三峡水库某库段岩体裂隙网络模拟研究

为合理评价三峡水库某库岸岩体结构特征及工程整治提供依据,对区内岩体进行了裂隙调查及网络模拟研究。研究基于Monte-Carlo模拟方法,在技术上进行了探讨和一定改进。如采用了聚类分析法确定裂隙优势产状、用直接法产生随机数、广义RQD t及裂隙线连通率的计算等。根据野外调查及计算机模拟研究,研究区发育有3组优势裂隙、平均迹长1.45 m左右。间距一般服从对数正态或负指数分布,而走向和迹长基本上不服从常规分布。裂隙线密度在3－6条/m、t = 0.1 m时RQD t值在90 %左右、t = 0.7 m时RQD t值为10 %－20 %、RQD t值变化可能影响库岸岩体在不同方向的稳定性。     

3D激光扫描工艺与锦屏Ⅰ级水电工程右岸建基面绿片岩实测迹长分布研究

锦屏Ⅰ级水电站右岸建基面发育有大量的绿片岩,它们是水电站建设中重大工程地质问题研究中需要注意的对象之一。为了研究它们的迹长分布规律,利用3D激光扫描工艺,对锦屏Ⅰ级水电工程右岸建基面高差50m范围内的绿片岩出露区域进行了扫描,获得了准确的绿片岩出露的迹长数据,从而使绿片岩迹长分布研究成为可能。研究发现,迹长数据样本最集中分布于0～3m的区间;随着迹长的增加,落在子区间内的条数(频数)递减;在0～9m的各个子区间内,样本呈正态分布。整体而言,实测迹长样本数据服从对数正态分布。     

近直立煤储层裂隙系统及优势渗流通道特征研究

为系统研究近直立煤储层裂隙系统发育特征,利用新疆库拜煤田中部近直立煤储层地表出露良好和生产矿井煤储层裂隙便于观测的有利条件,采用地表高精度构造裂隙填图和矿井煤储层裂隙观测技术,结合实验室扫描电镜和偏光显微镜观测方法,研究了近直立煤储层宏观和微观裂隙系统的发育特征。研究发现该区层面裂隙和外生裂隙延伸长、宽度大,是煤层气运移的优势渗流通道。同时分析了不同埋深条件下地应力场状态,阐明了研究区3种优势渗流通道分布特征为:(1)670 m以浅,优势渗流方向为NNW、NNE向;(2)670 m左右,优势渗流方向为近EW、NNW和NNE向;(3)670 m以深,优势渗流方向为近EW向。解释了层面裂隙、外生裂隙、内生裂隙和微裂隙的形成原因,揭示了渗流通道的形成模式,为研究区煤层气的勘探开发提供了地质依据。     

渗透率对干热岩开采过程储层变化规律的影响

热储层由基质系统和裂隙系统共同构成,二者热量传递的方式存在很大区别。仅考虑基质渗透率或裂隙渗透率,与实际采热过程并不相符。只有明确基质-裂隙双重渗透率下热储层的变化规律,才能更为合理、有效地开发地热资源。因此以青海共和盆地地热田GR1井为研究对象,基于热流固耦合理论,运用COMSOL数值模拟软件,建立双重孔隙介质渗透率水流传热模型。通过考虑不同基质渗透率(0,1×10-18,1×10-16m2)、裂隙渗透率(5×10-11,1×10-10,2×10-10m2),得到了储层温度场、应变场、应力场、位移场变化规律。研究发现:（1）仅考虑裂隙渗透率,会高估储层的开采寿命和产出温度;会低估采热过程中储层产生的压应变和沉降量,表明基质渗透率不能忽略。（2）最优裂隙渗透率为1×10-10m2,此时最适宜进行热开采;裂隙渗透率为2×10-10m2,储层寿命低于50 a。（3）采热初期,相比裂隙渗透率5×10-11m2时的最大压应变,裂隙渗透率为2×10-10m2时最大压应变提高了2. 74倍;采热40 a,相比裂隙渗透率为5×10-11m2,裂隙渗透率为2×10-10m2时,储层沉降量增加0. 164 05 m,沉降区域扩大3倍左右。所得结论对青海共和盆地干热岩开采过程中渗透率与储层变化规律的研究提供了一定参考。     

