一种基于小波优势频带的深层-超深层碳酸盐岩走滑断裂识别方法及应用

塔里木油田碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深,地震资料主频低,走滑断裂断距小,断层地震反射特征不清楚,识别解释难度大.本文基于连续小波变换,提出一种识别深层-超深层碳酸盐岩走滑断裂方法.通过井震标定和地震正演模拟确定走滑断裂敏感频段,利用连续小波变换方法对断裂敏感频率进行筛选加权,突出断层地震反射特征,提高地震资料对次序级走滑断裂的识别能力.ZG8井区实际资料应用表明:经过本文方法处理后的地震数据与常规数据相比,剖面上走滑断裂的断点特征更清楚,平面上提取的相干属性对次序级断裂的刻画更可靠清晰,有利于本区块走滑断裂的综合解释研究以及断溶体的识别刻画.     

山东海阳断裂东石兰沟段晚更新世以来地表断错特征与最大潜在地震估计

海阳断裂是胶东半岛NE向牟平 -即墨断裂带东部一条规模较大的断裂 ,尽管晚更新世以来该断裂的地表断错活动总体上已基本停息 ,但东石兰沟段在晚更新世晚期以来仍有断错地表的活动。最后一次断错地表的活动发生在距今 3 7～ 1 2万年 ,但接近 1 2万年。地表破裂长度约6 5km ,活动段长度 8km。地表断错以走滑活动为主 ,可见最大倾滑位移 0 2m ;根据断层擦痕侧伏角推测最大水平位移 1 13m。最后一次断错地表的活动若以距今 1 2万年计算 ,则最大平均倾滑速率为 0 0 17mm/a ;最大平均右旋走滑速率为 0 0 94mm/a。野外观测到该活动段的断错活动表现为突发断错 ,根据地震地表破裂参数、活动段长度与地震的关系 ,估计其最大潜在地震为 6 级     

龙日坝断裂带晚第四纪滑动速率和古地震复发行为

<正>为了研究龙日坝断裂带在青藏高原东缘应变分配中的作用和分析平行走滑断裂带是否会像2008年汶川8.0级地震造成两条平行断裂的共同破裂,开展了龙日坝断裂晚第四纪滑动速率和古地震序列的详细定量研究。野外调查表明,龙日坝断裂带位于龙门山以西约200 km,与龙门山断裂带大致平行,它由两条近平行的断裂(毛尔盖断裂和龙日曲断裂)组成。其中毛尔盖断裂主要沿着毛尔盖河和羊拱沟的北侧基岩山坡展布,发育断错山脊和断错水系,其晚第四纪活动表现为右旋走滑;龙日曲断裂主要沿龙日曲河和雀儿     

天全-荥经断裂晚第四纪活动的地貌证据

天全-荥经断裂是青藏高原东南缘的1条晚第四纪且活动资料较少的断裂,在2008年汶川M 8.0地震之后,龙门山断裂带西南端未来的地震危险性受到关注。对天全-荥经断裂晚第四纪活动特征的获取有助于理解该区地震危险性的评价。通过遥感影像解译,结合野外调查和断错地貌测量,分析了天全-荥经断裂在荥经下坝村至桂花村切过荥经河河谷晚第四纪地貌区的活动证据。断裂沿线形成冲积扇断错、阶地坎断错和断坎等地貌,并沿断裂发育滑坡。晚第四纪以来断裂以左旋走滑活动为主,其中T2/T2'阶地坎被左旋断错22—24m。利用荥经河阶地与青衣江河流阶地对比,认为该断裂20—40ka以来左旋走滑速率为0.6—1.1mm/a。仍需要从古地震等方面开展工作,来进一步确定天全-荥经断裂的地震危险性。     

广西北流Ms5.2地震发震构造

采用地表地质调查、地貌调查、建筑物震害调查方法,结合震源机制解及余震分布、地震烈度图,初步探讨了广西北流M_S 5.2地震发震构造特征。研究结果表明:广西北流M_S 5.2地震发生在NW走向的石窝断裂和NE走向的新丰断裂交汇部位,发震构造为石窝断裂;石窝断裂露头平均产状222°∠81°,最新活动性质为具有正断分量的左行走滑断层,最新活动时代为早第四纪;新丰断裂最新运动性质为逆断,最新活动时代为早第四纪;在现今NW向主压应力作用下,石窝断裂发生破裂,发生M_S 5.2地震,同震运动方式以右行走滑为主,余震震中呈NW向分布。极震区建筑物震害调查得出的运动方向与震源机制解显示的同震运动方向一致。     

巴彦浩特断裂北段晚第四纪活动特征及其区域地震构造意义

巴彦浩特断裂位于阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块相互作用的边界构造带上,其晚第四纪活动特征和古地震数据对全面理解贺兰山周边区域地震构造和地震危险性具有重要意义,为此在研究相对薄弱的巴彦浩特断裂北段开展了断错地貌和古地震槽探研究。观测显示巴彦浩特断裂阿拉善左旗以北段以右旋走滑活动为主兼具逆倾滑,断层西盘相对抬升,在浅表形成半正花状构造组合。年代（56.28±4.04）~（82.2±5.78）ka的冲洪积地貌面上冲沟断错137 m,并在东侧形成断塞塘地貌,估计断层右旋走滑速率为1.67~2.43 mm/a。探槽揭示了3次具有显著地表逆倾滑破裂的强震事件,时间分别为（56.28±4.04）~（55.33±3.04）、（32.79±2.22）~（13.76±1.1）、（13.76±1.1）~（7.86±0.43）ka,逆倾滑量分别为0.44、0.35、0.29 m。与前人在巴彦浩特断裂南段的古地震研究进行对比,可知这3次古地震可能仅为部分事件记录。结合已有研究成果建立了贺兰山周边区域地震构造模型,贺兰山西侧右旋走滑的巴彦浩特断裂强震发震能力不容忽视,贺兰山两侧盆地不同性质断裂系共同构成了阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块的活动边界构造带。     

