坏。而在百年尺度上艾比湖地区气候表现为暖干、冷湿的组合特征。约1850年开始,气候出现明显的干旱化趋势。     

近1500年来新疆艾比湖同位素记录的气候环境演化特征

利用介形虫壳体^δ18O,^δ13C及其沉积物有机质^δ13C同位素组成等环境代用指标,重建了西北干旱区艾比湖地区近1500年来气候环境演化特征。结果表明,气候不稳定性不但出现在时段约660～760A.D.及约1380～1500A.D.由暖干变冷湿的气候转换时期,也出现在时段约1050～1150A.D.及约1850～1940A.D.由冷湿变暖干的转换时期。尤其是由冷湿到暖干的气候转换时期,频繁而大幅度的气候变化影响湖泊水环境的稳定连续性,限制了介形虫等湖泊生物的生存,造成湖泊生态环境系统的破坏。而在百年尺度上艾比湖地区气候表现为暖干、冷湿的组合特征。约1850年开始,气候出现明显的干旱化趋势。     

宁晋泊沉积剖面碳酸盐含量及其古气候意义

通过华北平原宁晋泊地区南王庄剖面的14C测年和碳酸盐环境指标分析,表明宁晋泊地区28ka以来的古气候变化可分为9个阶段1.大约28000～25000aBP(12.90、11.25m),气候温暖偏湿.2.大约25000～22700aBP(11.25～9.70m),气温较低,抑制蒸发,晚期温度略有回升,碳酸盐含量有增加趋势.3.大约22700～17200aBP(9.70～8.05m),抱粉组合反映气温寒冷,碳酸盐含量较低,相对湿度较大,晚期有变干的趋势.4.大约17200～10600aBP(8.05～5.60m),气候非常干旱,湖泊水体大量蒸发,湖面收缩,产生了大量碳酸盐沉淀.5.大约10600～2600aBP(5.60～4.00m),孢粉组合反映早期偏凉,后期气候温暖,降水充沛,流域生物繁盛,有机质富集.6,大约2600～2270aBP(4.00～3.67m),气候不稳定,变化频繁的特点.7.大约2270～850aBP(3.67～0.60m),碳酸盐含量平均12.55%,变化较大,显示了当时湖泊环境不太稳定.8.大约850～220aBP(0.60～0m),是剖面的最顶部,碳酸盐含量低可能是受土壤形成过程中淋滤作用的影响.     

青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖全新世湖面波动

青藏高原处于东亚季风、印度季风和西风环流交互作用区.末次冰消期以来,太阳辐射对该地区的古气候环境产生了重要影响,湖泊随着季风系统的变化发生了明显的水位升降,对湖岸阶地的形成起到了直接作用.本项研究重建了青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖湖岸阶地记录的湖面波动历史,试图了解青藏高原季风系统演变过程.通过湖泊北岸265 cm厚湖岸阶地沉积物粒度、碳酸盐、矿物、元素和介形虫古环境指标,结合OSL年代模式,分析表明在约10. 2 ka B. P.之前水体较浅;约10. 2~9. 0 ka B. P.湖面开始上升,气候凉湿;9. 0~8. 5 ka B. P.为印度季风强盛期,湖面明显上升,降雨量增高、温度上升;8. 5~7. 9 ka B. P.湖面降低与气候变冷有关;7. 9~7. 0 ka B. P.印度季风开始减弱,气温、降雨下降,但有效湿度较大,湖面降低;7. 0~6. 1 ka B. P.湖面上升可能与低蒸发作用有关,印度季风仍然影响该地区;6. 1~5. 2 ka B. P.,印度季风衰退,气候逐渐变冷、降雨量减小、水体变浅;5. 2~4. 6 ka B. P.气候冷干,有效湿度减小,湖面进一步下降;4. 6 ka B. P.至今气候干冷,东亚季风衰退,湖面下降,期间也可能受西风环流影响而有短暂的降雨增加时期.     

青土湖地区9500a BP以来的环境变化研究

通过对青土湖地区ZY剖面的代用指标分析,研究了该区9500aBP以来的气候环境变化.在9500～6700aBP期间,剖面为风成砂沉积,平均粒径、磁化率、碳酸盐含量和C/N代用指标值均出现了的最低值,代表了湖泊干涸状态下强烈的风力搬运堆积,反映为一种暖干的古气候环境;6700～5800aBP期间,为碳酸盐粉砂质粘土沉积,代用指标的值均为高值,指示高水位、暖湿的古气候环境;5800～2700aBP为碳酸盐粉砂沉积,代用指标的值均表现为中等,代表了低水位状态下的碳酸盐沉积,反映夏季风减弱,区域降水量减少;2700～1100aBP期间为沼泽沉积,此时湖泊水量变化是以人为因素为主还是自然因素为主,需要进一步研究.     

柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面粒度特征及其沉积环境

通过对柴达木察尔汗盐湖贝壳堤剖面沉积物粒度、碳酸盐和磁化率的对比,结合沉积物粒度频率曲线与多种粒度参数分析,详细讨论了研究剖面形成过程中物质搬运和沉积作用以及所反映的环境变化。结果表明沉积物粒度特征指示了湖泊水位的相对变化。在距今约38.2 ka BP（14-C年代,未校正。下同）左右,沉积记录指示古湖泊的范围和水位已达到剖面位置,之后湖泊继续扩张、水位波动上升;在距今约35.5 ka BP,粒径有一突然变细又变粗的过程,可能为一次较快速的湖面波动;在距今约35.5 ～ 33.3 ka BP之间,沉积物颗粒较粗,碳酸盐含量和磁化率值低,揭示湖泊水位较低。距今约33.3 ～ 27.1 ka BP之间,沉积物颗粒较细,碳酸盐含量较前一阶段高,表明此阶段湖泊水位相对较深,但粒度、碳酸盐和磁化率等指标也记录了三次较明显的湖泊快速但短暂的退缩过程;在距今约29.7～28.3 ka BP,沉积物颗粒最细,指示了此时期可能为湖泊水位最高期。从距今约27.1 ka BP开始,沉积积物颗粒明显变粗,揭示湖泊进入到退缩期,距今约18.1 ka BP,粒度指标的变化和上层的盐壳指示湖泊进入快速盐化阶段,之后湖泊退出剖面所在的位置,此后研究区湖泊水位再也没有达到这个高度。     

Complexity of the 8 ka climate event in Sweden recorded by varved lake sediments

Mineral magnetic and carbon analyses of a continuous varved lake sediment sequence in west-central Sweden (Lake Mötterudstjärnet) complement similar palaeoclimate proxies obtained from two varved lake sediment sequences in northern Sweden and one in central Finland. The varve chronology is supported by tephrochronology, palaeomagnetic secular variations and ¹⁴C AMS dating of terrestrial macrofossils. We apply a simple model in which the transport and deposition of catchment mineral matter reflect the amount of winter snow accumulation, spring snow-melt and stream discharge. Our data show that winter snow accumulation was generally enhanced in Sweden between 8100 and 7750 cal. yr BP. If dating errors are taken into account, the 350-year period of increased erosion is the geomorphic response to a multi-centennial scale climatic cooling that occurred some time between 8500 and 7500 cal. yr BP. The most significant erosion event in central Sweden was centred at 8050 cal. yr BP. It lasted 150 years (between 8100 and 7950 cal. yr BP) and is equivalent to the most extreme Holocene climate anomaly in the northern hemisphere, known as the 8 ka or 8200 cal. yr BP climate event. Our high-resolution paramagnetic susceptibility and ferrimagnetic grain-size parameters suggest that snowpack accumulation increased most significantly in northern Sweden between 7900 and 7750 cal. yr BP. We suggest that this north–south difference was a response to the re-establishment of moisture-laden westerly air masses, as meridional Atlantic overturning circulation was re-established at the beginning of the Holocene thermal maximum.     