成矿系统嵌套分形结构和自有序效应

成矿系统具有嵌套分形结构 ,岩石孔隙结构的传输性质制约着聚矿功能的实现。矿床(脉 )群聚分形分布特征明显 ,数量随时代先后呈幂律增长 ,成矿裂隙系统分维值大 ,高含量矿脉分维值低 ,这为隐伏矿床 (体 )预测提供了依据。裂隙生长是一种自组织临界现象 ,矿脉起源于微裂隙发展而成的张性裂隙 ,并最终形成脉系。超大型矿床的裂隙系统表现为临界分维状态 (5～ 12 5km ,D≈ 1 5;0 5～ 2 0km ,D≈ 1 3;1～ 10 0cm ,D≈ 1 5;0 0 0 36～ 0 18cm ,D =1 2 8～1 39)。成矿元素运移通过扩散和渗流实现 ,扩散速率的差异性导致运移路径的有序性 ,流体流动导致金及金属硫化物在界面处发生反应而沉淀成矿 ,矿床密度分布随矿化中心距离增大而减小的自有序效应保证了成矿系统的组织层次性。输运反应耦合成矿动力学计算机模拟验证了分形脉体演化模式和自有序效应。     

基于最大球算法定量表征土体空间孔隙网络

孔隙网络控制着土体渗流、排水固结与基质吸力等重要工程性质。本文介绍了多孔介质孔隙网络最大球建模基本原理与算法。以显微CT扫描振捣干法生成的南京粉砂试样为例,采用最大球算法建立了试样三维重构模型表征单元体(REV)的空间孔隙网络球棍模型,计算得到了样品REV尺度的孔隙网络参数,统计发现,孔隙半径、喉道半径、孔隙配位数、孔隙截面形状因子、喉道截面形状因子与喉道长度等孔隙参数均近似服从正态分布,孔隙体积近似服从衰减型指数分布。孔隙与喉道半径分别分布在100μm与65μm以内,两者数学期望分别为40. 0μm与18. 0μm;配位数分布在25以内,数学期望为5. 1;孔隙与喉道截面形状因子分别分布在0. 01~0. 04与0. 01~0. 05的区间内,两者数学期望分别为0. 019与0. 033;喉道长度分布在100~800μm以内,数学期望为292. 22μm。同时发现,样品中体积小于1. 5×10^7μm^3的小孔隙数量超过90%。本方法可应用于土体细观孔隙结构的定量表征。     

岩体裂隙网络随机生成及连通性研究

基于裂隙几何参数分布的统计特性,应用Monte Carlo模拟技术生成二维裂隙网络.利用无向图方法实现裂隙网络连通图的绘制,并比较了走向服从均匀分布和正态分布的裂隙连通概率.在此基础上,对Balberg等人提出的渗流临界裂隙数(即主干裂隙数)和临界裂隙长度估算方法进行了验证.结果表明,无向图方法可以方便、快捷地实现裂隙网络连通图的绘制;同等条件下走向服从均匀分布比走向服从正态分布的裂隙连通概率大20％左右;当裂隙连通概率大于90％,Balberg等人提出的渗流的临界裂隙数和临界裂隙长度估计值与实际参数值吻合较好,研究成果为裂隙地下水渗流计算提供了分析方法.     

