鲁西南邵庄-双庙水源地地下水环境质量现状评价

按照单项组分、综合评价法,对邵庄-双庙水源地第四系孔隙水和寒武-奥陶系岩溶水环境质量现状进行了评价。第四系孔隙水,总体上,以京杭运河为界,运河以西水质较差,运河以东地区、邵庄、双庙水源地所在地段水质较好;蜀山背斜岩溶水系统内大多地段岩溶水水质较好,邵庄水源地岩溶水水质良好,其它地段及双庙地垒岩溶水系统岩溶地下水质量普遍较差。     

蜀山背斜岩溶水系统特征研究

为了岩溶水的合理利用,根据物探及水源井资料,对蜀山背斜岩溶水水文地质特征进行了研究。结果表明：蜀山背斜寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶发育程度主要受岩性、构造及埋藏条件等因素的控制,可溶成份含量高的地层、构造发育强烈的地段及碳酸盐岩埋藏浅的地区岩溶发育程度相对较高,相反,岩溶发育程度较低;岩溶水主要接受上覆孔隙水的垂向越流补给,其次为裸露区大气降水入渗,主要排泄途径为人工开采及侧向排泄;岩溶水水位总体上随气候与气象呈周期性变化,基本处于动态平衡状态;岩溶水水质良好,水化学类型主要为SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg型,水质在枯水期与丰水期的变化不明显。     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO-3-Ca2+?Mg2+ 型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57：43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87：13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57∶43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87∶13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

太原地区地下水中铀含量和~(234)U/~(238)U比值研究

太原地区地下水中铀含量及铀同位素比值的测定结果表明,同一含水层有相近的铀含量及~(234)U/~(238)U比值。氧化为主的含水层,地下水的~(234)U/~(238)U比值随径流方向逐渐增加。     

我国西北地区盐湖中234U/238U比值与铀关系研究——以内蒙古地区碳酸盐型盐湖为例

内蒙古二连盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地典型含铀碳酸型盐湖水、岩两相2344U/23898U综合分析表明,该类盐湖铀来源于降水和潜水对盐湖盆地周围中生代以来富铀沉积物的溶滤、浸出,具有快速、近源物质来源特点.盐湖卤水和对应沉积物234 U/238U比值一般为0.8～1.2,盐湖卤水和潜卤水(晶间卤水)岩两相中的铀处于沉积平衡状态.含铀盐湖水、沉积物的234 U/238U比值随其铀含量增大而减小,并趋近于1,富铀盐湖水及沉积物234U/238U比值介于0.9～1.5之间.室内盐湖水蒸发模拟实验发现,残余卤水、沉积物234U/238U、铀总量具有随蒸发程度增大逐渐减小的变化特征.铀主要以碳酸铀酰络合物和吸附形式赋存在富含有机物和碎屑成分的含盐粘土沉积中.卤水和沉积物234 U/238U比值是盐湖铀源及铀含量水平的有效指示标志之一.     

济南泉域浅层地下水水化学同位素研究

文章系统地分析了济南泉域浅层地下水(第四系孔隙水)和地表水的水化学成分和氢氧稳定同位素,并结合当地地形和水文条件,研究了不同地段浅层地下水和地表水的不同补给来源,揭示了浅层地下水与岩溶水的水力联系,得出浅层地下水在市区和东郊以降水入渗补给为主;在西郊和平安店则以岩溶水顶托补给和地表水(河水和水库水)入渗补给为主、当地降水入渗为辅的结论。为保护泉水、优化泉域内地下水开采方案提供了重要依据。     

岩溶洞穴次生碳酸盐沉积铀及其同位素组成古气候环境研究进展

洞穴沉积铀含量及其同位素初始234U/238U[（234U/238U)0]变化均与过去气候环境变化关系密切。文章分别对石笋中U含量和(234U/238U)0的气候意义进行统计分析发现,多数研究认为洞穴沉积U含量和(234U/238U)0可能指示土壤湿度和有效降水变化。然而,不管是对洞穴沉积的U含量还是(234U/238U)0,其气候环境意义解读还存在两种观点。但无论如何,这些研究成果都显示了洞穴沉积的U含量和(234U/238U)0是研究过去气候环境变化的重要替代指标。在未来的研究中,除了土壤环境和过程,还应关注U来源的相对贡献变化和其他微量元素与U元素的关系。这一指标可能在对东亚地区的大气粉尘活动和冬季风演化、地表生物量的变化研究等方面发挥重要作用。      

