NCAR分析资料在大气边界层内误差的初步分析

通过比较1998年南海季风试验(SCSMEX)期间(1998年5月5日～5月25日,6月4日～6月20日)7个站点的探空加密观测资料与NCAR分析资料,分析了在大气边界层内分析资料存在的误差.结果表明:在大气边界层内,NCAR分析资料存在较大的误差.位温和比湿误差随着高度的增加呈现下高上低的特征.比湿的误差要大于位温的误差,7个站点的位温均方差最小值基本都小于1 K,最大均方差也不大于2 K,而比湿均方差最小值基本都大于1.0 g·kg~(-1),部分站点的误差最大值超过2.0 g·kg~(-1).初步说明,下垫面对NCAR分析资料误差的产生有较大影响,内陆地区和海岛地区的分析资料位温的误差比沿海地区大,而比湿数据则相反;在垂直方向上,分析资料的位温误差在0.98～1.33 K之间,比湿误差介于1.39～1.60 g·kg~(-1)之间.     

2004年梅雨期武汉上空水汽的演变及其与暴雨的关系

利用2004年6—7月武汉每天两个时次探空资料计算出的可降水量以及各层的比湿和相对湿度,对比分析各种水汽量的垂直分布以及逐日演变特征,探讨了2004年梅雨期武汉上空水汽的演变及其与暴雨的关系。结果表明,武汉上空大气中水汽含量随高度递减,90％以上的水汽集中在700hPa以下;7月的水汽含量高于6月;武汉上空出现整层比湿增长或中高层比湿增长可导致整层相对湿度明显增长,而且增长的幅度随高度递增;在暴雨分析预报中,分析中高层水汽演变好于分析低层水汽演变;采用整层平均相对湿度和可降水量结合分析整层水汽演变以及将中高层平均的比湿和相对湿度结合分析中高层水汽演变时,对暴雨预报均有很好的指示意义。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地夜间稳定边界层观测个例分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地2016年7月13-14日和26-27日GPS探空和地面气象观测资料,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠夏季晴天夜间各气象要素垂直廓线特征。结果表明:夜间(21:00至次日08:00,北京时,下同)稳定边界层的厚度达到240 m。残余混合层最大厚度与前一天对流混合层厚度相当,随时间推移其厚度到10:15损耗近三分之一,残余逆温层顶盖厚度达到400 m;在残余逆温层顶盖和稳定边界层顶附近有风速极大值出现,而07:15稳定边界层顶附近有低空急流发展,其最大风速达到10.8 m·s~(-1);夜间低空处比湿的变化趋势是先增后减小再增大的过程,其最小值为2.95 g·kg~(-1),出现在04:15的稳定边界层顶附近。残余混合层内比湿随高度略微增大;夜间逆温层对水汽通量有阻挡和聚合的作用,使其在稳定边界层顶和残余混合层顶附近出现极大值,并于07:15达到最大值。垂直水汽通量于04:15在残余混合层中下部做下沉运动、上部和残余逆温层顶盖中做上升运动;同时,夜间陆面过程中,存在较强的辐射冷却和较小的摩擦速度,这也是形成较为浅薄的夜间稳定边界层主要的热力因素和湍流动力因素。     

西藏那曲地区一次霰过程的大气边界层特征分析

本文利用探空气球加密观测资料和欧洲中心ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°再分析资料,对2016年8月29日午后降霰过程进行大气边界层特征分析,与同年8月26日典型晴天个例对比分析,结果表明:降霰过程前,温度0℃线随时间增加而升高,温度递减率分层现象显著,逆温层不明显,边界层多为对流不稳定层结;位温随高度增加而增加,随时间增加呈现5K·(2h)~(-1)的增加趋势;比湿随高度增加而减小,水汽含量较晴天更大;风速随高度呈多层次变化,近地层风速大于晴天同高度风速,边界层顶风速小于晴天边界层顶风速,风向始终以西风为主,随高度不存在大波动;降霰过程前云覆盖量大,云层厚度达4000m,存在复杂垂直运动,近地层为下沉运动,云层内为上升运动。综合以上可以看出那曲29日降霰过程前,08时边界层内存在明显过冷水,边界层顶波动极大,08时存在最大高度(3780m),10时为最低高度(850m)。位温随时间增加而上升,持续积累能量达6h,比湿大于晴天,边界层内风速大于晴天,且随高度变化不大,风向始终以西风为主,存在深厚的云系提供水汽,云内的上升运动和云下的下沉运动是促发霰过程的主要动力机制。     

