Coupling of an individual-based model of anchovy with lower trophic level and hydrodynamic models

Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), a small pelagic fish and food of other economic fishes, is a key species in the Yellow Sea ecosystem. Understanding the mechanisms of its recruitment and biomass variation is important for the prediction and management of fishery resources. Coupled with a hydrodynamic model (POM) and a lower trophic level ecosystem model (NEMURO), an individual-based model of anchovy is developed to study the influence of physical environment on anchovy’s biomass variation. Seasonal variations of circulation, water temperature and mix-layer depth from POM are used as external forcing for NEMURO and the anchovy model. Biomasses of large zooplankton and predatory zooplankton which anchovy feeds on are output from NEMURO and are controlled by the consumption of anchovy on them. Survival fitness theory related to temperature and food is used to determine the swimming action of anchovy in the model. The simulation results agree well with observations and elucidate the influence of temperature in over-wintering migration and food in feeding migration.     

OBSERVATION OF A SHALLOW WATER INTERNAL OSCILLATION EVENT

At a shallow water station (6 m in depth), an internal oscillation event which consisted of one or two wave-like features, with a period of 3 h and a height of 1.5 m, was observed. The velocities within the water column were modified by the event during the flood phase of the tide ; a multilayered velocity structure and intense shear were generated. Further investigations are required to understand fully the mechanism for the formation of such an event.     

Prediction of mine drainage generation potential and the prevention method of the groundwater pollution in the Gümü?k?y(Kütahya) mineralization area,NW Turkey

One of the leading factors of seepage contamination is mine drainage, which creates serious ecological risks on the environment both during operation and post-mining times. In this study, experimental processes have been carried out to determine the occurrence of mine drainage in the Gümü?k?y(Kütahya) mineralization area(Northwest Turkey). The prevention method for potential mine drainage occurrence has been also discussed. High enrichment was observed which are directly related to mineralization in trace element concentrations, especially in potentially toxic metals such as Ag, Cd, Mo, Ba, Bi, and Zn. Based on short-term tests, mine drainage formation has not been expected according to the p H(7.36-9.38), contact leaching, and acid-base accounting studies. However, in the long-term, acid generation potential has been expected because of weathering and oxidation in terms of rock type and mineralization in the area. Therefore, in order to prevent groundwater contamination in the event of a possible formation of mine drainage, the hydraulic conductivity of the stock area bedrock was evaluated by the in situ tests performed in the field and it was found to be moderately permeable(K= 1.9 × 10~(-6) m/s). In order to make the stock area bedrock impermeable,natural clay will be laid and compressed at the base of the stock area. When the finite elements were modeled by seepage analysis, the seepage discharge to be formed on the base rock at a depth of 5 m was determined as 3.17 × 10~(-19) m~3/s. Since the discharge value determined in the seepage analysis after modeling is very close to zero, contamination of possible ground and surface water will be prevented.     

A High Resolution Emission Inventory of Domestic Burning in Rural Region of Northeast China Based on Household Consumption

Domestic burning emits large amounts of pollutants into the ambient air due to incomplete and inefficient combustion, with significant impacts on indoor air quality and human health. Northeast China is one of the major contributors to domestic burning emissions in China; however, the high-resolution emissions inventories of domestic biomass and coal burning in Northeast China are lacked, which are needed to estimate the extent of its impact. In this study, we established a town-level emissions inventory of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter(PM) from domestic biomass and coal burning, based on per household consumption in each town in rural region of Northeast China. The results revealed that biomass burning was the major domestic burning source over the region in 2016. Domestic biomass burning is the major contributor to PM and volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emissions, while coal burning is the major contributor to SO2 emissions. High emissions intensities were concentrated around the cities of Harbin, Suihua, Changchun, Qiqihar, and Chifeng, each with emissions intensity for PM2.5 and VOCs of more than 2000 Mg per 27 km × 27 km grid cell. Additionally, there are three burning peaks(6-7 am, 12 pm and 4-7 pm) during both the heating(from October to April) and non-heating seasons(from May to September), due to cooking and heating. The burning peaks in the non-heating season were more notable than those in the heating season. These results suggest that the government should pay more attention to domestic biomass and coal burning in rural areas, in order to reduce pollutant emissions and control regional haze during the heating season.     