永定河对北京西山岩溶水和玉泉山泉的影响

岩溶介质赋水各向异性使岩溶含水层具有不均一性和复杂性,增加了刻画地下水流场的难度和不确定性。为深入理解岩溶水系统不均一性,基于水化学和同位素数据研究了西山岩溶水系统补径排路径,为厘清岩溶水流场特征提供了新的依据。水化学和同位素证据表明西山岩溶区有3个补给源区:军庄、潭柘寺降水补给区和永定河渗漏补给区,每个补给区各自具有独立的径流通道。军庄补给区为降水和河水补给,降水补给向温泉-永丰屯方向径流;入渗河水补给沿永定河断裂向南东方向径流,在古城一带转向北东方向补给玉泉山泉。潭柘寺降水补给沿八宝山断裂北侧经回民公墓,八宝山朝四季青方向径流。自北而南可分为军庄-永丰屯径流带、永定河-香山径流带、潭柘寺-八宝山-四季青径流带。潭柘寺和永定河是西山岩溶水和重要补给源区,对玉泉山泉有直接影响。     

铀系不平衡在大同南寒武-奥陶系地下水资源研究中的应用

在大同口泉沟南寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩地下水资源勘探研究中,应用了铀放射系不平衡方法.由地下水中234U与238U放射性活度比的不平衡对相邻泉域作出区别,划分出岩溶地下水的3种类型,相应于强、中、弱径流条件和不同的含水层环境.利用234U盈亏指标识别了本区各岩溶地下水子系统、相互关系、补给源和混合比及其与侧向补给和侧向排泄的关系.地下水中铀含量和活度比有较大变幅,神头泉有罕见的小于久期平衡的铀放射性活度比.     

Processes controlling 234U and 238U isotope fractionation and helium in the groundwater of the St. Lawrence Lowlands,Quebec: The potential role of natural rock fracturing

The goal of this study is to explain the origin of ²³⁴U–²³⁸U fractionation in groundwater from sedimentary aquifers of the St. Lawrence Lowlands (Quebec, Canada), and its relationship with ³He/⁴He ratios, to gain insight regarding the evolution of groundwater in the region. (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratios, or (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act, were measured in 23 groundwater samples from shallow Quaternary unconsolidated sediments and from the deeper fractured regional aquifer of the Becancour River watershed. The lowest (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act, 1.14 ± 0.01, was measured in Ca–HCO₃-type freshwater from the Quaternary Shallower Aquifer, where bulk dissolution of the carbonate allows U to migrate into water with little ²³⁴U–²³⁸U isotopic fractionation. The (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act increases to 6.07 ± 0.14 in Na–HCO₃–Cl-type groundwater. Preferential migration of ²³⁴U into water by α-recoil is the underlying process responsible for this isotopic fractionation. An inverse relationship between (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act and ³He/⁴He ratios has been observed. This relationship reflects the mixing of newly recharged water, with (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act close to the secular equilibrium and containing atmospheric/tritiogenic helium, and mildly-mineralized older water (¹⁴C ages of 6.6 kyrs), with (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act of ≥6.07 and large amounts of radiogenic ⁴He, in excess of the steady-state amount produced in situ. The simultaneous fractionation of (²³⁴U/²³⁸U)_act and the addition of excess ⁴He could be locally controlled by stress-induced rock fracturing. This process increases the surface area of the aquifer matrix exposed to pore water, from which produced ⁴He and ²³⁴U can be released by α-recoil and diffusion. This process would also facilitate the release of radiogenic helium at rates greater than those supported by steady-state U–Th production in the rock. Consequently, sources internal to the aquifers could cause the radiogenic ⁴He excesses measured in groundwater.     

234U/238U evidence for local recharge and patterns of ground-water flow in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain,Nevada, USA

