临汾盆地晚第四纪地层划分与新构造运动分析

为划分临汾盆地第四纪地层,在临汾市东布设1个控制性钻孔,描述其所揭示的地层岩性特征。通过对钻孔剖面中269件孢粉样品的孢粉组合进行分带讨论,结合9个光释光样品和12个电子自旋共振样品的年龄测试结果,认为该控制性钻孔记录了379ka B.P.以来的沉积地层,其中埋深0~0.4m属于全新统,0.4~80.8 m属于上更新统(孢粉记录揭示出相对干燥寒冷的古气候特征,终末期气候转暖,降水增多),埋深80.8m以下属于中更新统(代表了温暖潮湿的古气候特征)。晚更新世以来平均沉降速率为0.64mm/a,远高于临汾盆地第四纪平均断陷速率,表明晚更新世以来临汾盆地的新构造运动呈现增强趋势。     

末次盛冰期以来江西大湖孢粉植被与环境演变

根据江西定南大湖深346 cm泥炭剖面, 16个¹⁴C年龄和76个孢粉样, 重建中国华南南岭山地末次盛冰期以来的植被与气候历史: 大约18330~15630 cal a BP, 景观是落叶阔叶林, 气候温凉偏湿; 15630~11600 cal a BP, 孢粉植被是有常绿阔叶树的落叶阔叶林, 气候温和湿润; 11600~6000 cal a BP, 孢粉植被演替为栲/石栎为建群种的常绿阔叶林, 气候温暖湿润; 而6000 cal a BP以来植被中森林面积减少, 气候温暖偏干, 蕨类植物和草本植物增加, 可能有人类活动的影响. 从孢粉序列中识别到的系列凉干事件, 大致可与北大西洋H1及全新世千年尺度事件对应, 说明低纬地区与高纬地区气候变化密切相关. 与中国高纬地区的季风气候事件对比, 大湖地区气候事件温度、湿度的变幅远低于中国北方内陆地区. 季风气候地域差异性较大.     

西宁地区第四纪晚期孢粉组合及古环境

西宁地区位于黄土高原与青藏高原的接壤处,是环境和气候变迁的敏感地带。本文对西宁市北川河河谷地区黄土沉积的钻孔剖面进行了孢粉分析,获得了比较丰富的孢粉数据,结果呈现出以松、桦、蒿及藜等木本及草本植物花粉为主的孢粉组合。据各类植物花粉量在该剖面垂向上的明显变化,由下而上可划分为5个孢粉带。研究表明,该剖面的孢粉分析数据及资料不仅记录了75kaB.P以来大量的古地理及古环境的变迁,也揭示了西宁地区晚更新世以来古植被及古气候的演替及变化,其演变分别经历了5个阶段:第一阶段为森林型针叶林,反应了温爽轻湿的气候;第二阶段为针叶林,为温凉轻润的气候;第三阶段为针叶林夹稀树草原,属温和湿润夹温凉轻湿的气候;第四阶段为森林草原,反应了温凉轻爽的气候;第五阶段为针叶林,反应了温和湿润的气候。     

吉兰泰盐湖沉积物孢粉记录的季风边缘区全新世气候演化

全新世气候具有不稳定性,且存在着区域差异,在季风边缘区尤为显著.因此,本研究选取季风边缘区吉兰泰盐湖沉积物的孢粉记录并结合AMS14C测年结果,对该地区全新世的古植被演化及古气候变化历史进行了重建.结果表明,在全新世阶段,该地区植被类型未发生变化,以干旱的荒漠植被为主.早全新世(10.5 8.5 cal ka BP),以蒿属孢粉为主,伴随出现少量藜科、禾本科及麻黄属孢粉,蒿藜比(A/C比值)相对稳定(4.11左右),指示全新世早期气候逐步转湿的过程,在8.5 cal ka BP,蒿属孢粉数量下降且被藜科孢粉取代,指示一次明显气候干旱事件;中全新世(8.5 3.5 cal ka BP),蒿属孢粉含量增加及藜科孢粉含量降低,A/C比值在7.1 cal ka BP左右达到峰值,指示该地区中全新世气候最为湿润;晚全新世(3.5 cal ka BP至今),藜科孢粉含量增加且超过早全新世,A/C比值低至3.66,区域呈现明显的干旱化趋势.此外,结合吉兰泰盐湖沉积物矿物组成结果,发现中全新世湖泊沉积物中,钙芒硝大量出现,一定程度上指示降水量增多所带来的淡水注入,与孢粉指标指示该阶段湿润的结果一致.通过区域对比,发现吉兰泰地区在全新世时期的气候演化模式与东亚季风区具有较好的一致性,表明该地区受到东亚夏季风的影响较大,尤其是在中全新世,东亚夏季风增强,带来较多的降水,气候湿润.     

廊固凹陷冶炼厂孔孢粉组合及其地层意义

冶炼厂LFK1孔位于河西务断裂上盘,孔深249m,自下而上依次为更新统中部杨柳青组、更新统上部欧庄组及全新统等.对LFK1的孢粉资料进行详细分析,自下而上划分出六个孢粉组合带,反映廊固凹陷地区植被演替及相应的气候演变,并结合测年和钻井资料,确定孢粉带Ⅰ为中更新世,孢粉带Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ为上更新世,孢粉带Ⅵ为全新世.     

