岩石与名砚

砚石是一种特殊的非金属矿产资源,可作砚石的岩石主要有两类:一类是变质岩中的板岩和千枚岩.这种以粘土矿物为主要成分的板状、千枚状岩石,含有一定量的石英、长石、绢云母、绿泥石等矿物.其特点是矿物颗粒细小,变质程度不高,硬度不大,具板状构造.另一类是石灰岩,这是一种海相沉积的碳酸盐岩石,化学成分为CaCO3,矿物成分主要是方解石和白云石.灰岩中有时可含一些泥质、硅质等成分,岩石硬度不大、较脆.在可作砚石的岩石中,以板岩为最好.     

鲁西地区新生代非金属矿含矿沉积建造

山东省鲁西地区新生代盆地中蕴藏着丰富的非金属矿产资源，这些盆地由于其地质构造环境和演化过程的差异，而形成各具特色的非金属矿含矿建造。主要有旱第三纪的含盐类、自然硫碎屑岩－碳酸盐岩－蒸发岩沉积建造；晚第三纪的含膨润土、蓝宝石、硅藻土火山－沉积建造；第四纪的含蓝宝石、金刚石河床冲积沉积建造等。这些非金属矿含矿沉积建造控制了鲁西地区新生代非金用矿产的空间展布和成矿作用特点。因此，深入研究探索鲁西地区非金属矿含矿沉积建造的形成和时空分布特点，对有关矿产的找矿、开发具有重要意义。     

山东沂南徐公砚石矿床地质特征及成因浅析

山东沂南徐公砚历史悠久,具有较高的历史文化价值.本文基于形成的矿床地质数据、岩矿鉴定、测试结果等,通过对徐公砚石岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学等特征的研究,对其成因进行了分析,取得了以下主要认识:徐公砚石矿赋存于新元古代土门群佟家庄组页岩段中,岩性为薄层状透镜状微晶灰岩,时代、层位、岩相古地理等因素影响显著,形成于半深海环境...     

浙江岩溶碳汇估算

<正>一、名词解释碳酸盐岩沉积形成的碳酸盐矿物组成的岩石的总称。主要为石灰岩和白云岩两类。主要矿物成分是方解石、白云石、铁白云石、菱镁矿等,其次为石英、云母、长石和     

天堂山花岗岩岩体变形变质作用特征及形成时代环境

天堂山岩体原属一套陆壳成因具花岗结构二长花岗岩类,由于受区域变质低—中压型高角闪岩相改造而变形变质,使岩石部分重熔、重结晶,产出新世代矿物,形成脉状体,变为—套片麻状含硅线石花岗岩—含硅线石花岗片麻岩—脉带状花岗片麻岩类组合.文章对天堂山花岗岩岩体的变形变质特征和变质环境特征进行分析,在此基础上判别岩体成因类型的构造环境及时代.     

山东乳山金青顶金矿床金的赋存状态研究

山东乳山金青顶金矿床是一种硫化物石英脉型金矿床,富含黄铁矿,研究黄铁矿中金矿物特征,可以为金矿的勘探、矿石的选冶以及矿床成因提供理论支撑。本文通过电子探针能谱仪和波谱仪对金青顶金矿黄铁矿中金矿物的矿物学特征、化学成分和赋存状态进行了精细研究,探讨了黄铁矿与金矿的成因关系。结果表明金主要以自然金和碲金银矿的形式存在,另含少量的碲金矿,包裹在黄铁矿之中或者充填在黄铁矿的裂隙中。金矿物的形成可能是成矿流体体系达到金的过饱和从而直接沉淀所形成。     

鲁西陆块前寒武纪大地构造演化

鲁西陆块是中国前寒武纪研究的热点地区之一,其前寒武纪花岗岩-绿岩带地体的划分与构造演化历来为学者们注目。通过系统收集近年来鲁西陆块前寒武纪SHRIMP U-Pb测年数据,利用鲁西陆块前寒武纪花岗岩类岩石化学数据判别其形成的构造环境,综合国内大地构造相方面的研究成果,并在此基础上得出:鲁西陆块前寒武纪地壳形成与演化主要经历了中太古代-陆核形成阶段、新太古代-陆壳增生阶段、元古宙-大陆裂解阶段3个阶段。     