STUDIES ON THE EGGS AND LARVAE OF SARDINELLA AURITA (CUV. & VAL.) IN THE FISHING GROUNDS OF SOUTHERN FUJIAN AND THE TAIWAN BANK

In this paper, the morphological characters of eggs and larvae of Sardinella aurita (Cuvier & Valenciennes), its spawning ground, spawning seasons and spawning conditions have been studied.Sardinella curita likes lo breed in the upwelling area and selects the Waixie fishing ground as its main spawning ground. The months from February to September are its spawning seasons, reaching its peak in April. In the main spawning ground, the temperature of the surface layer was found to be 24.4-25.2 ℃, the salinity 33.87-34.07‰, and the depth of water between 34-60m.The distribution of the larvae is closely related to the distribution of plankton, the path of migration of adult fish, and the current direction of the water system.In order to protect fishery resources, it is necessary to prohibit catching the spawning fish in the Waixie fishing ground in April, and the catching of immatures from March to June.     

Paleoclimate study of mountain ecosystems by multiple group biological analysis

Methodological problems of climatic reconstruction for different periods of Holocene are discussed on the basis of a multiple group biological analysis on peat-sapropel sediments.The possibility of biological analysis is exemplified by the paleoclimatic reconstruction for Carpathian and Altai Mountain ranges.For the "Skolevsky Beskidy" national park of Carpaty the paleoclimatic scenarios have been drown up aiming at the more precise definition of climatic conditions for the period of mass mountain slope terracing.The stability of terrace systems of various designs in the current climatic conditions has been assessed.It is shown that during periods of humid climate the terraces,whose designs have been focused on drainage,were built.In periods of dry and warm climate the terrace systems capable of accumulating water were built.Both these types of terrace systems are destroyed in nowadays.Only those terrace systems are stable which were adjusted by their builders to contrast variations of precipitation.For Western Altais the paleoclimatic scenario has been done to forecast the safety of the Bronze Age kurgans(burial earth mounds) with permafrost inside the construction.In the Altay region during the Holocene it has revealed two periods of sharp cooling,the peaks of which occurred in the intervals 4500-4300 and 2500-2300 years ago,and two periods of pronounced climatic drying 4900-4700 and 130-70 years ago.Depletion of the algae composition in the layer corresponding to the last period of drying climate indicates a very sharp change in the parameters of moisture and turning the lake into a dry swamp.Periods of cold weather may have contributed to the formation of special ritual traditions of the Sakan tribes that require the frozen ground to bury the dead.The later climate fluctuations identified have not affected the safety of permafrost in burial mounds constructed in the V-III cc BC.     

Paleosalinity and Its Association with Organic Matter: A Case Study from the Eocene Shahejie Formation,Laizhou Bay Sag,Bohai Bay Basin(China)

Paleosalinity is vital for the paleoenvironmental reconstruction and affects the formation of source rock.The lowermiddle sections of the third member of Eocene Shahejie formation (Es_3~(M-L)) constitute the most important source rock layer in Laizhou Bay Sag.However,the paleosalinity of the depositional water in which Es_3~(M-L) submembers are deposited remains unclear.A series of integrated experiments,including major and trace elements,X-ray diffraction,total organic carbon,and Rock-Eval,was performed to reveal the paleosalinity and its relationship with organic matter (OM).Various inorganic proxies (Sr/Ba,Rb/K,B/Ga,Walker’s paleosalimeter,Adam’s paleosalimeter,and Couch’s paleosalimeter) were employed to determine the paleosalinity of samples.Prominent differences existed in the proxies.Couch’s paleosalimeter is the most reliable and qualitative approach for Laizhou Bay Sag.Samples from the lake center (depocenter) and margin showed paleosalinities from 4.92 wt‰to 9.73 wt‰,suggesting a ubiquitous brackish (oligohaline-mesohaline) water body in the paleolake.Molybdenum enrichment in samples indicates an oxygendepleted (suboxic or anoxic) condition.The increase in salinity has a certain but non-significant positive correlation with oxygen reduction.This condition may be attributed to the weak stratification of the water column in brackish water bodies.Moreover,paleosalinity has a weak and indirect relationship with OM accumulation during the deposition of Es_3~(M-L) submembers in Laizhou Bay Sag.     