Uranium concentrations and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios in saturated-zone and perched ground water were used to investigate hydrologic flow and downgradient dilution and dispersion in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, a potential high-level radioactive waste disposal site. The U data were obtained by thermal ionization mass spectrometry on more than 280 samples from the Death Valley regional flow system. Large variations in both U concentrations (commonly 0.6–10 μg l⁻¹) and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios (commonly 1.5–6) are present on both local and regional scales; however, ground water with ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios from 7 up to 8.06 is restricted largely to samples from Yucca Mountain. Data from ground water in the Tertiary volcanic and Quaternary alluvial aquifers at and adjacent to Yucca Mountain plot in 3 distinct fields of reciprocal U concentration versus ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio correlated to different geographic areas. Ground water to the west of Yucca Mountain has large U concentrations and moderate ²³⁴U/²³⁸U whereas ground water to the east in the Fortymile flow system has similar ²³⁴U/²³⁸U, but distinctly smaller U concentrations. Ground water beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain has intermediate U concentrations but distinctive ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios of about 7–8. Perched water from the lower part of the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain has similarly large values of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U. These U data imply that the Tertiary volcanic aquifer beneath the central part of Yucca Mountain is isolated from north-south regional flow. The similarity of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U in both saturated- and unsaturated-zone ground water at Yucca Mountain further indicates that saturated-zone ground water beneath Yucca Mountain is dominated by local recharge rather than regional flow. The distinctive ²³⁴U/²³⁸U signatures also provide a natural tracer of downgradient flow. Elevated ²³⁴U/²³⁸U in ground water from two water-supply wells east of Yucca Mountain are interpreted as the result of induced flow from 40 a of ground-water withdrawal. Elevated ²³⁴U/²³⁸U in a borehole south of Yucca Mountain is interpreted as evidence that natural downgradient flow is more likely to follow southerly paths in the structurally anisotropic Tertiary volcanic aquifer where it becomes diluted by regional flow in the Fortymile system.     

石笋初始234 U/238 U值的冰量周期特征及其环境意义 ——以湖北三宝洞为例

石笋氧同位素记录具有明显的2万年周期,其他记录中广泛存在的10万年周期是否在石笋中有所表现目前还鲜有报道。通过对湖北三宝洞20支石笋的铀同位素数据的分析研究发现,石笋初始234U/238U值在序列连续性较好的640.3~299.6 ka B.P.时间段有强烈的10万年周期特征。在间冰期和冰期时,初始234U/238U值分别呈增大和减小状态。初始234U/238U值的10万年周期与全球冰量、黄土磁化率、黄土平均粒度和大气CO₂变化有良好的对应关系。这些对应关系表明全球冰量、大气CO₂对喀斯特区地球化学元素富集和迁移作用有重要影响。石笋氧同位素的显著岁差周期独立于石笋微量元素、高纬冰量和全球温室气体变化,暗示了太阳辐射变化对中低纬水汽环流的直接影响。石笋初始234U/238U与氧同位素、太阳辐射在冰消期时的对应变化支持北半球太阳辐射能量变化对冰期-间冰期旋回的调控作用。     

水－岩反应的铀系不平衡判别

天然体系中水－岩反应的铀系不平衡判别,是基于水－岩反应使岩石中天然铀衰变系子体核素＾２３４Ｕ,＾２２６Ｒｂ和六价铀的选择性溶失,造成原始放射性平衡遭到不同程度破坏,因而可利用现今测得的岩石中３组核素放射性活度比值Ａ（＾２３４Ｕ）／Ａ（＾２３８Ｕ）,Ａ（＾２３０Ｔｈ）／Ａ（＾２３４Ｕ）和Ａ（＾２２６Ｒａ）／Ａ（＾２３０Ｔｈ）反演判别该岩石曾经历了近代水－岩反应的大致强度和出现,持续时间,这是近十余年     

Uranium isotopes as a tracer of sources of dissolved solutes in the Han River,South Korea

The uranium (U) content and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio were determined for water samples collected from Korea's Han River in spring, summer, and winter 2006 to provide data that might constrain the origin of U isotope fractionation in river water and the link between U isotope systematics in river waters and the lithological nature of the corresponding bedrock. The large difference in the major dissolved loads between the two major branches of the Han River, the North Han River (NHR) and South Han River (SHR), is reflected in the contrasting U content and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio between the tributaries: low U content (0.08–0.75 nM; average, 0.34 nM) and small ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio (1.03–1.22; average, 1.09) in the NHR; and high U content (0.65–1.98 nM; average, 1.44 nM) and large ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio (1.05–1.45; average, 1.24) in the SHR. The large spatial differences in U content and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio are closely related to both lithological differences between the two tributaries and groundwater input. The low U content and small ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio in the NHR arise mainly from a combination of surface and meteoric weathering of the dominant silicate rocks in this branch and congruent dissolution of already weathered (secular equilibrium) materials. In contrast, the high U content and large ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio in the SHR are ascribed to the dissolution of carbonates and black shales along with significant inputs of deep groundwater.     