新疆哈密马庄山金矿成矿流体成冈及金沉淀机制的探讨

马庄山大型金矿位于阿齐克库都克东部 ,分布有中晚石炭世的中酸性火山岩及相应的次火山岩。近 2 0条矿体产于其中。矿石平均品位为 6.4× 1 0 -6。成矿流体均一温度的峰值在 2 4 0～ 2 60℃ ,成矿深度为 1 .6～ 2 .3km,具有浅成成矿的特点。成矿流体成分摩尔浓度比值 m K m N a (0 .1 0～ 0 .81 )、m2N a m Ca2 (0 .0 0 1～ 0 .338)、 mΣCl mΣS和 mΣC mΣS等比值 ,成矿条件参数p H值为 5.8～ 7.4,氧逸度 (f O2 ) 1 .9× 1 0 -5 5～ 2 .9× 1 0 -47Pa,硫逸度 (f S2 )约为 1 0 -1 3 Pa;Eh值为 - 0 .6e V流体 δ3 4 S值为 3.94‰～ 4.98‰ ,均随还原参数 Hy[Hy=(CO CH4) / CO2 ]和温度有规律变化。且矿石和脉石中的金含量也与 Hy成正比。矿石和脉石 REE配分图和微量元素特征与岩浆岩相似 ,代表着成矿物质来源与围岩岩浆岩关系密切。推断岩浆来源的成矿流体经地下水的混合作用是金沉淀的重要机制。     

光透法定量粗糙裂隙生物堵塞下的隙宽

基于光透法定量测量裂隙隙宽的原理及在两相流中的应用,设计了一组二维粗糙裂隙模拟装置研究微生物在裂隙地下水系统中的运移行为,首次定量研究了生物堵塞过程中隙宽及分布的变化。研究结果表明:微生物大多以离散菌簇状形态存在,未能形成明显的连续生物膜,不同空间位置微生物分布具有一定的随机性,本试验中微生物接种和营养注入方式决定了微生物集中分布在裂隙底部区域;微生物生长造成裂隙平均隙宽的下降(从1.181 μm降低为1.086 μm,下降8.04%),此外,基于光透法测量的不同空间位置隙宽(除2个点外)在微生物生长过程中都有所下降,两次微生物接种后点2处隙宽下降最明显(从1.275 μm减少到1.081 μm),下降了194 μm,约为15.22%。光透法作为一种高效无损的室内监测手段,将其应用于裂隙介质的生物堵塞尤其是定量计算生物膜厚度的研究中,对裂隙中生物堵塞研究具有重要的参考意义。     

基于分形几何理论的DFN模型构建方法研究

以重庆梁-忠（梁平县-忠县）高速公路礼让隧道为工程研究背景,通过测线法调查现场节理,获得了节理产状分布概率密度函数,并从分形几何学的角度分析了节理间距及迹长的分形分布规律,推导出能反映节理间距及迹长分布状态的分形维数D及分形分布概率密度函数。在该基础上采用Matlab软件以及Monte-Carlo随机分析方法,产生节理参数随机数,结合3DEC中最新模块离散裂隙网络(DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型并验证了模型的有效性,结果表明,分形分布比负指数分布包含更多的间距、迹长分布信息,更接近于实际分布;分形维数D反映了节理间距、迹长在其变化范围内的分布特征,分形维数的大小取决于小间距、小迹长部分数量在总节理数量中的比例,为节理裂隙岩体网络模型构建提供了一种新方法。     

Laslett算法和广义H-H算法在不同迹长层次下的适用性讨论

结构面平均迹长估算的Laslett算法和广义H-H算法虽然在理论上具有严密的推导过程,但实际应用时,由于迹长层次不同,两种算法估值精度不同。在利用开挖边坡所揭露的全迹长资料对不同迹长层次下两种算法的估值精度进行检验的基础上,讨论了两种算法的适用性,并针对工程中所采用的测量窗口高度通常较小这一实际情况,对广义H-H算法在小窗口长迹长层次下的迹长估计值进行适当修正。综合研究结果,建议:(1)小窗口短小迹长层次情况下采用Laslett算法进行迹长估计; (2)小窗口长大迹长层次情况下采用乘以修正系数x=2的广义H-H算法。     

Fractographic determination of joint length distribution in chalk

Summary Measurements of fracture joint distribution combined with determinations of plume length and orientation on a vertical section of a single chalk layer near Beer Sheva, Israel, reveal that joints marked by unilateral and circular plumes are skewed towards the shorter sizes while joints decorated by bilateral plumes are skewed towards the longer sizes. The mean lengths of the unilateral and bilateral joints are 66.5 cm and 155.6 cm, with standard deviations of 30 cm and 60.6 cm, respectively. These results as well as joint length observations from other areas seem to suggest a bimodal length distribution. However, since the minor maximum is generally very weak, and due to some additional uncertainties, further confirmation of the present observations is needed.     