西藏扎布耶湖区128～1.4ka BP的微体古生物与环境气候变化

本文主要根据西藏扎布耶湖区SZK02孔所揭露的近84m剖面的沉积物特征与其产的介形类6属20种,轮藻类2属3种,结合14C、ESR、U-series地层测年等,初步认为该区128～1.4ka至少存在5个较明显的气候变化时期。①在128～76.7ka(83.63～57.0m)处于我国末次间冰期时段,气候凉湿,湖盆扩展,在90～81ka期间湖面最高,水质最淡。②76.7～58.6ka(57.0～38.13m)为我国末次冰期早冰阶时期,湖盆收缩,水温低,早期76.7～69.7ka(57.0～47.5m)偏冷湿,中期69.7～65.0ka(47.52～42.64m)气候温干,正逢早冰阶时期;晚期65.0～58.6ka(42.64～38.13m)气候干燥度下降。③58.6～29.1ka(38.13～13.75m)处于我国末次冰期间冰阶时段,早期58.6～51.6ka(38.13～33.07m)偏温湿,为3c暖期;中期51.6～42.5ka(33.07～26.13m)气候干冷,为3b冷期,正临末次冰期中冰阶时;晚期42.5～36.0ka(26.13～20.16m)偏凉湿,湿度更大,再次出现高湖面,为3a暖期;末期36.0～29.1ka(20.16～13.75m),趋向温干。④29.1～11.8Cal.ka(13.75～4.83m),气候趋向干冷,处于末次盛冰期(LGM)、末次晚冰阶时期,湖盆萎缩,水温低。早期29.1～16.6Cal.ka(13.75～6.98m)偏温湿;晚期16.6～13.1Cal.ka(6.98～5.76m)寒冷干燥;至末期13.1～11.7Cal.ka(5.76～4.83m),进一步干燥寒冷,全球新仙女木事件在本区发生。⑤11.7～1.4Cal.ka(4.83～0.65m),大致进入全新世气候期,气候波动大,凉湿与干冷交替频繁发生。在11.7～10.7Cal.ka(4.83～4.42m)时较温湿;10.7～9.5Cal.ka(4.42～4.07m)转向干冷;9.5～9.1Cal.ka(4.07～3.7m)更干冷,湖盆进一步萎缩;9.1～6.3Cal.ka(3.7～2.86m)向温干过渡;6.3～3.6Cal.ka(2.86～1.77m)干冷,湖泊已成盐湖;3.6～1.4Cal.ka(1.77～0.65m),气候趋向冷湿。     

Early to mid‐Holocene climate change at Lago dell'Accesa (central Italy): climate signal or anthropogenic bias?

Despite the high potential of pollen records for climate reconstruction, pollen–climate relationships may be biased due to past and present human activities on the landscape. We use (i) transfer functions based on modern pollen–climate relationships to infer seasonal temperature and summer precipitation for the period 11 500–4500 cal. a BP and (ii) lake‐level change records based on different sedimentary proxies in multiple cores that are mainly indicative for summer hydrology at Lago dell'Accesa (central Italy). Quantitative reconstructions indicate lowest summer precipitation during two phases (8500–7700 cal. a BP and after 6000 cal. a BP) and a gradual winter temperature increase from 11 500 to ca. 8000 cal. a BP. Lowest summer precipitation was reconstructed during these phases characterised by vegetation shifts from open forests dominated by summergreen oaks (Quercus) to forests dominated by evergreen oaks (Quercus ilex), which are at present most abundant where summer drought is stronger. Similarly, the lake‐level record indicates two long‐lasting low summer precipitation phases (8800–7700 and 6400–4400 cal. a BP) that were interrupted by short‐term high summer precipitation events. Based on the broad agreement between the pollen‐inferred summer precipitation and the low‐frequency lake‐level changes, we suggest that the duration of the high summer precipitation events may have been too short to maintain drought‐sensitive trees, which may have been affected by high mortality rates when summer dry conditions returned. Although past and modern pollen–climate relationships may very likely have been affected by human activities since the Neolithic (i.e. when exploitation of the landscape started), we reject the hypothesis of a significant anthropogenic bias in the pollen‐based climate reconstruction. In addition, we suggest that pollen‐based and lake‐level reconstructions may have different inherent abilities of capturing high‐ and low‐frequency precipitation signals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiple drivers of Holocene lake level changes at a lowland lake in northeastern Germany