A study of234U/238U ratios in groundwaters of Taiyuan area,Shanxi Province

Uranium contents and²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios have been determined on 29 water samples from the Taiyuan area, Shanxi Province. The results show that the same artesian aquifer has similar uranium contents and²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios, and the deeper aquifers have higher A. R. values but lower uranium contents. The A. R. values increase slightly towards groundwater flow in the artesian aquifers dominated by oxidizing ground waters. The Lancun Spring and the famous Jinci Spring belong to two different karst groundwater systems, i.e., the east and west karst groundwater systems. The recharge area of the Lancun Spring should cover the wide limestone outcrops of middle Ordovician in the northeast. The Ordovician fissure-karst ground water to the Jinci Spring is extensively mixed with fissure water in Carboniferous-Jurassic formations and seepage water from the Fenhe River.     

鲁南两城地区水的铀同位素研究及其应用

用天然水溶液中２３４Ｕ与２３８Ｕ之间的放射性不平衡研究的方法，对鲁南两城地区３０组水样地表水和地下水铀同位素组分进行了实测。结果表明，本区地下水有三个来源：深部喀斯特岩溶水、浅部孔隙水和地表水。水的铀同位素组分稳定，并应用混合比例计算了地下水资源量，其结果与常规方法计算结果完全一致。     

Rates of silicate dissolution in deep-sea sediment: In situ measurement using U/U of pore fluids

Bulk dissolution rates for sediment from ODP Site 984A in the North Atlantic are determined using the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios of pore water, bulk sediment, and leachates. Site 984A is one of only several sites where closely spaced pore water samples were obtained from the upper 60 meters of the core; the sedimentation rate is high (11-15 cm/ka), hence the sediments in the upper 60 meters are less than 500 ka old. The sediment is clayey silt and composed mostly of detritus derived from Iceland with a significant component of biogenic carbonate (up to 30%).The pore water ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios are higher than seawater values, in the range of 1.2 to 1.6, while the bulk sediment ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios are close to 1.0. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U of the pore water reflects a balance between the mineral dissolution rate and the supply rate of excess ²³⁴U to the pore fluid by α-recoil injection of ²³⁴Th. The fraction of ²³⁸U decays that result in α-recoil injection of ²³⁴U to pore fluid is estimated to be 0.10 to 0.20 based on the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U of insoluble residue fractions. The calculated bulk dissolution rates, in units of g/g/yr are in the range of 4 × 10⁻⁷ to 2 × 10⁻⁶ yr⁻¹. There is significant down-hole variability in pore water ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios (and hence dissolution rates) on a scale of ca. 10 m. The inferred bulk dissolution rate constants are 100 to 10⁴ times slower than laboratory-determined rates, 100 times faster than rates inferred for older sediments based on Sr isotopes, and similar to weathering rates determined for terrestrial soils of similar age. The results of this study suggest that U isotopes can be used to measure in situ dissolution rates in fine-grained clastic materials.The rate estimates for sediments from ODP Site 984 confirm the strong dependence of reactivity on the age of the solid material: the bulk dissolution rate (R_d) of soils and deep-sea sediments can be approximately described by the expression R_d ≈ 0.1 Age⁻¹ for ages spanning 1000 to 5 × 10⁸ yr. The age of the material, which encompasses the grain size, surface area, and other chemical factors that contribute to the rate of dissolution, appears to be a much stronger determinant of dissolution rate than any single physical or chemical property of the system.     

Anomalous behaviour of uranium isotopes in coastal marine environment of the west coast of India

During the last few years, a remarkable anomaly between ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U activities has been observed in the top layers of the coastal sediments along the western region of the Indian sub-continent. Sediment samples from Bombay (19°N, 73°E) to Kottilppad (8°N, 77°E) were leached with saturated ammonium carbonate solution to extract uranium isotopes from the surface layers of the sediment particles without attacking the mineral cores. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios in these leachates are in the range of 1.12–1.14 while ²³⁵U/²³⁸U activity ratio is 0.046 which is the same as for other natural uranium.

The surface organic matter from the sediment particles was removed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide in presence of 0.05 M hydrochloric acid. ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and ²³⁵u/²³⁸U activity ratios in the extract and the residues were determined.

It is observed that disequilibrium between ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U exists only on the surface of sediment particles. ²³⁴U/²³⁸U on the surface of the sediment particles is the same as in the ambient water and as the surface organic matter is removed from the particle surface, the cores show equilibrium activities.