含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望

沉积岩石中断裂与裂缝是含油气盆地流体活动的重要通道,断裂与裂缝中充填的不同期次、不同类型的矿物脉体是烃-水-岩相互作用的产物,记录了断裂、裂缝形成过程中不同期次流体性质、组分、来源以及温压场、氧化还原环境等信息,为研究沉积盆地断裂发育、流体动力场特征、物理化学环境及封闭与保存条件等地层古流体活动、动态演化过程提供了重要线索。系统总结了含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体流体活动示踪、演化的基本方法及其地质应用现状,认为目前主要集中在三个方面:①通过对裂缝脉体充填的成岩矿物岩石学观察,分析成岩矿物类型、结构及形成的相对次序;②通过对脉体成岩矿物的同位素、微量-稀土元素、流体包裹体等地球化学测试,示踪成脉古流体性质、来源、温压-氧化还原环境等;③通过对脉体成岩矿物放射性同位素(如U-Pb、Re-Os等)的测试,精确确定脉体形成时间,结合区域构造演化探讨脉体形成过程、流体动力场环境及其动态演化过程。最后分析了现有研究方法存在的问题,探讨今后的发展趋势及地质应用前景,以期为含油气盆地古流体演化及其与油气运移、聚集与保存等油气成藏机理的研究提供参考。      

辽宁大石桥─海城地区辽河群变泥质岩石的变质变形序列的研究

大石桥－海城地区辽河群的变泥质岩石是主要的变质岩类之一，它们经受了三期构造变形。第一期构造变形形成的叶理（Ｓ＿１）在变质岩中分布很广；第二期构造变形形成的折劈理（Ｓ＿２）主要发育在变泥质岩石中，但折劈理的强度在整个地区中有差异；第三期构造变形是以局部发育的膝折带为标志。变泥质岩石中矿物成分繁多，主要的常见矿物有绢云母、白云母、黑云母、绿泥石、石榴石、十字石、石英、硅线石和长石，偶见有蓝晶石、红柱石、堇青石、硬绿泥石和刚玉。据野外观察和研究，十字石、蓝晶石沿岩层走向延伸，显示了原岩成分控制了它们的形成。变泥质岩石的矿物之间、变质作用和变形作用之间的关系十分复杂，它们为本区变质作用演化历史和变质变形序列的研究提供了十分重要的证据。     

鲁西柳家电气石矿矿物学特征及成矿机理探讨

鲁西柳家电气石矿矿石呈黑色或绿黑色,为柱状、纤维状集合体.电子探针和X衍射结果表明,该电气石矿主要矿物成分为铁镁电气石,属镁电气石和铁电气石的过渡类型.其成矿系统分为成矿热流体体系和控矿环境两部分,其成因类型与脉石英相似.     

山东矿产资源现状与对策分析

山东矿产资源存在一些问题：总量中等但人均占有量低;小型及中小型矿山比例大;矿产开采强度大,新探明矿产地储量小、勘查程度低,绝大多数矿产新增可采储量低于消耗储量;国民经济建设大宗利用的重要矿产供需矛盾突出,煤炭、石油、金矿、铁矿等资源态势都不容乐观,在矿山开采中还存在资源利用率低、资源浪费及矿山生态环境破坏等。     

Soil and Vegetation Spectral Coupling Difference (SVSCD) for Minerals Extraction from Hyperion Data in Vegetation Covered Area