Many German lakes experienced significant water level declines in recent decades that are not fully understood due to the short observation period. At a typical northeastern German groundwater‐fed lake with a complex basin morphology, an acoustic sub‐bottom profile was analysed together with a transect of five sediment cores, which were correlated using multiple proxies (sediment facies, μ‐XRF, macrofossils, subfossil Cladocera). Shifts in the boundary between sand and mud deposition were controlled by lake level changes, and hence, allowed the quantification of an absolute lake level amplitude of ~8 m for the Holocene. This clearly exceeded observed modern fluctuations of 1.3 m (AD 1973–2010). Past lake level changes were traced continuously using the calcium‐record. During high lake levels, massive organic muds were deposited in the deepest lake basin, whereas lower lake levels isolated the sub‐basins and allowed carbonate deposition. During the beginning of the Holocene (>9700 cal. a BP), lake levels were high, probably due to final melting of permafrost and dead‐ice remains. The establishment of water‐use intensive Pinus forests caused generally low (3–4 m below modern) but fluctuating lake levels (9700–6400 cal. a BP). Afterwards, the lake showed an increasing trend and reached a short‐term highstand at c. 5000 cal. a BP (4 m above modern). At the transition towards a cooler and wetter late Holocene, forests dominated by Quercus and Fagus and initial human impact probably contributed more positively to groundwater recharge. Lake levels remained high between 3800 and 800 cal. a BP, but the lake system was not sensitive enough to record short‐term fluctuations during this period. Lake level changes were recorded again when humans profoundly affected the drainage system, land cover and lake trophy. Hence, local Holocene water level changes reflect feedbacks between catchment and vegetation characteristics and human impact superimposed by climate change at multiple temporal scales.     

Development of the mixed conifer forest in northern New Mexico and its relationship to Holocene environmental change

Chihuahueños Bog (2925 m) in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico contains one of the few records of late-glacial and postglacial development of the mixed conifer forest in southwestern North America. The Chihuahueños Bog record extends to over 15,000 cal yr BP. An Artemisia steppe, then an open Picea woodland grew around a small pond until ca. 11,700 cal yr BP when Pinus ponderosa became established. C/N ratios, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values indicate both terrestrial and aquatic organic matter was incorporated into the sediment. Higher percentages of aquatic algae and elevated C/N ratios indicate higher lake levels at the opening of the Holocene, but a wetland developed subsequently as climate warmed. From ca. 8500 to 6400 cal yr BP the pond desiccated in what must have been the driest period of the Holocene there. C/N ratios declined to their lowest Holocene levels, indicating intense decomposition in the sediment. Wetter conditions returned after 6400 cal yr BP, with conversion of the site to a sedge bog as groundwater levels rose. Higher charcoal influx rates after 6400 cal yr BP probably result from greater biomass production rates. Only minor shifts in the overstory species occurred during the Holocene, suggesting that mixed conifer forest dominated throughout the record.     

16000 a以来青海茶卡盐湖的演化过程及其对气候的响应

本文通过系统分析青海茶卡盐湖CKL-2004孔盐类矿物、碳酸盐矿物、碎屑岩矿物以及碎屑岩中的总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN),揭示了该湖16000a以来的演化过程。结果表明:16000～11700cal.aBP期间,茶卡湖为一淡水湖,其间记录了Blling-Allerd暖期(13900～12400cal.aBP)和Younger Dryas冷期(12400～11700cal.aBP);11700～5900cal.aBP期间,湖泊萎缩、咸化;5900～5250cal.aBP期间,茶卡盐湖经历了一个明显的短暂淡化期;5250cal.aBP(?)以后,特别是2300cal.aBP(?)以来,湖泊极度萎缩、咸化。总体而言,相对于晚冰期,茶卡盐湖盐类矿物的出现是在全新世增温的背景条件下逐步萎缩形成的,表明全新世温度的增高引起的蒸发量的增加,远远大于东亚季风增强所带来的降水量的增加。     

亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候变化的西风模式* ——以新疆博斯腾湖记录为例

位于受西风环流显著影响区的我国最大内陆淡水湖——新疆博斯腾湖提供了全新世亚洲中部干旱区气候变化的可靠记录。对该湖钻探岩芯、沉积年代以及孢粉、碳酸盐含量、粒度等代用指标分析结果表明,末次冰消期到全新世早期湖泊干涸,风砂沉积盛行,气候干旱;约8cal.kaB.P.以来现代湖泊形成,气候相对湿润,其中,约6.0~1.5cal.kaB.P.期间代用指标A/C值指示的流域湿度增加,盘星藻指示的湖泊深度最大,全新世最湿润时段发生在中晚全新世。博斯腾湖记录的早全新世干旱和中晚全新世湿润的气候框架得到中亚其他较高分辨率湖泊记录的支持,具有普遍性。亚洲中部西风影响区这一全新世气候变化框架与亚洲季风区早中全新世夏季风强盛、中晚全新世季风衰落的变化模式显著不同,具有近似反相位(out of phase)变化特征。广大中亚内陆干旱区中晚全新世湿润气候不大可能是东亚季风深入内陆造成的,更可能是通过西风环流与高纬度北大西洋相联系,其驱动机制需要更深入研究。