Integrated biological control of water hyacinths, Eichhornia crassipes by a novel combination of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), and the weevil, Neochetina spp.

The efficacy of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cyprinidae) and weevils Neochetina spp. (Curculionidae) to control the aquatic weed, water hyacinth, is investigated in a square net cage (happas) setting at a farm in Cuddalore District, South India. This novel combination of insects and fish is found to be superior to individual treatments for controlling the weed growth within 110 d. The biomass of the weed, number of plants, percentage of flowered plants and chlorophyll contents were studied. The weed biomass is reduced from 5 kg (day 1) to 0.33 kg (day 110) when exposed to grass carp and weevils. The number of plants is reduced to 0.75 in grass carp and weevil exposed happas, while it is 741.5 in the control. The mean number of leaves per plant is also reduced. In addition, the chlorophyll a and b are significantly reduced in happas exposed to the combination of fish and insects when compared to the other treatments. Based on the results of this study, we consider the combined use of grass carp and weevils to be more efficient and sustainable for managing water hyacinths than the use of these organisms individually.     

A model study of the effect of weather forcing on the ecology of a meromictic Siberian lake

We used a Lake Shira numerical model to estimate the response of the ecosystem of a saline meromictic lake to variations in weather parameters during the growing season. The sensitivity analysis of the model suggests that compared to other external(nutrient inflows) and internal(spring biomasses of food-web components) factors, weather parameters are among the most influential for both mixolimnetic(phyto-and zooplankton) and monimolimnetic(purple sulfur bacteria, sulfur reducing bacteria and hydrogen sulfide) food-web components. Calculations with different weather scenarios shows how changes in the water temperature and mixing depth af fect mixolimnetic and monimolimnetic food-web components and the depth of the oxic-anoxic interface in a meromictic lake. When weather forcing stimulates an increase in the biomass of food-web components in the mixolimnion, it produces cascading effects that lead to three results: 1) a higher content of detritus in the water column; 2) a higher content of hydrogen sulfide in the monimolimnion; 3) raising of the oxic-anoxic interface closer to the water-air surface. This cascading effect is complicated by the negative correlation between two light dependent primary producers located at diff erent depths—phytoplankton in the mixolimnion and purple sulfur bacteria at the oxic-anoxic interface. Thus, weather conditions that stimulate higher phytoplankton biomass are associated with a higher detritus content and lower biomass of purple sulfur bacteria, a higher content of hydrogen sulfide and a shallower oxic-anoxic interface. The same weather conditions(higher wind, lower cloud cover, and lower air temperature) promote a scenario of less stable thermal stratification. Thus, our calculations suggest that weather parameters during the summer season strongly control the mixing depth, water temperature and the mixolimnetic food web. An effect of biogeochemical and physical interactions on the depth of the oxicanoxic interface is also detectable. However, intra-and interannual climate and weather effects will be more important for the control of meromixis stability.     

The role of chilean mountain areas in time of drought and energy crisis: New pressures and challenges for vulnerable ecosystems

In the summer of 2010/2011 Chile suffered the third most severe energy and water supply crisis in only one decade.This may be surprising as the Andes which accompany the country along 4,200 km are a water tower and could provide more electricity and water than needed.On top of that,it has to be mentioned that Chile also counts with sunny and windy climates and with excellent geothermal energy resources and thus has a huge potential as far as renewable energies are concerned.After analyzing the existing natural conditions,the infrastructure and the present challenges of climate change,it has to be asked in which way Chile can make use of this potential in the near future,considering the legal and political situation and the technological opportunities.It seems that the resources are still hidden in the Andes,and only the key is missing to realize the country’s natural potential.This research has been based on the analysis of existing literature,media,quantitative data from government institutions and other antecedents obtained by the authors in field work done in the South of Chile in 2010.The added value of this compilation lies in the comprehensive perspective,linking the knowledge of climatologists,hydrologists,mountain researchers and energy experts in order to support a sustainable energy and water supply for the future in Chile.From this present research,it can be concluded that Chile necessarilyhas to adopt new energy-related strategies,particularly those aimed at diminishing the strong dependence on traditional sources of energy and establishing new techniques and technologies for generating electricity and utilizing the vast potential that the country is ready to offer,such as that provided by the Andes along 4,200 kilometers.     