Estimation of joint trace length probability distribution function in igneous,sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks

To predict the behavior of structures in and on jointed rock masses, it is necessary to characterize the geomechanical properties of joints and intact rock. Among geometry properties of joints, trace length has a vital importance, because it affects rock mass strength and controls the stability of the rock structures in jointed rock masses. Since joint length has a range of values, it is useful to have an understanding of the distribution of these values in order to predict how the extreme values may be compared to the values obtained from a small sample. For this purpose, three datasets of joint systems from nine exposures of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are studied. Joint trace length is one of the most difficult properties to measure accurately, but it may be possible to record other geometrical properties of exposed joints accurately; thereby, support vector machine (SVM) model is used to predict the joint trace length. SVM is a novel machine learning method, which is a powerful tool used to solve the problem characterized by small sample and non-linearity with a good generalization performance. Consequently, goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests were applied on these data. According to these GOF tests, the lognormal distribution was found to be the best probability distribution function for representing a joint trace length distribution.     

Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland

The divergent plate boundary in Iceland is characterized by 40–80 km long and 5–10 km wide swarms of tension fractures (∼10² m long) and normal faults (∼10³ m long). The upper part of the crust is mainly composed of lava flows, with abundant columnar joints that are mostly perpendicular to the lava contacts. The lava flows are horizontal at the surface of the rift zone but become tilted at the rate of 1° for every 150 m depth in the crust. At the surface of the rift zone the joints are vertical and parallel to the vertical principal stress. Because of tilting of the lava pile, the columnar joints become oblique to this stress, hence becoming potential shear fractures, and form echelon sets at greater depths in the crust. Theoretical considerations suggest that normal faults start to nucleate on sets of en echelon columnar joints and/or large-scale tension fractures at crustal depths of 0.5–1.5 km. The width (depth) must be the smallest (controlling) dimension of many faults. Nevertheless, there is a positive linear relation (r = 0.91) between maximum throw and length of the Holocene faults. If the faults grow as self-similar structures, the throw-length relationship can be explained by a similar relation between fault length and width.     

Stereological and Other Methods Applied to Rock Joint Size Estimation—Does Crofton''s Theorem Apply?

A number of authors concerned with the analysis of rock jointing have used the idea that the joint areal or diametral distribution can be linked to the trace length distribution through a theorem attributed to Crofton. This brief paper seeks to demonstrate why Crofton's theorem need not be used to link moments of the trace length distribution captured by scan line or areal mapping to the moments of the diametral distribution of joints represented as disks and that it is incorrect to do so. The valid relationships for areal or scan line mapping between all the moments of the trace length distribution and those of the joint size distribution for joints modeled as disks are recalled and compared with those that might be applied were Crofton's theorem assumed to apply. For areal mapping, the relationship is fortuitously correct but incorrect for scan line mapping.     