浅层地震勘探与联合钻孔探测揭示丽江-小金河断裂隐伏段复杂花状构造特征

丽江-小金河断裂是川滇菱形块体内部重要的边界断裂,前人根据其断错地貌特征确定其为左旋走滑断层,并认为其左旋断错了SN向的丽江盆地。本文对丽江-小金河断裂丽江盆地隐伏段开展了浅层地震勘探与钻孔探测,通过地层岩性分析建立跨断层的钻孔联合剖面,揭示丽江-小金河断裂斜穿了丽江盆地,隐伏段整体形式为不对称正花状构造,表现为断展褶皱和逆冲断层,但主断层顶部表现为局部拉张,断错了晚第四纪地层。     

2021年青海玛多M7.4地震发震断裂的典型同震地表变形与晚第四纪断错累积及其区域构造意义

发震断裂的最新一次地震同震变形和晚更新世以来的变形历史是约束发震断裂强震变形行为的基础数据,是认识发震断层上地表破裂型地震的复发特征、评估地震危险性的关键数据,对深刻理解发震断裂演化历史和区域构造空间演化与动力学具有重要意义.2021年玛多M 7.4地震为青藏高原内巴颜喀拉块体活动构造及其强震研究提供了一个机会.本文利用大疆M300RTK无人机搭配P1相机对5个典型观测点进行厘米级分辨率和精度的航空摄影测量和野外调查,详细定量解析了典型破裂特征,通过地貌填图和变形地貌测量分析了晚第四纪以来断错地貌记录的位移累积特征.根据破裂组合特征、同震变形量变化和几何结构,2021年玛多M 7.4地震发震断裂江错断裂同震破裂分为朗玛加合日段、野马滩段、拉木草—东湖段和朗玛哦尔—昌麻河段,整个地震事件是一次跨越四个断裂段的级联破裂过程.朗玛加合日段以左旋走滑变形位移为主兼具正断倾滑,倾滑量可达0.61±0.03 m.野马滩段以左旋走滑变形为主兼具逆断倾滑,在野马滩西观测点倾滑量可达0.31±0.04 m,左旋走滑量达到2.83±0.13 m,江错西观测点仍然有1.97±0.08 m的左旋水平位移.朗玛...     

汶川M_S8.0地震中央断裂东北端地表破裂特征及其构造含义

汶川地震地表破裂在东北端从石坎子乡到窝前的运动性质存着从走滑分量略高于倾滑分量到完全为右旋走滑运动的变化过程,倾滑分量在石坎子—平溪段具有逆断性质,在矿坪子及其以北为正断性质,未见挤压变形,窝前完全为右旋走滑运动,地表变形带宽度集中在10m以内;在董家村,地震地表破裂带主要表现为张性裂缝及地堑式负地形,是地震破裂在尾端应力作用下,应变不均一性调节的产物,地表变形带宽度约10～12m;在东河口以北未见地表破裂的证据,推测汶川地震地表破裂带没有穿过流经青川县东河口、关庄、凉水井一带的清水河,东河口一带的构造地貌现象反映了垂直差异性运动,不存在右旋走滑运动的地质地貌证据。在中央断裂东北端断层一侧隆升和另一侧拉张的典型四象限格局成为汶川地震地表破裂的端部表现特征。中央断裂上的汶川地震地表破裂带总长度为240km左右。在汶川地震过程中,沿着中央断裂在地表产生的构造变形在中央断裂的范围内就已经得到了调整,并没有越过中央断裂的范围而传递到以外的地段。     

2013 年洱源MS 5. 5 地震烈度分布及震区活动构造背景研究

2013 年洱源MS5. 5 地震震区地质构造复杂,发育有NW 向和NE 向2 组活动断裂。据野外调查和探槽揭示,震中附近的维西-乔后断裂为晚第四纪活动断裂,其新近活动时代主要在晚更新世晚期,全新世仍有较明显的活动迹象,运动性质以右旋走滑为主兼有正断。此次地震等烈度线呈NNW 向的椭圆形展布,极震区达Ⅶ度,长15km,宽10km,面积约279km2。震源机制解显示:该震源断层为正断兼走滑破裂型,与维西-乔后断裂的运动学特征基本吻合;节面Ⅱ为NW 向,与维西-乔后断裂走向基本一致。结合地震烈度分布、滑坡崩塌体分布和微震分布特征等分析推断,此次地震的发震构造应为维西-乔后断裂。震区地处滇西北横断山脉腹地,巨大的地形高差,强烈的表层岩石风化,是造成此次地震破坏较重的自然地理条件,而居民房屋多为抗震性能差的土木结构和砖木结构等简易建筑,是造成地震灾害加重的构筑物背景。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.