Overview of In - Situ Biodegradation and Enhancement

Microbial degradation technologies have been developed to restore ground water quality in aquifers polluted by organic contaminants effectively in recent years. However, in course of the degradation, the formation of biofilms in ground water remediation technology can be detrimental to the effectiveness of a ground water remediation project. Several alternatives are available to a remedial design engineer, such as Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) and in -situ bioremediation, Hydrogen Releasing Compounds (HRCs) barrier, Oxygen Releasing Compounds (ORCs) barrier etc. which are efficient and cost- effective technologies. Excessive biomass formation renders a barrier ineffective in degrading the contaminants, Efforts are made to develop kinetics models which accurately determine bio - fouling and bio - filn formation and to control excessive biomass formation.     

Overview of In-Situ Biodegradation and Enhancement

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Laboratory Research into Permeable Reactive Barriers for Groundwater Remediation

Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) is a new technology for groundwater pollution remediation. Contaminants are converted into harmless by products in situ as the polluted water passes through a reactive wall. Experimental results demonstrate how reactive media can be used to remove contaminants from polluted water by laying the reactive wall across the flow direction of the water. The most comprehensively studied and applied reactive barrier type uses granulated Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) particles. In this process elemental iron provides a reducing environment which makes reductive dechlorination of chlorinated organic compounds feasible or changes redox sensitive metals, so that they are immobilized by a precipitation reaction. A reactive wall column which is made up of ZVI, sand and zeolite has shown the highest contaminant removal capacity compared to the other two which have different components. The potentials of ZVI, zeolite and Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) to remove contaminants are due to their different physico-chemical proper-ties which make them to "sorb"metal contaminants. The results of this experiment show that PRB technology is an efficient method for the treatment of leachate-contaminated groundwater.     

Laboratory Research into Permeable Reactive Barriers for Groundwater Remediation

1IntroductionAs industrialization is gaining roots throughout the world and population is increasing, there is the accompanying problem of waste disposal from vari-ous sources. Due to inefficient waste management processes, subsurface water bodies are being con-taminated by various kinds of chemicals (Soliman etal., 1998). PRB is a comparatively new groundwater treat-ment technology where contaminants are converted into harmless by products in situ as the polluted water passes through a re…     

The Effect of Flow on Pollution and Remediation in Groundwater

1IntroductionFlow is the key mechanism by which pollutants are transmitted from one point to another in hydro-geologic systems. Groundwater flow is not indepen-dent of the geological formation within which it occurs. Hydraulic conductivity which is a measure of groundwater flow is strongly related with the am-bient geologic properties such as texture,porosity and topography. These properties do not only con-trol the rate of groundwater flow but also limit the occurrence,hence the dispersion of…     

The Effect of Flow on Pollution and Remediation in Groundwater

Flow, solute transport and pollution remediation through attenuation in unconsolidated porous media were investigated in this study. The variables used in the investigation include soil texture, porosity, topography and hydraulic conductivity. The study revealed that hydraulic conductivity is highly dependent on soil texture, porosity and topography.Hydraulic conductivity was noted to have a controlling influence on groundwater flow and residence time, and the degree of natural attenuation in hydrogeologic systems. Contaminant transport simulated with the MODFLOW Model revealed dominance of advective transport of contaminants in unconsolidated porous media. However, attenuation through sorption (linear isotherm equilibrium controlled) and reaction (first-order irreversible decay) also retarded contaminant plume migration. Thus natural attenuation was found to be highly feasible in clay formations due to low hydraulic conductivity and long groundwater residence times. Though natural attenuation processes including dispersion, diffusion, dilution, mixing, volatilization and biodegradation were not investigated for in this paper, it is shown to be a sound remediation technique of contaminated ground water due to its capacity to destroy or transform contaminants or at least retard their flow.     