基于钻孔电视的深部岩体节理三维网络模拟

为了准确模拟岩体节理的空间分布,评价高放废物地质处置库围岩的稳定性,先通过调查露头节理数据,运用概率统计理论进行节理几何特征模拟,再利用Monte-Carlo法来模拟节理空间分布特征,并以高放废物地质处置新疆预选区天湖地段花岗岩体为研究对象,通过钻孔电视调查不同深度节理几何特征,划分钻孔岩体结构均质区,提出钻孔节理产状、大小、密度的统计方法和计算公式,以均质区建立节理三维网络模型并通过数据对比法进行模型验证。结果表明：1）利用列联表卡方检验和重叠窗口法可将天湖钻孔岩体划分为0~90、120~240、270~360和390~600 m等4个均质区;2）利用SPSS软件以及基于节理直径、迹长和隙宽之间的数量关系得出节理产状服从正态分布,节理直径服从负指数分布;3）通过数据对比法得出模型统计和现场测量的节理平均产状数据相差±3°以内,平均直径相差±1 m以内,平均面密度相差±0.01 m^-2以内,从而验证了Monte-Carlo法建立的节理三维网络模拟的准确性。     

Stereological and Other Methods Applied to Rock Joint Size Estimation—Does Crofton's Theorem Apply?

A number of authors concerned with the analysis of rock jointing have used the idea that the joint areal or diametral distribution can be linked to the trace length distribution through a theorem attributed to Crofton. This brief paper seeks to demonstrate why Crofton's theorem need not be used to link moments of the trace length distribution captured by scan line or areal mapping to the moments of the diametral distribution of joints represented as disks and that it is incorrect to do so. The valid relationships for areal or scan line mapping between all the moments of the trace length distribution and those of the joint size distribution for joints modeled as disks are recalled and compared with those that might be applied were Crofton's theorem assumed to apply. For areal mapping, the relationship is fortuitously correct but incorrect for scan line mapping.     

Maximum likelihood estimation of joint size from trace length measurements

Summary Usually, rock joints are observed in outcrops and excavation walls only as traces. Under some assumptions about the shapes of the joints and the nature of their size distributions, the underlying joint size distribution can be estimated from trace length measurements. However, the interpretation of trace length distributions from line mapping data should be approached with caution. The data are always length-biased and furthermore, the semi-trace length, the trace length, and the underlying joint size may have different distributional forms. Semi-trace length distributions are monotonic decreasing functions not sensitive to changes in the real trace length distributions. Experimental full trace length distributions are shown to have lognormal distributions and to be insensitive to major changes in the underlying joint size distributions. Under the assumptions of joint convexity and circularity a parametric model for the three-dimensional distribution of joint sizes is developed. A maximum likelihood estimation of the distribution of joint diameters, which best reflects the observed joint trace data, and corrects simultaneously for joint censoring, truncation and size bias, is developed. The theory is illustrated with numerical examples using data collected from five field sites.     

Granite fracture index to check suitability of granite outcrops for quarrying

A correct knowledge of fracture patterns previous to quarrying is important for economical exploitation. This work comprises the general characterization of the discontinuities of 10 granite rock masses in NE Portugal. During the study some discontinuity characteristics such as orientation, persistence, aperture, trace length and spacing were evaluated. The differences in the characteristics of the selected granites were described, and the most important exploration factors were identified. In the granites studied, most of the joints are oriented from N10°E to N50°E, which is compatible with the regional fracture pattern. Concerning joint termination, the XX type is common, while the RR type is rare; the persistence index ranges from 3.5% to 25.4%. Closed joints are predominant in the granites studied (> 72.4%), and openings of the others are about 1–2 mm as a result of superficial displacement of the granite blocks. The percentage of filled joints, usually by quartz and pegmatite, is different from one granite to another, but most are < 20%. The average joint length ranges from 11.1 m in post-tectonics granites to 4.6 m in syntectonic granites. Joint spacing varies from 0.98 to 2.8 m with higher values in post-tectonic granites. Joint-space distributions of the granites studied are close to log-normal and exponential distributions. Volumetric joint count (Jv) ranges from 0.8 to 2.1 joints/m³ and is used for categorizing the places of each granite. The relationships between Jv and other joint characteristics, such as length, spacing and number of joint sets, were investigated. A Granite Fracturing Index (GFI) is introduced, computed on the basis of volumetric joint count, number of joint sets and true joint spacing. The GFI classification of studied places allows us evaluate the suitability for profitable exploitation.