Remote sensing data have been widely applied to extract minerals in geologic exploration, however, in areas covered by vegetation, extracted mineral information has mostly been small targets bearing little information. In this paper, we present a new method for mineral extraction aimed at solving the difficulty of mineral identification in vegetation covered areas. The method selected six sets of spectral difference coupling between soil and plant (SVSCD). These sets have the same vegetation spectra reflectance and a maximum different reflectance of soil and mineral spectra from Hyperion image based on spectral reflectance characteristics of measured spectra. The central wavelengths of the six, selected band pairs were 2314 and 701 nm, 1699 and 721 nm, 1336 and 742 nm, 2203 and 681 nm, 2183 and 671 nm, and 2072 and 548 nm. Each data set’s reflectance was used to calculate the difference value. After band difference calculation, vegetation information was suppressed and mineral abnormal information was enhanced compared to the scatter plot of original band. Six spectral difference couplings, after vegetation inhibition, were arranged in a new data set that requires two components that have the largest eigenvalue difference from principal component analysis (PCA). The spatial geometric structure features of PC1 and PC2 was used to identify altered minerals by spectral feature fitting (SFF). The collecting rocks from the 10 points that were selected in the concentration of mineral extraction were analyzed under a high-resolution microscope to identify metal minerals and nonmetallic minerals. Results indicated that the extracted minerals were well matched with the verified samples, especially with the sample 2, 4, 5 and 8. It demonstrated that the method can effectively detect altered minerals in vegetation covered area in Hyperion image.     

青藏高原东北缘尖扎盆地沉积物矿物特征及其古环境意义

应用X射线衍射对青藏髙原东北缘尖扎盆地加让剖面11.8~5.8 Ma的地层沉积物进行矿物分析,结果表明加让剖面沉积物矿物组分主要包括碎屑矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物。其中,以碎屑矿物居多,主要是石英、斜长石、云母类矿物(白云母、黑云母),及少量尖晶石、辉石类矿物(普通辉石、锰钙辉石及顽火辉石等)、金红石、刚玉、磁铁矿、钛磁铁矿、榍石、霞石,偶见锆石、石榴子石、锐钛矿;碳酸盐矿物以方解石居为主,白云石占比较少;黏土矿物中,绿泥石占比最高,还有少量赤铁矿、蛭石和沸石。以全岩矿物指标研究为主,结合加让剖面沉积相演化特点,并以磁化率变化为参考,进行系统的矿物学研究,获得了尖扎盆地在11.8~5.8 Ma蕴含的古气候环境演化大致可分为4个阶段:11.8~10.0 Ma,气候干冷期;10.0~8.6 Ma,气候暖湿波动期;8.6~6.2 Ma,气候温暖湿润期;6.2~5.8 Ma,气候干冷期。在约10.0、8.6、7.2 Ma附近,主要矿物占比及组合特征有明显改变,当时的古环境状况发生急剧变化,可能揭示青藏高原东北缘在10~8 Ma期间广泛发生了一系列较强烈的构造运动,来源于周边山脉的剥蚀使得研究区沉积的近源物质增多,约7.2 Ma之后的古环境演化过程主要受青藏高原构造隆升以及全球气候变冷协同影响。     

A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Tinocladia （Chordariales,Phaeophyta） in China Coasts I. Two new species, T. eudesmoides sp.nov, and T. zhangii sp.nov.

Two new species of the genusTinocladia Kylin (1940)T. eudesmoides Ding et Lu sp. nov. andTinocladia zhangii Ding et Lu sp. nov., are described.T. eudesmoides is mainly characterized by its longitudinally and transversely produced sub-cortical filaments from the medulla, its short uniseriate assimilating filaments, usually composed of 6–10 cells with slightly swollen and narrow ultimate cells, and its unilocular sporangia (60–115)×55–70μm, variable in size.T. zhangii is mainly characterized by its very solid frond, not rip apart by hands, its evident longer primary branches, its short and slender secondary branches, with very evident sub-cortical layer, and filaments divided repeatedly, and its large and small unilocular sporangia, with the latter borne on an evidently swollen pedicel. Project B80981816 supported by the NSFC. Contribution No. 4443 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.     

Research and application of mineral resources assessment by weights of evidence model based on SIG

Geological data are usually of the characteristics of multi-source, large amount and multi-scale. The construction of Spatial Information Grid overcomes the shortages of personal computers when dealing with geological data. The authors introduce the definition, architecture and flow of mineral resources assessment by weights of evidence model based on Spatial Information Grid （SIG）. Meanwhile, a case study on the prediction of copper mineral occurrence in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt is given. The results show that mineral resources assessement based on SIG is an effective new method which provides a way of sharing and integrating distributed geospatial information and improves the efficiency greatly.     