Seasonal variation of the barrier layer in the PN section

In this paper, we use the conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) observation data and a three-dimensional ocean model in a seasonally-varying forcing field to study the barrier layer (BL) in the PN section in the East China Sea (ECS). The BL can be found along the PN section with obviously seasonal variability. In winter, spring and autumn, the BL occurs around the slope where the cold shelf water meets with the warm Kuroshio water. In summer, the BL can also be found in the shelf area near salinity front of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Dilution Water (YRDW). Seasonal variations of BL in the PN section are caused by local hydrological characteristics and seasonal variations of atmospheric forcing. Strong vertical convection caused by sea surface cooling thickens the BL in winter and spring in the slope area. Due to the large discharge of Changjiang River in summer, the BL occurs extensively in the shelf region where the fresh YRDW and the salty bottom water meet and form a strong halocline above the seasonal thermocline. The formation mechanism of BL in the PN section can be explained by the vertical shear of different water masses, which is called the advection mechanism. The interannual variation of BL in summer is greatly affected by the YRDW. In the larger YRDW year (such as 1998), a shallow but much thicker BL existed on the shelf area. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2005CB422303 and 2007CB411804), the Key Project of the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2006DFB21250), the “111 Project” of the Ministry of Education (No. B07036), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, China (No. NECT-07-0781)     

三江源区不同退化程度的高寒草甸光谱特征分析

 青海三江源区是长江、黄河、澜沧江3大河流的发源地。草地是该区域的主体生态系统,高寒草甸是其主要类型。近30年来,三江源地区草地发生了大面积的退化,不同退化程度的高寒草甸光谱特征是高寒草甸遥感分类和退化监测的重要依据。2009年8月作者在青海省三江源区对高山嵩草、矮嵩草和藏嵩草3种未退化高寒草甸,以及4种不同退化程度的高山嵩草草甸,进行了地面光谱测量和草地样方调查。同时对实测光谱曲线进行了比较,提取和分析了它们在557nm、675nm和760nm处反射率,以及"红边"斜率。结果表明,3种高寒草甸的光谱曲线,以及4种退化程度高寒草甸和未退化高寒草甸的光谱曲线在557nm处的反射率差异较小,在675nm和760nm处的反射率及"红边"斜率存在明显差异,能有效区分高寒草甸,可为高寒草甸遥感自动分类和退化监测提供依据。不同退化程度的高寒草甸地上生物量与其光谱曲线的"红边"斜率和归一化植被指数(NDVI)线性拟合的确定系数分别为0.93和0.87,其相关性较好,可用于高寒草甸地上生物量的估算。本文提取的光谱反射率的"红边"斜率不仅能有效区分3种典型高寒草甸和不同退化程度的高寒草甸,且与高寒草甸地上生物量的关系优于NDVI,对高寒草甸识别分类,退化监测和生物量估算有重要意义。     

CRWS-mountain Project: Coordinate remediation techniques and devices for water-soil pollution in mountain areas in China

Rural environmental governance is an important strategy to achieve the goal of building "green liveable villages" in China. However, studies on technology and devices for pollution remediation focus mainly on urban areas; in this regard, few studies have focused on rural areas, especially mountainous or hilly areas with interflow. Coordinate remediation techniques and devices for water-soil restoration in mountain areas(CRWS-mountain), a subproject of the "environmental monitoring and remediation in rural areas" project(ERM-rural project), was undertaken to develop techniques and devices for coordinating the restoration of water and soil in rural mountainous and hilly areas with interflow. The CRWS-mountain project will attempt to explore the mechanisms of pollutant transportation and transformation in the interflow-soil-surface water system, establish in-situ and heterotopic remediation systems in landfill, towns and surrounding areas, and construct a comprehensive system for "polluted soilinterflow-surface water" by integrating all the technologies and devices at Yanting, a typical rural mountainous hilly area in Sichuan, Southwest China. We expect that after using this comprehensive system, the water quality will meet the requirements for local water function zoning. The operation cost is 10% lower than that of the existing urban equipment.     

地下水的有机污染问题及其吸附作用评价

文章认为有机污染质已对地下水污染构成威胁,研究有机污染质在地下水系统中的迁移转化机制,建立有效的预测模型,具有十分重要的意义。有机污染质与地下水形成不溶混流体,对其运移进行评价的理论、方法及测试技术都不同于通常对易溶混污染质的评价。这项工作在我国刚刚起步,研究程度较低。文章讨论了有机污染质—地下水体系的一般物理、化学特征和运移控制方程,指出吸附作用是使有机污染质运移滞缓的重要原因,介绍了目前国外研究有机污染质吸附作用的几种试验及结果。