渤海海底埋藏黄土及沿岸出露黄土的成因

根据自60年代以来渤海海底的15个地质钻孔及最近的大量海上调查资料，在其他学者对渤海沿岸出露黄土各种特征详尽研究的基础上，分析了晚更新世末期以来渤海的陆架区环境特征。结果表明，晚更新世末期强劲的西北冬季风使出露的渤海海底部分发生沙漠化，在下风头形成黄土堆积。部分黄土被全新世海相层覆盖形成埋藏黄土，在辽东半岛、庙岛群岛及山东半岛沿岸则形成出露黄土。     

江苏南通黄泥山黄土粒度与环境磁学特征及其成因

选取江苏省南通市黄泥山150cm黄土堆积剖面为研究对象,进行环境磁学及粒度分析,探讨黄泥山黄土堆积的成因。研究发现该堆积物属黏土质粉砂,其粒径较镇江下蜀黄土及北方红黏土、黄土为细。南通黄泥山黄土堆积与镇江大港下蜀黄土的磁性特征具明显的相似性。结合粒度、环境磁学数据推测南通黄泥山黄土堆积与大港下蜀黄土相同,为风成堆积物,堆积物磁性参数的高、低变化反映了暖湿、干冷沉积环境的交替。黄泥山黄土较镇江大港下蜀黄土剖面具有较低的细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物含量和较高的退磁参数S-100比值,指示南通黄土与大港黄土相比,总体上经历了较弱的成壤作用。     

黄土高原东西部末次间冰期以来黄土显微特征与古气候记录

以西安刘家坡和甘肃会宁西雁山末次间冰期以来黄土剖面为例,通过剖面土壤结构特征、骨架颗粒矿物成分、主要碎屑颗粒形态、骨架颗粒接触关系以及孔隙特征的分析对比,研究了黄土高原东西部黄土显微特征,进而探讨了其古气候意义。研究进一步证明,古土壤形成期气候比黄土形成期气候湿热,黄土剖面中黄土与古土壤交替反映了干与湿、热与冷的古气候变换;在古土壤形成期气候较湿热的总趋势下,黄土高原东南部比西北部更为湿热,在黄土形成期气候较干冷的总趋势下,黄土高原西北部比东南部更为干冷,这与现今黄土高原的区域性气候差异一致。     

渤海东侧海岸带黄土中的放射虫

阐述了海岸带黄土中放射虫的种类及组合特征，并对其来源进行了探讨，初步认为：放射虫最初是在间冰期高海面时被黄海暖流带入的渤海的，后来在冰期低海面时，裸露的海底受强大的西产向低空气流作用，致使一些放射虫壳体伴随沙尘而沉降到附近海岸黄土之中。     

渤海东侧海岸带黄土中的放射虫

阐述了海岸带黄土中放射虫的种类及组合特征，并对其来源进行了探讨。 初步认为：放射虫最初是在间冰期高海面时被黄海暖流带入渤海的，后来在冰期低 海面时，裸露的海底受强大的西北向低空气流作用，致使一些放射虫壳体伴随沙尘 而沉降到附近海岸黄土之中。     

粒度端元揭示的芝罘剖面末次间冰期—末次冰期气候环境变化特征

山东半岛北部芝罘剖面末次间冰期—末次冰期(124.9～62.85kaBP)层段由砂黄土、黄土、古土壤叠覆堆积组成。为获取反映该地区气候变化的环境敏感粒组,应用端元分析模型对粒度数据进行反演,得出4个粒度端元。各端元在垂直方向上呈现出有规律的峰谷变化,结合平均粒径及测年结果,认为CEM1与CEM2主要反映了末次间冰期间冰阶夏季风强盛,气候暖湿,古土壤发育的沉积环境;CEM3反映了末次间冰期冰阶冬季风短暂增强,气候相对干冷,黄土发育的沉积环境;CEM4反映了末次冰期强冬季风主导下黄土堆积速率加快,成壤作用弱的沉积环境。各端元揭示的冷暖气候振荡,与朝那黄土磁化率指示的夏季风强弱、西峰黄土32μm粒组指示的冬季风强弱以及渤海底栖有孔虫记录的沿岸海侵/海退事件具有较高的同步性。     

辽东半岛南部一滨海黄土剖面的孢粉分析及意义

辽南地区滨海土孢粉分析结果表明，滨海黄土是寒冷、半干旱气候环境条件下的产物，末次冰期低海面时渤海裸露的海底沉积物是本区黄土的一个重要物源。     

商州黄土记录的最近六十万年来东秦岭古环境变迁

商州黄土剖面系东秦岭南侧的商—丹断陷盆地中丹江三级阶地上的黄土堆积,其形成年代不晚于０．６ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。在过去０．６Ｍａ这个时段,商州黄土剖面地层结构、磁化率以及粒度和地球化学特征反映的东秦岭６个湿热—干冷气候旋回与黄土高原黄土剖面的气候变化记录以及深海沉积氧同位素气候阶段是相吻合的。     

渤黄海表层沉积物粘土矿物组成及分布特征对物源的指示意义

通过对在渤、黄海海域73个站位的表层沉积物中粘土矿物种类和含量分析,研究了渤、黄海表层沉积物粘土矿物的组合类型、分布特征及其物质来源。研究结果表明,渤、黄表层粘土矿物组合为:伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石、绿泥石,渤海表层粘土粒级沉积物中有方解石存在,黄海表层粘土粒级沉积物中有长石存在。伊利石含量最高,高岭石和绿泥石含量次之,蒙脱石含量最低。伊利石含量在渤海含量高,北黄海含量低,南黄海西高东低;蒙脱石含量在渤海高,在北黄海东高西低,在南黄海西高东低;高岭石含量在渤海低,在黄海高;绿泥石含量分布与蒙脱石相反,在渤海低,在北黄海东低西高,在南黄海西低东高。渤、黄海沉积物主要是入海河流输入的陆源物质,渤海沉积物以黄河物质为主。黄海沉积物主要来自黄海沿岸流携带来的现代黄河物质,老黄河口堆积体受侵蚀而搬运的物质,以及黄海暖流和长江冲淡水带来的长江物质。     

新疆伊犁黄土研究

新疆伊犁黄土-古土壤序列记录了更新世以来中亚伊犁地区自然环境的演化和变迁。总结了伊犁黄土粒度、磁化率、碳酸盐和孢粉等各指标的环境意义及其黄土和古土壤地球化学风化特征、形成环境和空间分布的差异性。结果发现:磁化率和色度由于受到多种因素不同程度的影响,对气候的指示意义较为复杂;孢粉组合和碳酸盐均指示研究区有些古土壤形成时期相对干旱,有些黄土堆积时期相对湿润;矿物和元素组成均表明伊犁盆地黄土形成于较干冷气候条件下;粒度对研究区气候的冷暖波动具有较好的指示意义。此外,古环境研究表明伊犁盆地黄土和古土壤风化分异作用不明显,古土壤形成时期地面环流较黄土形成时强,黄土-古土壤堆积存在空间差异性。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.