Research and application of mineral resources assessment by weights of evidence model based on SIG

Geological data are usually of the characteristics of multi-source, large amount and multi-scale. The construction of Spatial Information Grid overcomes the shortages of personal computers when dealing with geological data. The authors introduce the definition, architecture and flow of mineral resources assessment by weights of evidence model based on Spatial Information Grid (SIG). Meanwhile, a case study on the prediction of copper mineral occurrence in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt is given. The results show that mineral resources assessement based on SIG is an effective new method which provides a way of sharing and integrating distributed geospatial information and improves the efficiency greatly.     

Application of Dempster-Shafer theory in mineral resource potential mapping

The Dempster-Shafer theory has been successfully applied to mineral resource potential mapping in G1S environmental. In this applied form, basic probability assignment and combined basic probability assignment are applied to measuring map pattern and map pattern combination, respectively; and the environment composed of the only two singleton sets (deposit set and non-deposit set), is used for expressing the entire map area. For a subarea in which the certain map pattern combination exists, the combined basic probability assignment corresponding to the map pattern combination existing in this subarea, expresses the belief of inferring the subarea belonging to the deposit set from the evidence that the corresponding map pattern combination existing in the subarea. Thus, it may be served as a statistical index measuring the relative mineral resource potentials of the subarea. And it may be determined like 1) dividing the map area into a series of small equal-sized grid cells and then select the training sample set composed of the well-known grid cells or the entire grid cells; 2) estimating the basic probability assignments corresponding to each map pattern from the training sample set; 3) determining the map pattern combination existing in each cell, and then appling the Dempster's Rule of Combination to integrating the all basic probability assignments corresponding to the map patterns existing in the cell into the combined basic probability assignment. Mineral resource potential mapping with the Dempster-Shafer theory is demonstrated on a case study to select mineral resource targets. The experimental results manifest that the model can be compared with the weights of evidence model in the effectiveness of mineral resource target selection.     

Application of Dempster-Shafer theory in mineral resource potential mapping

The Dempster-Shafer theory has been successfully applied to mineral resource potential mapping in GIS environmental. In this applied form, basic probability assignment and combined basic probability assignment are applied to measuring map pattern and map pattern combination, respectively; and the environment composed of the only two singleton sets (deposit set and non-deposit set), is used for expressing the entire map area. For a subarea in which the certain map pattern combination exists, the combined basic probability assignment corresponding to the map pattern combination existing in this subarea, expresses the belief of inferring the subarea belonging to the deposit set from the evidence that the corresponding map pattern combination existing in the subarea. Thus, it may be served as a statistical index measuring the relative mineral resource potentials of the subarea. And it may be determined like 1) dividing the map area into a series of small equal-sized grid cells and then select the training sample set composed of the well-known grid cells or the entire grid cells; 2) estimating the basic probability assignments corresponding to each map pattern fromthe training sample set; 3) determining the map pattern combination existing in each cell, and then appling the Dempster's Rule of Combination to integrating the all basic probability assignments corresponding to the map patterns existing in the cell into the combined basic probability assignment. Mineral resource potential mapping with the Dempster-Shafer theory is demonstrated on a case study to select mineral resource targets. The experimental results manifest that the model can be compared with the weights of evidence model in the effectiveness of mineral resource target selection.     

黄鳍东方鲀精子的超微结构

在透射电子显微镜及环境扫描电子显微镜下观察黄鳍东方鲀精子的超微结构。结果表明:黄鳍东方鲀精子由头部和尾部两部分组成。头部呈长圆柱形,无顶体,核内有小空隙,空隙中有少量电子致密小颗粒存在;核后端正中有凹陷入核内的植入窝,中心粒复合体位于植入窝内,由近端中心粒、中心粒间体和基体组成;袖套位于核的后端,内含线粒体球和含有电子致密物质的小囊泡。尾部细长,自头部后端的正中部向后伸出,近核端部分很短,核心结构是轴丝,鞭毛起始于袖套腔,远核端有侧鳍;轴丝为典型的"9+2"微管对复合体结构。