基于观测约束的地基犌犘犁三维水汽层析技术研究

全球定位系统(GPS)卫星信号穿过大气层时发生的偏折和延迟,可以用来反演信号传播路径上的大气水汽总量。为获取区域高精度的大气水汽三维分布,借助分布密集的地基GPS观测网及其斜路径水汽观测,建立新的观测约束层析模型,提出以高斯函数为水平约束,区域逐月多年探空观测为垂直约束,即以平均量为先验值,以标准偏差为权重矩阵的新方法;并在层析算法中引入地面观测,以提高整体尤其是低层反演精度。三维水汽层析网格模型基于长江中游鄂东区域的22站地基GPS加密网搭建,实时解算系统可逐时输出三维水汽产品。三维湿折射度和水汽密度可以分别由斜路径的湿延迟总量和水汽总量观测反演获得。以2010年开展的汛期联合加密探空观测为参照,对三维层析的总体反演精度、低层反演精度、层析区域中心与边缘反演精度进行了对比和分析。结果显示:整体样本检验三维水汽密度平均偏差为-0.63 g/m~3,标准偏差为1.22 g/m~3,与探空相关系数为0.98;水汽密度与探空资料的相关比湿折射度与探空资料的相关好;对于不同层析区域,中心区域观测元数量较为丰富,使得位于中心的层析精度好于整体和边缘;加入低层观测的层析结果与探空的相关比未加低层观测时的好,低层观测的加入提高了层析与探空的相关,减小了低层层析标准差、区域中心和2 km以上层析的均差,有效提高了反演精度;低层观测的加入对整体标准差的影响,可能与加剧观测方程中长度矩阵元素间的量级差异有关。     

中国西部空中水汽分布结构特征

利用1958-1997年月平均NCEP比湿资料研究了中国西部空中水汽分布特征。结果表明：水汽的垂直分布结构非常相似，850hPa以上的水汽分布中心位于青藏高原上空，5-10月水汽含量主要集中在500hPa以下，其中7月的空中水汽含量最丰沛。水汽含量随高度减少，从季节变化来分析，夏季最大、秋季次之、冬季最小。40a的水汽年代际变化表明，夏季空中水汽含量呈现线性下降趋势，特别是20世纪90年代以来更明显；冬季比湿呈线性上升趋势，1月和7月比湿的年代际变化趋势呈反位相特征。     

华北地区水汽总量特征及其与地面水汽压关系

利用2004-2005年张家口、邢台和北京三个探空气象站北京时间08、20时的资料,计算了各个站点不同时刻对应的水汽总量,对华北地区水汽总量的特征及其与地面水汽压的关系进行了研究.利用线性回归方法分别建立了四种不同分型下用地面水汽压估算水汽总量的经验公式.检验结果表明,华北地区估测的平均绝对误差和均方根偏差普遍低于4 mm和6 mm;夏季误差较大,而冬半年较小;按天气状况分型时,地面水汽压与水汽总量相关性较好、估计精度也更高,可作为除探空资料积分法和GPS遥感方法之外估计水汽总量的一种备选方案.     

青藏高原纳木错湖区大气边界层结构分析

利用2007年8月8~19日期间系留气球低探空和GPS无线电探空资料,分析了纳木错湖区大气边界层高度、风、温、湿等要素的垂直结构。结果表明:纳木错湖的冷湖效应推迟了边界层湍流混合及对流边界层出现的时间,边界层高度日变化非常明显,对流边界层高度最高可达1750 m;在晴天条件下,边界层内湖陆风日变化非常明显,湖陆风控制范围常超过边界层高度,可达对流层中部;边界层内比湿变化呈V型变化,白天减小,夜间增大,早晨08:00出现峰值。     

边界层湍流参数化改进对雾的模拟影响

为了提高边界层参数化在我国复杂下垫面上的描述能力,改善边界层能量和物质输送计算和检验其数值模拟效果,本文选取WRF三维模式,采用基于我国不同下垫面上的边界层观测资料改进的新MYNN（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino）参数化方案对2009年3月17日黄海海雾以及2011年12月4日华北地区两次大雾过程进行模拟检验,探讨边界层参数化方案对雾和边界层结构模拟的影响。参照卫星云图和探空资料,边界层内云水混合比垂直积分的水平分布的模拟能力明显提高,反映了改进的MYNN方案能够更好地模拟出两次雾过程的发生、移动和雾区空间分布,更精确的云水混合比和温度的垂直分布能更好地给出雾区的垂直结构和稳定层结,同时可改善雾区低层位温以及比湿垂直分布的模拟。     

加密探空资料在华南暴雨数值预报的应用试验

应用逐时同化预报系统CHAF进行加密探空资料同化试验,比较了同化加密探空资料与仅同化常规探空资料所得同化分析场和模式预报结果的差异.同化加密探空资料所得分析场水汽的均方根误差减小,水汽条件和大气环流形势与实况更接近.以加密同化探空资料所得分析场为模式初始场进行预报,雨区的分布和降水量级都较控制试验有改善.分析模式预报改...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.