龙感湖地区近3000年来的气候环境变迁

本文通过分析龙感湖沉积物中的色素、孢粉、硅藻研究结果,探讨该区近３０００年来环境气候波动特点,结果表明：３２００－２４００ａＢＰ,色素含量较高,与温度条件较好有关。该带孢粉浓度也最高,阔叶乔木绎种花粉丰富,湿生及水生植物经常出现。总体上为相对暖湿阶段,其中仍有凉湿波动。２４００－１６００ａＢＰ,具体分为两个阶段,前期约２４００－２０００ａＢＰ,ＣＤ、ＴＤ、Ｍｙｘ含量明显较低,水生、湿生草本减少,气     

中国新疆南部地区表土孢粉与现代植被

应用现代孢粉与其植被相关性的研究可以提高利用化石孢粉资料进行古环境重建的精度.本研究在对新疆天山以南和昆仑山以北(34°00′～43°00′N, 74°00′～94°00′E,海拔888～4530m)广大地区进行植被样方调查的基础上,共采集188个表土样品进行孢粉分析,从而对新疆南部地区表土孢粉与植被间关系进行研究,结果表明:沿海拔(3530～1124m)天山南坡地区的表土孢粉组合带从高至低依次分为山地草原带、山地荒漠草原带和山地荒漠带,其组合均以蒿属、藜科和麻黄属花粉为主;沿海拔(4530～1287m)东帕米尔高原地区的表土孢粉组合可划分为高寒草原带、山地荒漠草原带和山地荒漠带,是以蒿属、藜科和菊科花粉为主;然而,塔里木盆地南部地区(海拔3548～888m)仅有山地荒漠草原带和山地荒漠带,其孢粉组合则是以藜科和蒿属花粉为主.应用ArcGIS展示孢粉样点的地理分布,结合R值计算以及相关分析,结果表明云杉属和松属花粉因受到风、河流或冰川搬运沉积的影响,多为外来花粉,具超代表性.麻黄属和白刺属花粉主要分布在山地荒漠和山地荒漠草原植被带;藜科和蒿属花粉广泛分布于新疆南部地区,它们均属于超代表...     

成都平原红土堆积的磁性地层学

摘要 本文对四川双流县胜利和黄甲两个红土剖面进行了系统的磁性地层学研究, 并且利用沉积学、地球化学及孢粉分析方法探讨了地层的沉积成因及形成环境. 磁性地层的研究结果显示出, 在两个剖面中, B/M界限均位于网纹红土的上部, 并且在剖面的中下部记录了松山负向期的贾拉米洛正向极性亚带, 说明成都平原网纹红土的母质形成于第四纪中期. 沉积学、地球化学特征的研究表明成都粘土、部分网纹红土的母质与川西黄土一样属于风尘沉积. 孢粉分析结果揭示出, 网纹红土母质形成的第四纪中期, 成都平原的植被为针叶林, 气候经历了温凉较湿-寒凉较湿-温和或温凉较湿的变化. 第四纪中期成都平原相对寒凉-温凉的气候特征是对全球气候变化的响应，而青藏高原在此时期的快速隆升以及冰冻圈范围的扩张可能是造成该区气温较低的直接原因.     

成都平原红土堆积的磁性地层学及古环境记录

对四川双流县胜利和黄甲2两个红土剖面进行了系统的磁性地层学研究,并且利用沉积学、地球化学及孢粉分析方法探讨了地层的沉积成因及形成环境.磁性地层的研究结果显示出,在2个剖面中,B/M界限均位于网纹红土的上部,并且在剖面的中下部记录了松山负向期的贾拉米洛正向极性亚带,说明成都平原网纹红土的母质形成于第四纪中期.沉积学、地球化学特征的研究表明成都黏土、部分网纹红土的母质与川西黄土一样属于风尘沉积.孢粉分析结果揭示出,网纹红土母质形成的第四纪中期,成都平原的植被为针叶林,气候经历了温凉较湿-寒凉较湿-温和或温凉较湿的变化.第四纪中期成都平原相对寒凉-温凉的气候特征是对全球气候变化的响应,而青藏高原在此时期的快速隆升以及冰冻圈范围的扩张可能是造成该区气温较低的直接原因.     

富蕴水磨沟探槽的孢粉组合特征及其意义

本文应用孢粉分析对富蕴水磨沟探槽的地层年代和古环境进行了探讨,认为富蕴地区在新冰期第一期活动中气候干净,为寒冻荒漠植被;在大西洋期为暖干气候,生长了草原化荒漠植被;在其后的新冰期活动中为冷湿气候,发育了灌丛草原植被。结合新疆特殊的地理条件,将上述环境演变过程与国内外全新世气候波动研究结果相比较,并参考有关(14)~C数据,作者认为该探槽中发现的第一次古地震活动应晚于6000a,B.P,第二次古地震活动似应发生于2500a,B.P之后。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.